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Past PerfectUSEWe use the past perfect to talk about an action that happened before a past event.

When I got home yesterday, my father had cooked dinner.

my father had cooked dinner I got home

Past Present

It is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which one happened first.

Event AEvent BJohn had gone outwhen I arrived in the office.Event AEvent BI had saved my documentbefore the computer crashed.Event BEvent AWhen they arrivedwe had already started cooking.Event BEvent AHe was very tiredbecause he hadn't slept well.Reported StatementsReported speech is when you tell somebody else what you or a person said before.

1. We use a reporting verb like 'said' or 'told:Direct speech: I like ice cream.Reported speech: Shesaidshelikedice cream.

2. In reported statements, the verb goes one tense back.

Direct speechReported speechPresent simpleI like ice cream.Past simpleShe said (that) she liked ice cream.Present continuousI am living in London.Past continuousShe said she was living in London.Present perfectI haven't seen Julie.Past perfectShe said she hadn't seen Julie.Past simpleI bought a car.Past perfectShe said she had bought a car.3. In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what:

Example:She says: Mydad likes roast chicken. She said thatherdad liked roast chicken.