lesson 6 ww i: tactics, technology & attrition. lesson objectives understand the tactics...
TRANSCRIPT
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Lesson 6
WW I: Tactics, Technology & Attrition
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Lesson Objectives
• Understand the tactics employed in the opening months of the war and their incompatibility with the weapon technology of the period.
• Understand and be able to discuss the efforts to break the stalemate on the Western Front.
• Be able to list and discuss the impact of the new technology employed during the war.
• Understand the issues involved with the shift in prospects from a short war to a long war.
• Describe the outlooks for each of the Allied and Central powers as a consequences of the 1916 Western Front battles of attrition.
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Phases of World War I
1914 - Maneuver and Frustration
1915 - Search for New Solutions
1916 - Attrition
1917 - Desperation and Anticipation
1918 - Dénouement
Preview
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Review of the War
August 3, 1914 Germany invades Belgium; war begins
“Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion haltedSept 5-10, 1914
October 1914 Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front
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Western Front
September – October 1914
BBC
Stalemate!Stalemate!
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Western FrontThey Dug In
Excavating Machine
… and they got good at it
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Western Front
Trench System, Loos, 1917
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Phases of World War I
1914 - Maneuver and Frustration
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Western Front
What caused the stalemate?
Machine gun
Heavy artillery
Firepower
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Western Front
What caused the stalemate?
Machine gun
Heavy artillery
Firepower
Outmoded Tactics
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Outmoded Tactics
Meanwhile …
Muskets were replaced by machine guns!
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Western Front
What caused the stalemate?
Machine gun
Heavy artillery
Inability to Innovate
Firepower
Outmoded Tactics
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Phases of World War I
1914 - Maneuver and Frustration
1915 - Search for New Solutions
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Breaking the Stalemate
What attempts were made to break the impasse?
Technology
• Poison gas
• Tank
• Light Machine Gun
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Poison Gas
First used by the Germans (Ypres, April 1915)
• Initially chlorine gas
• Later mustard, phosgene
• Violated Geneva Conventions of 1899 and 1907
Total War: A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded.
US Military Dictionary
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Poison Gas
First used by the Germans (Ypres, April 1915)
• Initially chlorine gas
• Later mustard, phosgene
• Violated Geneva Conventions of 1899 and 1907
Total War: A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded.
US Military Dictionary
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Poison Gas
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Poison Gas
Dispensed directly from cylinders
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Poison Gas
British Livens bomb projectors (mortars)(12 gal.oil cans buried in the ground)
Loading Livens projectors(chlorine gas canisters)
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Poison Gas
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Poison Gas
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Poison Gas
First use by Germans had a devastating effect
• Significant gap in British line
Germans not prepared to exploit breakthrough
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Poison Gas
Early French gas mask
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Poison Gas
Gas mask drill
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Poison Gas
Gas mask for horses
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Poison Gas
Soldiers in full chemical gear
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Poison Gas
Casualties
In perspective: Total Casualties (both sides): 30,900,000
Wounded: 21,200,000 Dead: 9,700,000
4.2% due to poison gas
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Tanks
Attempt to create a mobile “pill box”
• Initially carried machine guns
• Later small cannon
British Mk IV “Male” tank
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Tanks
First significant use at Cambrai (November 1917)
400+ tanks
Breakthrough achieved
but …
No exploitation !
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Tanks
Imperial War Museum, Art 3539Learning Curvehttp://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/greatwar/g3/cs1/g3cs1s6b.htm
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British Tanks
Mk V Tank
Female (machine guns)
Male (6-pdr cannon)Battlefield 1918http://ww.battlefield1918.de/history/sct/hisdbfahr/
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British Tanks
Mk I TankMale (6-pdr cannon) BBC
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British Tanks
Whippet Medium Tank
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French Tank
Schneider CA1 Tank
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French Tank
Renault FT-17
First tank with a traversing turret(AEF markings)
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German Tanks
German A7V Tank
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Anti-Tank Weapons
3.7 cm TAK Rheinmetall AT gun
1918
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Anti-Tank Weapons
13 mm (top) vs. .50 cal8 mm vs. 13 mm
Mauser Tankgewehr 1918 13 mm AT Rifle
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Light Machine Guns
First light machine gun?
Danish Madsen LMG
First produced in 1897
Probert Encyclopediahttp://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/FMJ.HTM
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Light Machine Gun
French Chaucet
British Lewis Gun
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Light Machine Guns
U.S. Browning Automatic Rifle – BAR – M1918
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Breaking the Stalemate
What attempts were made to break the impasse?
