lesson 10 diogenes and alexander gilbert highet contents part one: warm-up part two: background...
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Lesson 10
Diogenes and AlexanderDiogenes and Alexander
Gilbert Highet
Contents
Part One: Warm-up
Part Two: Background Information
Part Three: Text Appreciation
Part Four: Language Study
Part Five: Extension
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
Bookkeeper
D.J.
Baker
Cop
Bus-girl
Smokey the Bear
Part One Warm-Part One Warm-UpUpDo you know?Do you know?
What is the meaning of each of the following words?
记账员
唱片音乐的播音员
面包师
警察
餐厅打杂的女工
森林警备人员
B T L EW To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
Tom, Dick and Harry
Mr. Right
Peeping Tom
Do you know?Do you know?
一般人 白马王子
登徒子
B T L EW To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
What did dogs symbolize in the ancient world?
They were symbols of shamelessness.
Do you know?Do you know?
B T L EW The end of Do you know.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I. Author
II. Diogenes
III.Cynicism
IV. Alexander the Great
V. Aristotle & Plato
VI. Hercules
Part Two Background Part Two Background InformationInformation
Gilbert Highet (1906—1978) was US “educator, author, and critic”. “He is noted for popularizing intellectual topics; wrote ‘Anatomy of Satire,’ 1962.”
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Author Author
The end of Author.
Diogenes: (412 B.C. — 324 B.C.), Greek philosopher who founded the Cynic school of philosophy, stressing self-control and the pursuit of virtue. He was the son of Hicesias, who was exiled from his home town of Sinope, allegedly for defacing its debased currency. Thereafter, he lived in streets of Corinth and Athens where he is said to have lived in a barrel. He became the prototype of Cynicism.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. DiogenesDiogenes
To be continued on the next page.
Diogenes has been described as a Socrates gone mad. Like Socrates, he saw himself encouraging men to examine their own behaviour, and to live a virtuous life. By this, he meant a life of total self sufficiency free from social restraint, and distracting desires.
Living life according to nature was interpreted by Diogenes to mean a back to the basic existence. Virtue lay in requiring the bare minimum for existence. He lived the life of a true ascetic.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. DiogenesDiogenes
To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. DiogenesDiogenes
comparison: DIOGENES AND ALEXANDER
The end of Diogenes.
During his lifetime, Diogenes encountered the most powerful of individuals and treated them with scorn. They in turn responded with admiration. When Alexander announced: "I am Alexander, the great king." Diogenes replied: "I am Diogenes the dog", using his nickname to show his contempt for the titles others valued. Alexander is quoted as saying that had he not been Alexander, he would have liked to have been Diogenes.
Find out the similarities
and differences.
Find out the similarities
and differences.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
III.III. CynicismCynicism
Origin of cynicism
Cynicism derives its name from the Greek word for Dog. Aristotle refers to Diogenes as "The Dog" and Diogenes had no problem with the nickname. Cynicism was not a school of philosophy, but rather an erratic succession of individuals which began with the philosopher Antisthenes. Cynicism emphasized moral self-mastery, rejection of government, property, marriage and religion. However, Diogenes was not above stealing, claiming all things are the property of the wise.
To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
III.III. CynicismCynicism
Cynicism: A philosophy, first expounded by Diogenes, that encourages indifference to social convention and material comforts in order to concentrate on self-knowledge. The aim of the Cynic was to become self-determining, hence free, by living in accordance with nature.
To be continued on the next page.
What is cynicism?
Alexander III was the King of Macedonia (336—323BC) and conqueror of Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Babylonia, and Persia. His reign marked the beginning of the Hellenistic Age.
Alexander's conquests and the administrative needs of his Greek-speaking successors promoted the spread of the Greek language and Greek culture across the eastern Mediterranean and into Mesopotamia.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
IV.IV. Alexander the Alexander the GreatGreat
The end of Alexander the Great.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
V. V. Plato & Plato & AristotleAristotle
To be continued on the next page.
Plato (427?—347 B.C.?) was a Greek philosopher, a follower of Socrates. He founded the Academy (386 B.C.), where he taught and wrote for much of the rest of his life. Plato presented his ideas in the form of dramatic dialogues, as in The Republic.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
V. V. Plato & Plato & AristotleAristotle
To be continued on the next page.
Quotations from Plato
Either death is a state of nothingness and utter unconsciousness, or, as men say, there is a change or migration of the soul from this world to another… Now if death be of such nature, I say that to die is to gain; for eternity is then only a single night.
He who is of a calm and happy nature will hardly feel the pressure of age, but to him who is of an opposite disposition youth and age are equally a burden.
The direction in which education starts a man will determine his future life.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
V. V. Plato & Plato & AristotleAristotle
To be continued on the next page.
Aristotle (385—323 B.C.) was the greatest of heathen philosophers. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, ethics, metaphysics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, theory follows empirical observation, and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
V. V. Plato & Plato & AristotleAristotle
The end of Plato & Aristotle.
His father was court physician to the King of Macedonia. From the age of 17 to 37 he remained as pupil of Plato and was distinguished among those who gathered for instruction. The relations between the renowned teacher and his illustrious pupil have formed the subject of various legends. There were divergencies of opinion between the master, who took his stand on sublime, idealistic principles, and the scholar, who, even at that time, showed a preference for the investigation of the facts and laws of the physical world.
Lesson 4 - Wisdom of Bear Wood
VI.VI. Hercules Hercules
Hercules was the son of Zeus and Alcmene, a hero of extraordinary strength who won immortality by performing 12 labors demanded by Hera.
The end of Hercules.
Text Text AppreciatioAppreciationn
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I. Text Analysis
II. Writing Devices1. Diction2. Contrast3. Analogy4. Transferred Epithet
III. Sentence Paraphrase
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
Plot of the story
Setting of the story
Protagonists of the story
Writing techniques of the story
Theme of the story
I.I. Text AnalysisText AnalysisHave you
got the key elements in the essay?
For reference
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
Plot: description of two legendary figures, Diogenes the beggar and Alexander the Conqueror, and their encounter
Setting: in a little square in Corinth, Greece
Protagonists: Diogenes and Alexander
Writing techniques: go to Writing devices
Theme of the story: go to the next page
I.I. Text AnalysisText Analysis
For reference.
To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Text AnalysisText Analysis
Men should live a free life, a life free from the dependencies introduced by culture, society, civilization and opinion. Men are free when they stop toiling and sweating only for themselves. Great men are free and they are few in number.
Theme of the storyThe theme is summed up at the very end.
To be continued on the next page.
Part 1 (paras. 1—9) about:
Part 2 (paras. ) about:
Part 3 (para. ) about:
Part 4 (paras. ) about:
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Text AnalysisText Analysis
Structure of the text
10—11
12
13—17
Portrait : Diogenes the beggar
Diogenes’ response (as compared to the other people’s ) to the coming visit of Alexander
Portrait: Alexander the Conqueror
Alexander’s call on Diogenes
To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevices
Diction
1. Negative words
2. Complimentary words
3. Lexical repetition
4. Formal and informal words
5. Synonym
6. Antonym
7. Polysyndeton
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevices
Diction
Complimentary words
… toward women, he was nobly restrained and chivalrous.
Complimentary words are used to describe Alexander’s greatness.
More examples
To be continued on the next page.
Only twenty, Alexander was far older and wiser than his years.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevices
Diction
Lexical Repetition
Sometimes they threw bits of food, and got scant thanks; sometimes a mischievous pebble, and got a shower of stones and abuse.
To be continued on the next page.
They would throw sharp questions at him and get sharper answers.
Root repetition for emphasis
Lexical repetition: repeating words in different positions in a sentence or
paragraph
Intermittent repetition, in which words repeated are separated from each other by syntactic
elements of varying length
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevices
Diction
Formal & informal words
So he had one blanket—to dress him in the daytime and cover him at night—and he slept in a cask.
The end of Formal &Informal words.
He was not the first to inhabit such a thing.
Formal word
Mixed use of formal with
informal words creates stylistic effect, stressing
the contrast.
