Segment 2 ReviewModules 4, 5, and 6

Module 4 ReviewOur Atmosphere:

Things Happen Here!

Lesson 4.01The Atmosphere.

Key Points:

-The air that surrounds the earth is called the atmosphere.

-The layers of the atmosphere are: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Thermosphere.

-Warmth, Protection (Ozone Layer-Sun’s Harmful Rays) (Meteorites also), Air, Weather.

-Questions: Where do planes fly? Where is the Ozone Layer located? Where does the weather happen? Where are satellites located?

Lesson 4.02What is Weather?

Key Points:

-Weather is the current conditions in the troposphere.In other words, “What is going on outside right now.”

-Weather deals with: Temperature, Humidity, Visibility, Clouds, Wind, Sunshine, Precipitation.

-Weather makes life on earth possible by giving us water to drink and to help grow our crops.

Question: Which is weather?

It is raining today. Or It is usually warm in Florida.

Lesson 4.03Things that affect Weather!

Key Points:

-The two main things that affect the Weather are:Air Currents (Jet Stream) and Ocean Currents!

-The Jet Stream is caused by Differences of temperature, density, and pressure between air masses.

-The Jet Stream steers storms and moves around warm and cold air.

-Ocean currents are caused by the wind.

Question:What are the 2 main things that affect the weather?

Lesson 4.04Fronts and Predicting the Weather.

Key Points:

-There are four different types of fronts that we are going to go over.

-A cold front is when a mass cold air moves into a mass of warm air. Since the warm air is more dense than the cold air, the warm air is pushed away and over the cold air.

-A warm front is when a warm air mass moves onto a cold air mass. Since the warm air is less dense than the cold air, the warm air moves over the cold air.

-A stationary front is similar to a warm front, but the front does not move.

-An occluded front is the combination of a cold front and a warm front.

-Fronts can be used to predict the weather.

Question: How many different front types are there?

Lesson 4.05Humidity

Key Points:

-Humidity is the amount of water vapor that is in the air.

-Humidity is caused by temperature and proximity to the ocean.

-When the air reaches 100% humidity, this means that the air cannot hold any more water. That is when dew appears!

Question:Can you name a place with high humidity?

Lesson 4.06Clouds and Precipitation

Key Points:

-Steps to forming a Cloud:Step 1: Warm air rises.Step 2: As the air rises, it gets colder.Step 3: The air is now colder, so the evaporated water falls out of the air.Step 4: The water droplets form clouds.

-3 Cloud TypesCirrus: Cirrus clouds are very thin and wispy clouds. They do not affect the weather much.Stratus: Stratus clouds are long flat clouds that spread across the sky. These clouds may bring light rain or snow.Cumulus: Cumulus clouds are cotton-like in appearance. These clouds produce heavy thunderstorms in the summer.

Question: Which cloud type can appear on a rainy day?

Lesson 4.07The Water CycleKey Points:

-The 5 Steps to the Water Cycle are:

Evaporation: When water from lakes, streams, and the ocean turn from liquid water into water vapor.

Precipitation: When water falls to the Earth from the atmosphere. This can be in the form of rain, snow, hail, or sleet.

Runoff: When precipitation gathers together and flows on the surface of the ground and flows back to streams, lakes and oceans.

Condensation: When water vapor in the atmosphere turns back into liquid water.

Transpiration: When water in plants evaporate into the water vapor.

Question: True or False: The Water Cycle helps move water around the earth?

Lesson 4.08Extreme WeatherKey Points:

Extreme weather is any weather that is different from the normal weather that usually happens.

3 examples of extreme weather are:

Hurricanes: Hurricanes are large circular storms that are formed over warm ocean water. Hurricanes have winds that have a speed of 75 mph or more

Tornadoes: Tornadoes are rotating columns of violent air that make contact with the ground. The winds in a tornado can reach as high as 250 mph. Tornadoes usually form during the summer thunderstorms.

Floods: Floods happen when excess water covers the land.

Question: For which type of Extreme Weather do scientists use the names of people to name the different storms that occur that year?

Your Module 4 Review is now Complete!

Module 5 Reviewthe earth:

systems working together!

Lesson 5.01Earth Spheres.Key Points:

-The 5 different spheres of the Earth are:

The Cryosphere includes all the frozen water on the earth and areas of frozen ground.

The Hydrosphere includes all the water on the planet that is not frozen. This includes the seas, lakes, streams, water in the ground, and water vapor in the air.

The Biosphere includes all the living things on, in, or surrounding the planet. We can find these living things in the air, ground, ice, oceans, lakes, and more!

The Atmosphere includes the layer of gasses that surrounds the earth.

The Geosphere includes all the solid and molten rock. It is made up of the earth’s solid crust, oceanic crust, inner layers of the earth which are liquid rock, and the solid inner core.

Question: We live on the______________?

Lesson 5.02Weather versus Climate.Key Points:

-Weather is the current conditions in the troposphere.In other words, “What is going on outside right now.”

-Weather deals with: Temperature, Humidity, Visibility, Clouds, Wind, Sunshine, Precipitation.

Climate is the average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time. Climate describes: Average temperature of a place.Average amount of rainfall of a place.Average amount of snowfall of a place.Average number of sunny days of a place. Average humidity of a place.Average amount of wind for a place.

Question: -Which is weather? -Which is climate?

It is cold today. It is usually cold in Antarctica.

Lesson 5.03Climate: Mean, Median, Mode

Key Points:

Mean is just another name for average. To find the mean of a set of numbers, you simply add all the numbers up and then divide by the total numbers.

The median is the middle number in a set of numbers.

The mode is the most common number in a set of data.

Question: Let’s find the mean, median, and mode of the following set on numbers together:

0, 5, 4, 5, 2, 3, 5,2, 1

Lesson 5.04Factors that Influence Climate.

Key Points: The main factors that affect an area’s Climate are: -Distance from the Equator --The main factor that influences the climate of a place is the distance from the equator. The closer a place is to the equator, the warmer its climate.

-Altitude --Altitude is a location’s distance above the ocean. Altitude is usually measured in feet. Places that are close to the ocean will have a low altitude and places that are farther away from the ocean will have a higher altitude.

-Direction of Winds--Wind can greatly affect climate. Wind can bring cold or warm air into an area. Winds that blow from the poles will bring cold air. Winds that blow from the equator will bring warm air.

-Ocean Currents--Ocean currents affect climate in a way similar to winds. Ocean currents move water around the ocean. Places that are near warm water currents will have a warmer climate. Places that are near cold water currents will have a colder climate.

-Distance from a large body of water (Ocean) -- Places that are close to the ocean tend to be warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer. The water in the ocean keeps the air above and around it warmer at night and cooler in the day.

Question: The state of Florida is consistently warm because…

Lesson 5.05Types of ClimatesKey Points:

Tropical ClimatePlaces which are located near the equator have this type of climate.

Dry ClimateA desert has this type of climate.

Mild ClimatePlaces which have warm summers and cool winters have this type of climate.

Continental ClimatePlaces which have warm summers and very cold winters have this type of climate.

Polar ClimatePlaces which have a cold climate year round have this type of climate.

Mountain AreaPlaces with high altitudes. Question: Florida has a ____________ climate.

Lesson 5.06Greenhouse EffectKey Points:

The Greenhouse Effect is a good and needed process that allows the Earth's atmosphere to absorb heat from the sun in order to keep the Earth at the right temperature during the day and at night. The sun’s rays come into the atmosphere and get absorbed and trapped by compounds that are in the atmosphere.

These compounds are called Greenhouse Gases. The common Greenhouse Gases are:-Water vapor-Carbon dioxide-Methane -Nitrous Oxide-Ozone

Global Warming occurs when the greenhouse effect is too strong and there are too many greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This is not a good thing.

Question: Do we need the Greenhouse Effect or Global Warming?

Lesson 5.07Protection against Weather

Key Points:Hazardous weather constantly threatens us. Because of this, humans have developed ways to combat Mother Nature.

--Levees are man-made structures that extend the height of a river bank. During times of excess rain, large amounts of water flow into rivers. Levees increase the amount of water that the river can hold, reducing the chance that the river will overflow causing a flood.

--Many Dams are designed to hold back floodwater so a nearby town or city will not be flooded. The dam captures all the excess rain water and holds it in a reservoir. The water can then be let out of the reservoir slowly so it does not cause a flood.

--Tornado Sirens are designed to warn the people of the town that a tornado is close. This is important because many tornadoes happen at night and the people of the town might be asleep or unable to see the tornado.

--Protection Against Sun ExposureEven though exposure to the sun is not a natural disaster, it is something that we need protection against. A life time of sun exposure can cause skin cancer and eye problems. The best way to protect ourselves from the sun is to use sunscreen and wear sunglasses to protect the skin and eyes when at the beach, pool, snow skiing, or any other outdoor activity.

Question: Which type of protection do we need daily in Florida?

Your Module 5 Review is now Complete!

Module 6 ReviewLife:

Start Small…Think BIG!

Lesson 6.01Organization of Life:

Key Points:

-The world is organized in a special way.

-Living things are also organized according to a hierarchy (order from smallest to largest).

Organization of Life:Atoms > Molecules > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ Systems > Organisms

Question: What is the smallest level of organization?

Lesson 6.02Cell Theory

Key Points:

-The cell theory was developed to show the relationship between cells and living things. There are three parts to the cell theory:

• All living organisms are made of cells. • All cells come from other cells. • Cells are the basic unit of life

-All living things are made of cells: unicellular or multicellular

-All cells come from other cells: All living things reproduce organisms that are the same. Cells divide by mitosis

- Cells are the basic unit of life: All have the six properties of life: homeostasis, organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, and reproduction.

Question: How many parts make up the Cell Theory?

Lesson 6.03Organelles

Key Points:

-The different parts of the cell are called organelles: Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Chloroplast, Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, Nucleus, and Vacuoles

-Animal cells differ from plant cells.

- Plant cells contain some extra organelles that animals do not have: Cell Wall and Chloroplast.

Question:

Why don’t animals cells need a Cell Wall or a Chloroplast?

Animal Cell

Lesson 6.04Cell Processes

Key Points:

-Cells maintain a balance called homeostasis.

-The cell membrane is the ‘gatekeeper’ of the cell: controls what comes in and out of the cell.

-Cells extract energy from food for reproduction/ growth/homeostasis: ‘Mighty’ Mitochondria is the organelle that is responsible for this

-QUESTIONS:1. How does the cell membrane help to maintain homeostasis for the

cell?2. Cells use energy for…3. What is homeostasis?4. What organelle within cells extracts energy from food?5. Why is it important to maintain homeostasis?

Maintain balance!

Lesson 6.05Human Body Systems

Key Points:

-There are several major system of the body: The Nervous System, The Circulatory System, The Respiratory System, The Immune System, The Digestive System, The Musculoskeletal System, and The Reproductive System.

-The body systems MUST work together to properly function.

Question: Which Human Body System breaks down food into energy?

Lesson 6.06Infectious Agents

Key Points:

-There are many types of infectious agents that may infect humans.

Bacteria : are single-celled living organisms because they exhibit the 6 properties of life (Homeostasis, Organization ,Metabolism , Growth, Adaptation, Response to

Stimuli, and Reproduction)

Viruses : are nonliving infectious agents. Viruses cannot reproduce or produce energy on their own. They must live inside a host cell. Viruses enter cells inside our bodies and use the cells to reproduce and produce energy.

Fungi: are organisms that can cause infection. Some types of fungi are multicellular and some are unicellular. Some examples of fungi include: molds, mildews, yeast, and mushrooms.

Parasites: are organisms that feed on other organisms for food. Some common examples of parasites are mosquitoes, ticks, and tapeworms.

Question: Which Infectious Agent listed above is not alive?

Lesson 6.07Classification

Key Points:- We put everything around us into groups: from general to specific!

• Domain: Archaebacteria (bacteria that can live in extreme environments), Eubacteria (bacteria that live in and among us), and Eukaryote (plants, animals, fungus, and other simple organisms)

• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species

Easy way to remember the order…“King Philip Came Over for Great Spaghetti!”

Question: Which Classification Group above is the most specific?

Finished!

REMEMBER…

ALWAYS call your science teacher if you have any questions!