lesson 16: freshwater stress: part ii – water pollution amy duray evpp 490 003 5 april 2010
TRANSCRIPT
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Lesson 16: Freshwater Stress: Part II – Water Pollution
Amy DurayEVPP 490 0035 April 2010
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Water Quality Alterations
• Point-source versus non-point source pollution• pH• Eutrophication and Nutrient Load• Minerals, Metals and Toxic Substances
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Drivers
• Increasing Human populations, especially in historically occupied river basins and coastal enclaves
• Increasing globalization in world economy• Natural Hydrologic processes
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Pressures
• Agricultural expansion • Urbanization• Increasing industrial (point source) pollution• Increasing agricultural (non-point source) pollution• Reduced hydrologic flow – concentrates pollution and
makes it more difficult to flush or dilute pollution once it is in the water source.
• Changes in precipitation/Increasing variability especially with respect to monsoons. (Urban storm-water events)
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State and Trends – (1 of 2)
• Increasing nutrient loads• Increasing pollutant loads• Groundwater pollution
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State and Trends (2 of 2)
State TrendsESI Country Names (alphabetical order)
Dissolved oxygen concentration (mg/L)
Electrical conductivity (microSiemens/cm)
Phosphorus concentration (mg/L)
Suspended solids(mg/L)
Industrial organic water pollutant (BOD) emissions per available freshwater (T/km3)
Fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land (100g/Ha)
Pesticide consumption per hectare of arable land (kg/Ha)
China 8.62 522.78 0.28 7.97 2.74 2463.03 ..Japan 9.8 163.43 0.06 2.3 4.06 3046.12 ..Mongolia .. .. .. .. 0.12 26.69 ..North Korea .. .. .. .. .. 1148 ..South Korea 11.01 145.29 0.13 2.21 5.38 4225.83 12.8Taiwan 6.1 2244 0.18 5.25 38.58 15256.8 47.33Cambodia .. 13.62 0.04 4.03 0.02 0 ..Indonesia 3.31 167.13 0.57 5.37 0.34 1231.02 0.1Laos 6.96 20.88 0.12 4.4 .. 140.06 0.1Malaysia .. .. .. .. 0.38 6281.76 1.5Myanmar .. .. .. .. 0 164.36 ..Philippines 7.42 136.7 .. 3.81 0.75 1382.95 ..Thailand .. .. .. .. 0.71 1144.67 1.1Viet Nam 5.3 559.87 0.12 4.63 .. 3075.69 2.3
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Impacts
• Eutrophication• Fish kills• Impacts to human health• Decreased availability of potable water
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China: Pressures
• Increasing agricultural inputs of fertilizer and pesticide• Increasing urbanization means increasing storm water inputs,
and larger pollutant load• Industrial discharges• Increasing production of hazardous wastes, with poor
disposal/sequestration protocols• Increased damming for hydropower leading to reduced flow
volume• Increasing irrigation withdraws leading to reduced flow volume• Lack of adequate enforcement of National environmental
policies regarding waste water
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China: State and Trends
• Aquifers below 90% of China’s cities are polluted
• The Chinese Government has reported that 30% of river water throughout the country is unfit for use in agriculture or industry
• 700 Million people drink water contaminated with animal and human wastes
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China: Impacts
• World Bank links water contamination as the leading cause of death among children under age 5.
• 11% of gastrointestinal cancers in China are linked to water pollutants
• Every year, an estimated 460,000 people die prematurely in China due to exposure to air and water pollution, according to a 2007 World Bank study
• The health burden has an economic price. The cost of cancer treatment has reached almost 100 billion yuan a year ($14.6 billion), accounting for 20 percent of China's medical expenditure, according to Chinese media.
• Widespread lotic habitat destruction
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China – The Huai River
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The Huai River
• Most densely populated area of China• Water utilization exceed 70%• Heavily impounded: 5,600 reservoirs• Industries: paper-making, brewing, chemical
production, tanning, and tobacco and food processing
• Between 1981 and 2003, the population grew by 30 percent
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Pollutants in the Huai
• Ineffective/inadequate wastewater treatment• 50% - industrial pollutants• Wheat straw
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Quick Chronology of the Huai• 1853 – Major Hydrologic changes to the Yellow river leave Huai with no
outlet to the sea• 1917 – China seeks partnership with both Canada and US engineers to
relieve flooding• 1950 – Disastrous flooding: Mao creates Huai River Conservancy• 1974 – major pollution release• 1975 – collapse of two dams kills 250,000• 1991, 1996 – major seasonal flooding• 1998 – Zero Hour Operation - plan to clean the river• 1999-2000 – River runs dry in the dry season• 2001 – Additional flooding – 38 Billion Gallons• 2004 – Further flooding – 500 million tons of polluted water after a
rainfall
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Flooding in the Huai
River Valley
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Difficulties in implementing controls
• Four provinces• Size-based standards• Unrealistically high targets for reduction• Inadequate enforcement• Impounding water makes it difficult to control
contamination created by flood events
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Response - Green GDP
• http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/1219
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t77bLtIck2g&feature=related