Informal word
Please find more examples
in the text.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevices
Diction
Synonyms
stone pebble
mad lunatic
live inhabit
house hut shelter kennel
barrel cask jar
Clothes garment cloak
get procure
To be continued on the next page.
General words
Specific words
In what way does the author
choose to use these synonyms?
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevices
Diction
Antonyms
The end of Antonym.
perishable everlastingrough handsome
drunk sober … …
Opposite words
emphasizingcontrast
Please find more examples
in the text.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevices
Diction
Polysyndeton
No one needs beds and chairs and such furniture.
He was welcomed and honored and flattered.
To be continued on the next page.
As the market place filled up with shoppers and merchants and slaves and foreigners,
he had strolled through it for an hour or two.
Stress each detail
Polysyndeton: repetition of
conjunctions in close succession,
which has a cumulative effect
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II. Writing II. Writing devicesdevices
Contrast
To be continued on the next page.
The use of as, while, like, whereas to
show contrast. Like Diogenes, he admired the heroic figure of
Hercules, who labored to help mankind while all others toiled and sweated only for themselves.
He understood Cynicism as the others could not.
When a king approaches, all rise in respect. Diogenes merely sat up on one elbow. When a
monarch enters a place, all greet him with a bow or an acclamation. Diogenes said nothing.
conventional conduct
Diogenes’ conduct
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II. Writing II. Writing devicesdevices
Appearance manner
Diogenes
like a dog scratching, doing business in public etc
Alexander
youthful,handsome, strong body, purple and gold cloak, with an air of destiny
Nobly restrained and chivalrous
Contrast: Diogenes and Alexander
old, beggarly living on bare earth, shoeless, half-naked, with single ragged garment
To be continued on the next page.
Contrast: Contrast is to set in opposition two
objects of like nature to show their
different qualities and compare their
superiorities.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II. Writing II. Writing devicesdevices
attitude behaviour
Diogenes
Lying on the ground when visited by the king… …
ALexander
… … Air of destinyGenerous, kind
Kindly greeting… …
Contrast: Diogenes & ALexander
free and self-sufficient austere & naturalistic indifferent to power Bold, composed, frank … …
Scan the text and list out the related information.
To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevicesContrast: Diogenes & ordinary people
ordinary Diogenes People
A mischievous pebble A shower of stones and abuse Bits of food
To be continued on the next page.
Scant thanks
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevicesContrast: Diogenes & ordinary people
ordinary Diogenes People
To be continued on the next page.
Living elaborately, expensively, and anxiously in a house (furniture, clothes, horses, servants, bank accounts)
Living in a earthenware jar, shoeless, half-naked
Rich, lazy, corrupt, profit-happy, stirring, drilling, rebuilding
Sober, taking his cask and rolling it up and down
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevices
Contrast: Diogenes & ordinary people
ordinary Diogenes People
To be continued on the next page.
Crowding to congratulate, seek employment, rise in respect, bowing, acclaiming, tittering…
Lying in the sunlight, contented, happy, sitting up on one elbow, remaining silent…
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevices
Contrast: Diogenes & beggars
Diogenes
Beggars
To be continued on the next page.
Inhabiting in a discarded earthen storage jar by his own choice, out of principle
Sleeping in a cask because they could not afford to live in a house
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevices
Contrast: Diogenes & hermits
Diogenes
hermits
To be continued on the next page.
Retreating to persuade or convert others to his own doctrine
Living in a cask on the street
Retreating to live simply because they grew tired of human society with its complications
Living on a small farm, in a quiet village, or in a hermit’s cave
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevices
Contrast: Diogenes & other philosophers
The end of Contrast.
Diogenes Talking to or teaching those who ever cared to listen to, or admired him
A crowd of ordinary people could serve as laboratory, specimens, lecture halls and pupils.
Other famous philosophers
Teaching their own private pupils
Private pupils were taught in lecture halls etc.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevices
AnalogyAnalogy chiefly used for the purpose of persuasion
The end of Analogy.
His life’s aim was clear to him: it was “to restamp the currency”: to take the clean metal of human life, to erase the old false conventional markings, and to imprint it with its true va
lues.
