Lesson 5Early Religions in Africa and the West

Title

Polytheism

Worshiping many gods

عبادة

آلهة

كثيرة

Afterlife

Life after death

اآلخرة

Mummy

A body that has been dried so it won't decay

لذلك لن

االضمحالل

تجفيفها

التي تم

هيئة

Egyptian Afterlife

Believed bodies would be used in afterlife

Everyday items and food buried with the dead because these items would be needed in the afterlife

Important Egyptian Godsاآللهة المصرية الهامة

Re

Osiris

Isis

Anubis

Ptah

Re

God of the sun

Osiris

God who judged Egyptians after death

Isis

The goddess of birth

Anubis

God of the dead

Ptah

God of craftspeople

Craftspeople

People who make objects such as furniture, pottery, and tools

الناس الذين يصنعون األشياء مثل األثاث، والفخار، وأدوات

Origins of Judaism

Judaism began in ancient Mesopotamia

بدأت اليهودية في بالد ما بين النهرين القديمة

Hebrews

A Mesopotamian group of herders and farmers (2000 B.C.E)

مجموعة بالد ما بين النهرين من الرعاة والمزارعين

Torah

The first five books of the Hebrew bible

الكتب الخمسة األولى من الكتاب المقدس العبرية

Abraham

The father of the Hebrews

إبراهيم، والد العبرانيين

According to the Torah, God promised the land of Canaan to Abraham and his people

Abraham led his people to “the Promised Land” of Canaan

Israelites

The Hebrews in Canaan became known as the Israelites

أصبح العبرانيين في كنعان المعروفة باسم إسرائيل

Famine

Not enough food

ال ما يكفي من الغذاء

Around 1300 B.C.E, there was a famine in Canaan

The starving Israelites went to Egypt

Enslaved

Took away someone's freedom

شخص ما اخذ الحرية

When the Israelites arrived in Egypt, the Egyptians enslaved them

Moses

Leader who led the Israelites out of Egypt

موسى، زعيم الذي قاد إسرائيل من مصر

Exodus

The Israelites journey from Egypt

هجرة بني اسرائيل من مصر

Exodus

The Egyptian king sent his army to make Moses and his return to Egypt

According to tradition, God parted the Red Sea for Moses and his people to cross, but drowned the Egyptians in it

The Ten Commandments

According to the Torah, the ten laws given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai

وفقا للتوراة، وعشرة قوانين التي قدمها الله لموسى

Covenant

An agreement

اتفاق

First Commandment

First commandment said that the Hebrews could worship only one God

When Moses made a covenant with God, he established a new religion

Judaism

The religion of the Jewish people

الدين للشعب اليهودي

Israel

The ancient kingdom of the Israelites

المملكة القديمة من بني اسرائيل

Judaism Influences Western Civilization

Jewish culture and influence began to spread

Principles

Rules or beliefs

قواعد أو المعتقدات

Torah

The Torah became central to Jewish life

It provided

History

Laws

Beliefs

Principles

Rules

Rituals

Religious ceremonies

االحتفاالت الدينية

Monotheism

Belief in one, all-powerful God

اإليمان بالله كل واحد قوي

Prior to the Torah, people had believed in many gods

The Torah helped spread the belief in one all powerful God

Philistines

Invaders who attacked Israel

الغزاة الذين هاجموا إسرائيل

Facing Challenges

1029 B.C.E Philistines came from Philistia to attack Israel

Later Israelite leaders disagreements caused problems

922 B.C.E Israel split into two kingdoms, Israel and Judah

Babylonians Invade

597 B.C.E. Babylon invaded Jerusalem

Destroy Israelites' Temple

Enslaved Israelites

Took them to Babylon

Israelites became known as Jews

Jews

The new name of the Israelites

االسم الجديد إلسرائيل

King Cyrus II

Captured Babylon

Freed Jews

Many Jews returned to Jerusalem and rebuilt temple

Prophets and the Messiah

Prophets were spiritual leaders who predicted the future

كانوا أنبياء الزعماء الروحيين الذي توقع المستقبل

Messiah

A king the prophets believed would come to rule the Jews

ومن شأن الملك األنبياء يعتقد يأتي لحكم اليهود

Origins of Christianity

A second monotheistic religion begins in Palestine

Christianity

Religion based on Jewish ideas and the teachings of Jesus

الدين القائمة على األفكار اليهودية وتعاليم يسوع

Jesus

A Jewish teacher who developed the ideas on which Christianity is based

المعلم اليهودي الذي طور األفكار التي يستند المسيحية

Jesus

Born when Romans ruled Judea

Story told in the Gospels

4 books written after Jesus' death by his disciples

Disciples

Followers of Jesus

أتباع يسوع

Disciples who wrote the Gospel

Mathew

Mark

Luke

John

Jesus

According to the Gospels, Jesus

- taught that the kingdom of God was coming

- performed miracles

People began to believe Jesus was the Messiah and could free them from Roman rule

Overthrow

Remove someone from power by force

إزالة شخص ما من السلطة بالقوة

Overthrow

Roman leaders were scared Jesus and his followers might overthrow them

Crucifixion

The Roman governor ordered Jesus to be killed by crucifixion

Crucifixion is the execution by hanging from a cross

االعدام شنقا من كرة عرضية

Resurrection

The return of Jesus from the dead

عودة يسوع من بين األموات

Christianity Spreads

Jesus' followers carried on his teachings

One follower, Paul, spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire