lesson 2 reading guide - kc what causes earthquakes? what causes volcanoes to form? how do...
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• What causes earthquakes?
• What causes volcanoes to form?
• How do earthquakes and volcanoes change Earth’s surface?
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
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• earthquake
• fault
• mid-ocean ridge
• hot spot
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
• lava flow
• volcanic ash
• caldera
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• Because tectonic plates move very slowly, most changes to Earth’s surface take a long time.
• But some changes occur very quickly and violently.
• An earthquake is the rupture and sudden movement of rocks along a break or a crack in Earth’s crust.
Earthquakes
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An earthquake can change Earth’s surface quickly and dramatically.
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• The surface along which the crust moves is called a fault.
• When pieces of crust slide past each other, energy is released, causing the ground to shake.
Earthquakes (cont.)
Photograph by N.J. Silberling, USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO
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• Most earthquakes begin in the lithosphere within about 100 km of Earth’s surface.
• The focus is the area beneath Earth’s surface where rock that is under stress breaks, triggering an earthquake.
• The point on the surface directly above the focus is called the epicenter.
Earthquakes
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• Earthquakes release energy in the form of vibrations or waves.
• Body waves move through the Earth's interior traveling much more quickly than surface waves.
• Surface waves move over Earth's surface.
Earthquakes
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• Primary or P waves are the first energy waves that arrive after an earthquake occurs. They travel through both solids and liquids in a push-pull, linear motion, similar to an earthworm.
• Secondary or S waves are the second energy wave that travels through the interior of Earth. They can only travel through solids in an up and down motion.
Earthquakes-Types of Body Waves
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• Love or L waves: originate at the epicenter of an earthquake and arrive after the secondary waves. They are responsible for the most damage
• Rayleigh waves are a second type of surface wave that arrive at a location distant from the epicenter. They travel in a backwards elliptical motion.
Earthquakes-Types of Surface Waves
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Most earthquakes occur near plate boundaries, though some occur very far from plate boundaries.
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• Earthquakes can create new landforms such as mountains.
• Compression and tension forces produce ridges and mountains as Earth’s crust moves vertically.
Earthquakes (cont.)
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• Liquefaction refers to when extreme shaking causes ground that is made up of loose sediment to behave more like a liquid than a solid.
• Earthquakes can trigger landslides, which bring rocks and soil from the tops of mountains into valleys.
Earthquakes (cont.)
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Earthquakes that happen underwater can cause tsunamis—huge ocean waves created by movement at a fault.
Earthquakes (cont.)
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Earthquake Safety
• Preparedness:
• securing furniture
• supplies
• flashlight
• food
• water
• having a plan
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Earthquake Safety• Buildings:
• using specific materials that are:
• strong, or
• can bend with the waves
• creating structures that absorb the shock
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Earthquake Safety
• During an Earthquake:
• Triangle of Life
• Drop and Cover
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• Volcanoes are landforms that form when magma erupts onto Earth’s surface as lava.
• Volcanoes can occur at divergent and convergent plate boundaries and at hot spots.
• There are approximately 1,500 active volcanoes on Earth.
Volcanoes
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The mountains that form as lava from a volcano at a divergent boundary builds up and cools are called mid-ocean ridges.
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At some convergent boundaries, one tectonic plate sinks, melts the mantle, and forms magma that erupts onto the plate that does not sink.
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• Hot spots are locations where volcanoes form far from plate boundaries.
• When a hot spot is under oceanic crust, it will form islands such as the Hawaiian Islands.
• When a hotspot is under continental crust, it will form a geyser like Old Faithful at Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming.
Volcanoes (cont.)
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• Because magma is hot, it is also less dense than the rock material around it.
• Rising magma and great pressure caused by dissolved gases eventually erupt through cracks in Earth’s surface, creating a volcano.
Volcanoes (cont.)
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Most of Earth’s largest volcanoes are located at convergent plate boundaries.
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• When melted mantle material erupts, it flows over Earth’s surface, creating long streams of molten rock called lava flows.
• The lava eventually cools and solidifies, forming solid rock.
Volcanoes (cont.)
Royalty-Free/CORBIS
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• At convergent plate boundaries, part of the continental crust can become mixed with magma from the mantle.
• When this mixture of molten materials erupts, it does not flow as easily as lava made only of melted mantle.
• Instead of forming lava flows, it often solidifies in the atmosphere, where it breaks into small pieces of lava called volcanic ash.
Volcanoes (cont.)
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• Eruptions that eject ash high into the atmosphere are called explosive eruptions.
• Lava also can be produced during these eruptions.
Volcanoes (cont.)
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Before a volcano erupts, magma builds up in the crust in a reservoir called a magma chamber.
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• Shield volcanoes form after basaltic lava flows have occurred over time.
• Shield volcanoes tend to be large with gentle slopes, such as Mauna Loa in Hawaii.
J.S. Griggs/U.S. Geological Survey
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• Composite volcanoes form as lava flows and ash layers deposited by explosive eruptions build up.
• Composite volcanoes often have steep sides and a cone shape.
PhotoLink/Getty Images
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Sometimes the surface above the chamber collapses, creating a large depression in the center of the volcano called a caldera.
P.W. Lipman, U.S. Geological Survey
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• Volcanic ash and gases from explosive eruptions can blow high into the atmosphere, blocking sunlight.
• This can cause the temperature of the atmosphere near Earth’s surface to decrease.
P.W. Lipman, U.S. Geological Survey
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• Earthquakes occur when movement along a fault occurs. Earthquakes occur mostly along plate boundaries. They can cause great damage.
• Volcanoes form at two types of plate boundaries. Lava cools and builds up, forming volcanoes and other landforms.
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• Earthquakes and volcanoes change the surface by building mountains, covering land with lava, and shifting the surface along faults.
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27. Which happens when extreme shaking causes sediment to behave more like a liquid than a solid?
A. compressionB. eruption C. liquefaction D. tsunami
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A. mid-ocean ridge
B. lava flow
C. fault
D. caldera
28. Which is a long stream of molten rock which eventually cools, solidifies, and builds up over time as flat layers?
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A. caldera
B. composite
C. mid-ocean
D. shield
29. Which type of volcano often has steep sides and is cone shaped?
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30. Earthquakes occur and volcanoes erupt only near plate boundaries.
31. Volcanoes erupt melted rock.
Do you agree or disagree?