Analogy developed through parallel similarities
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevices
… sometimes a mischievous pebble…
Transferred epithet: an adjective transferred from the noun it should modify to another to which it does not belong
Transferred epithet
“Mischievous” modifying the person who threw a pebble
The end of transferred epithet.
There was an amazed silence.
“Amazed” describing the people who were amazed
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
III.III. Sentence Sentence Paraphrase Paraphrase 11
He had opened his eyes…, done his business like a
dog at the roadside, … eaten them squatting
on the ground, and washed them down with a
few handfuls of water scooped from the
spring. (1)
“-ful” is used as a noun suffix.
lifted out as if with a ladle
had answered nature’s call like a dog
go to 2
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
III.III. Sentence Sentence Paraphrase Paraphrase 77
But he was the first who ever did so by choice,
out of principle. (3)
Based on a principle
But he was the first to do so because he wanted to.
go to 8
More examples
To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
III.III. Sentence Sentence Paraphrase Paraphrase
back to 7
I opened the box out of curiosity.
She began to learn to cook out of interest, not out of necessity.
He paid a visit out of respect.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
III.III. Sentence Sentence Paraphrase Paraphrase 88
Live without conventions, which are
artificial and false; escape complexities and
extravagances: only so can you live a free
life. (4)
Only when you live without artificial and false
conventions and avoid complex lives can you
live a free life.go to 9
Inverted order
More examples
To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
III.III. Sentence Sentence ParaphraseParaphrase
back to 8
Only in this way can we learn English well.
Only if all their conditions are met will the strikers go back to work.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
III.III. Sentence Sentence Paraphrase Paraphrase 99
In order to procure a quantity of false,
perishable goods he has sold the only true,
lasting good, his own independence. (4)
People get only some false and easily spoiled material goods at the cost of their own everlasting independence.
Antonyms to show contrastantonyms
go to 10
Root repetition
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
III.III. Sentence Sentence Paraphrase Paraphrase 1010
His life’s aim was clear to him: it was “to restamp the currency”: to take the clean metal of human life, to erase the old false conventional markings, and to imprint it with its true values. (5)
Diogenes and his father were once convicted for defacing the coins.
Life is like a metal marked with false and conventional values. His life task is to remove those false markings and imprint a true value on it.
go to 11
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
III.III. SeSentence ntence Paraphrase Paraphrase 1212
Diogenes took his old cask and began to roll it up and down. “When you are all so busy,” he said, “ I feel I ought to do something!” (9)
When the Corinthians were busy preparing for the coming war, Diogenes rolled his cask up and down to ridicule their silly behavior.
The end of Sentence Paraphrase.
Sharp contrast between Diogenes and the Corinthian people attitudes and behavior
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I. Word Study
II. Phrases and Expressions
III.Grammar
Part Four Language Part Four Language StudyStudy
B T L EW
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord StudyWord list:
1. acclaim
2. content
3. convert
4. corrupt
5. creed
6. convention
7. discard
8. doctrine
9. elaborate
10. elegant
11. emulate
12. erase
13. expedition
14. extravagance
15. fiery
16. flatter
B T L EW
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
1. acclaim
v. to praise enthusiastically and often publicly n. enthusiastic applause Examples:
Penicillin was acclaimed as the most
important discovery during the 1940's.
He was acclaimed as the winner.
B T L EW
acclamatoryacclamationSynonym
applausepraise hail
Word formation
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
2. content
a. a. satisfied b. willing v. to make satisfied n. a. something contained b. subject matter of a written work c. substantive or meaningful part d. proportion of a specified substance
B T L EW
Word formation
contentedcontentmentdiscontented
be content to dobe content withcontent oneself withto one’s heart content
Collocation
To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
Examples:
She was content to step down after four
years as chief executive.
She is content with very little.
He contented himself with one piece of cake.
The brain is hungry not for method but for
content.
B T L EW
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
3. convert
v. a. to adapt to a new or different purpose b. to persuade to adopt a religion, or belief c. to exchange for sth. of equal value
Examples:
That building has been converted into a school.
We converted to Islam several years ago.
I want to convert some RMB into US dollars.