Technology
Tactics
• Strumtruppen (Stormtroopers)
(late in war)
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StrumtruppenStormtroopers
Lightly equipped, specially trained shock troops
• Special weapons & tactics
Used small units, bursts of movement to overwhelm objectives
Bypassed strong points to attack from rear
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StrumtruppenStormtroopers
Bypassed strong points to attack from rear
Blitzkrieghttp://www.bellum.nu/basics/concepts/blitzkrieg.htm
Strumtruppenhttp://www.worldwar1.com/arm011.htm
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StrumtruppenStormtroopers
Special weapons & equipment
Body Armor
Machinegewehr 18 MG18 Schmeiser
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StrumtruppenStormtroopers
Major impact during Offensive of 1918
but …
Too little, too late!
A
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Breaking the Stalemate
What attempts were made to break the impasse?
Technology
Strategy
• Dardanelles Campaign ( Gallipoli )
Tactics
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Breaking the Stalemate
A Strategic Flanking
48
48
(attempt)
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Dardanelles CampaignGallipoli
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Dardanelles CampaignGallipoli
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Dardanelles CampaignGallipoli
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Dardanelles CampaignGallipoli
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Dardanelles CampaignGallipoli
1915-1916
British Commonwealth Operation
Amphibious landings
Attempted to force the Dardanelles, open passage to reinforce Russia
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Dardanelles CampaignGallipoli
Landing operations, Sulva Bay
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Dardanelles CampaignGallipoli
British force
Achieved tactical surprise (April 1915)
• Allowed Turks to reinforce
Stalemate developed on the beaches
British withdrew (Dec 1915 - Jan 1916)
Heavy casualties
• Allies: 180,000 • Turks: 220,000
• Predominantly Australian & New Zealand (ANZAC)
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Dardanelles Campaign 1915-16
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
Living & Dying in WW I -YouTube: 0-2:48
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Breaking the Stalemate
What attempts were made to break the impasse?
Technology
Strategy
• Dardanelles Campaign ( Gallipoli )
Tactics
• Maritime Blockade
• Strategic Distraction
( both sides ) *
( Germany ) *
* Future Lessons
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Breaking the Stalemate
What attempts were made to break the impasse?
Technology
Tactics
Strategy
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Review of the War
August 3, 1914 Germany invades Belgium; war begins
“Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion haltedSept 5-10, 1914
October 1914 Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front
1915 Sea blockades established around UK and Germany
Feb 1915-Jan 1916 Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli)
Beginning of 1916 Germans accept futility of breakthrough on Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against French at Verdun
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Phases of World War I
1914 - Maneuver and Frustration
1915 - Search for New Solutions
1916 - Attrition
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The War in 1916
Battle of VerdunFeb - Dec 1916
• German attempt to force French capitulation by inflicting massive casualties *
• Targeted key position French could/would not surrender (Verdun)
* Controversial interpretation
• French generals had all but abandoned Verdun
• Preferred to defend in plains to west
• Politicians said “Hold at all cost!”
(Attrition Warfare)
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Why Verdun?
Traditional “Gateway to France”
Vulnerable from three sides
Close to German railhead
French had reduced garrison, weak logistics prospects
• Relied on single 75 km road for supply
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Battle of Verdun
La Voie Sacrée
21 February - 18 December 1916
Initial Forces:
France: 30,000
Germany: 150,000
(The Sacred Way)
French convoy on La Voie Sacrée (1916)
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Battle of Verdun
Battle began with huge artillery attack
Germans made initial gains but condition of battlefield stalled advance
21 February - 18 December 1916
Initial Forces:
France: 30,000
Germany: 150,000
• 1,000,000 rounds in nine hours
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No Man’s Land
Verdun 1916
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Battle of Verdun
Battle began with huge artillery attack
Germans made initial gains but condition of battlefield stalled advance
French able to re-enforce
Bloody battle of attrition followed for both sides
21 February - 18 December 1916
Initial Forces:
France: 30,000
Germany: 150,000
• 1,000,000 rounds in nine hours
Battle of Somme (July) relieved pressure on French
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Battle of Verdun
Final French offensive 11 December
Germans driven back to initial starting point
Horrific casualties:
French: 163,000 dead 215,000 wounded & missing
21 February - 18 December 1916
Initial Forces:
France: 30,000
Germany: 150,000
German: 143,000 dead 190,000 wounded & missing
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Battle of Verdun21 February - 18 December 1916
Significance
German losses were more telling • Fighting two-front war
• Fighting alone on Western Front
Germany realized unrestricted submarine warfare might be the only hope for ending the war
The Battle of Verdun exhausted our forces like a wound that never heals.
Field Marshall Paul von Hindenburg
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Battle of Verdun21 February - 18 December 1916
Significance
Verdun became a rallying point for French people
They shall not passGeneral Robert Nivelle
Commander, Second French Army at Verdun
Ils ne passeront pas
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Battle of Verdun21 February - 18 December 1916
Sidelights
Air superiority became a key factor in denying opponent reconnaissance capability
Germans had air superiority: the “Fokker scourge”
Fokker E.1 “Eindecker”
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Fokker’s Synchronizer Gear
Anthony Fokker 1912
First confirmed victory 1 August 1915
Fokker E.1 “Eindecker”
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Battle of Verdun21 February - 18 December 1916
Sidelights
Crucible of Future French Leadership
Marshall Phillippe Pétain Charles de Gaulle
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Battle of the Somme1 July - 18 November 1916
Initial Forces:
British Empire: 15 divisions
France: 11 divisions
Germany: 10 1/2 divisions
Became an attempt to take pressure off French at Verdun
Frontal assault across 25 mile front
Planned as a major offensive to retake Channel ports
A
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Battle of the Somme1 July - 18 November 1916
Initial Forces:
British Empire: 15 divisions
France: 11 divisions
Germany: 10 1/2 divisions
Battle began with five-day artillery preparation
• 1.7 million shells
• 17 mines under German positions
Barrage was ineffective
• Germans had dug in
• Too few heavy guns
• 2/3 of shells were fragmentation
British first-day losses very heavy
• 19,240 dead
• 38,230 wounded, missing, POW
Hawthorn Ridge
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Battle of the Somme1 July - 18 November 1916
Initial Forces:
British Empire: 15 divisions
France: 11 divisions
Germany: 10 1/2 divisions
First two weeks:
• French advanced 10 km south of Somme River
• British advances minimal
• Poor organization & communications
Germans halted Verdun offensive (July 12th)
Developed into battle of attritionFinal Forces:
British Empire: 51 divisions
France: 48 divisions
Germany: 50 divisions
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Battle of the Somme1 July - 18 November 1916
Final Forces:
British Empire: 51 divisions
France: 48 divisions
Germany: 50 divisions
First use of tanks
• British: Battle of Flers-Courcelette • 15 September 1916
Not decisive (no follow-up)
British Mark I tank
Animated Map of Somme & Flers-Courcette
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Battle of the Somme1 July - 18 November 1916
Final Forces:
British Empire: 51 divisions
France: 48 divisions
Germany: 50 divisions
General Paul von Hindenburg became German Army Chief of Staff (Aug 1916)
• General Erich Ludendorff operational commander
Von Hindenburg (l) & Ludendorff
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The Cost of 1916
VERDUNFrance UK Germany
Total Casualties
Killed
378,000
163,000
330,000
143,000
SOMME
Total Casualties
Killed
Total Casualties
Killed
204,000
50,000
420,000
96,000
465,000
164,000
582,000
213,000
420,000
96,000
995,000
307,000
2,000,000 Casualties* - 616,000 Dead
* Casualties = killed, wounded, missing, sometimes POWs
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No Man’s Land
Somme 1916
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Germany’s Dilemma
Hindenburg realized Germany could not win the war
German chancellor, Bethmann, appointed Hindenburg in hope the field marshal would back peace
• Advocated unrestricted submarine warfare as only hope
Bethmann feared this would bring US into war
Hindenburg advocated strong defense
• Hoped to wear down, knock out one of the Allied Powers
Prestige of Hindenburg prevailed over chancellor
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Hindenburg Line
Allowed for prepared defenses in depth
Shortened German lines by 50 km
Freed 13 divisions for a reserve
Germans decimated vacated land
Construction began September 1916
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The Battle of the SommeThe Movie
Released 1916
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The Battle of the SommeMovie Excerpt
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
The Battle of the Somme – YouTube – 3:14
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Western Front – December 1916December 1914
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Review of the War
August 3, 1914 Germany invades Belgium; war begins
“Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion haltedSept 5-10, 1914
October 1914 Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front
1915 Sea blockades established around UK and Germany
Feb 1915-Jan 1916 Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli)
Beginning of 1916 Germans accept futility of breakthrough on Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against French at Verdun
1
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Review of the War
Battle of Verdun (German Offensive)Feb - Dec 1916
Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive)Jul - Nov 1916
German decision for unrestricted sub warfare1 Feb 1917
Germans withdraw to Hindenburg LineMar 1917
2
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Phases of World War I
1914 - Maneuver and Frustration
1915 - Search for New Solutions
1916 - Attrition
1917 - Desperation and Anticipation
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Lesson 7
World War I: Over There and Over Here:America In The War
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Lesson Objectives
• Understand the role of the US in the war to 1916.
• Understand the concept of unrestricted submarine warfare and discuss its impact on the war.
• Understand how and why the U.S. entered World War I.
• Understand the impact of the war on British and U.S. society.
• Be able to describe the efforts made to mobilize the American public in World War I.
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End
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Video Title
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
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Artillery in WW I
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
(6:50)
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Tanks
Video Clip
British Mark V tank
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Western Front
September – October 1914
BBC
January 1917