Word formation
B T L EW
convert toconvert into
conversion convertibleCollocation
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
4. corrupt
a. a. marked by immorality and perversion b. dishonest v. a. to ruin morally b. to taint; contaminate c. to cause to become rotten; spoil
Examples:
We find him a corrupt judge.
The businessman was sent to prison for
trying to corrupt a tax official with money.
B T L EW
Synonyms
rottendishonestdeprave debase
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
5. creed n. a system of beliefs, principles, or laws
Examples:
Discrimination should be banned on the
basis of race or creed.
He had an architectural creed that
demanded simple lines.
B T L EW
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
6. convention
n. all habits or traditions
Examples:
It is the convention for men to wear suits on formal occasions.
By convention, north is at the top of most maps.
B T L EW
Word formation
Synonyms
conveneconventionalunconventional
customhabitstradition
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
v. to throw away; reject
Example: She bundled up the clothes she would
discard.
7. discard
B T L EW
Synonyms
rejectabandondesert
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study8. doctrine
n. rule or principle
Example:
They strongly opposed the Monroe
Doctrine.
B T L EW
creed
belief
synonyms
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
9. elaborate
v. to work out with care and detail a. intricate and rich in detail
Examples:
elaborate plan
elaborate furniture
elaborate security precaution
B T L EW
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study10. elegant
a. exhibiting refined, tasteful beauty of manner, form, or style
Examples:
elegant woman
elegant clothes
B T L EW
Synonyms
polishedrefinedgraceful
Word formation
elegance
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
11. emulate
v. to strive to equal or excel, especially through imitation
Synonyms
Example:
You must work hard to emulate your
brother's success.
B T L EW
rivalimitatecopyfollow
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
12. erase
v. to wipe out or rub out
Examples:
erase an equation from the blackboard
erase all thoughts of failure from his mind
erase a file from the disc
erase the video cassette
B T L EW
removecanceldelete
Synonyms
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
13. expedition
n. a journey undertaken by a group of people with a definite objective
Examples:
a scientific expedition to the South Pole
The builders promised to expedite the
repairs.
expedite v. to speed up the progress of; facilitate
B T L EW
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
14. extravagance
n. luxury
Example:
Salmon trout is an unnecessary extravagance.
B T L EW
Synonym
luxury
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
fiery hair a fiery sunset fiery cheeks a fiery boil a fiery temper a fiery denunciation
15. fiery
火红的头发火红的夕阳发红的脸蛋红肿的水疱暴躁的脾气激烈的控诉
B T L EW
a. flaming, growing, passionate like fire
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
v. a. to compliment excessively and often insincerely
b. portray favorably
Examples:What really flatters a man is that you think him worth flattering.The photograph flatters its subject.
16. flatter
B T L EW
Synonym
complimentpraise
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
List:
1. a (large) corps of
2. by design
3. provide for
4. seek out
5. toil and sweat
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
B T L EW
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
a body of persons acting together or associated under common direction
Example:A corps of technicians is/are accompanying the band on their tour.
1. a (large) corps of
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
Similar phrases:
a crowd of a large quantity of
B T L EW
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
on purpose, deliberately, intentionally
Example:
Did you phone me on my birthday by accident or by design?
2. by design
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
B T L EW
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
a. to take measures in preparation b. to supply means of subsistence
Examples:
We should provide for the common defense of the states.
She provides for her family by working in a hospital.
3. provide for
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
B T L EW
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
4. seek out
to look for something and find it
Example:
After the meeting he sought out the person who had spoken about the plan.
B T L EW
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
to work very hard for a long time
Example:
The laborers toiled and sweated during the hot summer.
5. toil and sweat
II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
B T L EW
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
IV.IV. GrammarGrammarInversionInversion
Definition: reversal of the normal order of words, typically for rhetorical effect but also found in the regular formation of questions
Example:There is a pen on the table.Here comes the bus.I like swimming and so does my sister.Only in this way can you solve the problem.Were I you, I would refuse.Try as I could, I could not pass the exam.
To be continued on the next page.B T L EW
Part Five Text ExtensionPart Five Text Extension
Topics for debating:
– Simple life brings happiness.
– The only thing people are interested in nowadays is earning more money.