lesson 1 introduction to biochemistry for psych majors

7/24/2019 Lesson 1 Introduction to BIOCHEMISTRY for Psych Majors

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BIOCHEMISTRY


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CHEM STRY OF L FE

Elements: simplest form of a

substance - cannot be broken down

any further without changing what it is Atom: the actual basic unit -

composed of protons, neutrons, and

electrons


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THE ATOM

Just like cells are the basic unit of life, theATOMis the basic unit of matter

They are !ery small "f placed side by side

one million would stretch a distance of #cm The atom is made up of $particles

Particle Charge

PROTON +

NEUTRON NEUTRAL

ELECTRON -


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Electrons are not present within the atom,

instead T%E& 'E(O)(E A'O*+ T%E

+*E)*. O/ T%E ATOM 0 /O'M T%E

E)ET'O+ )O*

raw a helium atom "ndicate where theprotons, neutrons and electrons are

+ +-

-

PROTONS

NEUTRONS

ELECTRONS

ATOMIC # = 2 (PROTONS)

ATOMIC MASS = 4

(PROTONS

NEUTRONS)


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ISOTOPES

atoms of the same element that %A(E A"//E'E+T +*M1E' O/ +E*T'O+.

.ome isotopes are radioacti!e This means

that their nuclei is unstable and will breakdown at a O+.TA+T 'ATEo!er time

There are se!eral practical uses for

radioacti!e isotopes:# A'1O+ AT"+23 T'AE'.

$ 4")) 1ATE'"A 5 A+E' E)).


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COMPOUNDS

a substance formed by the chemicalcombination of 3 or more elementsin definite

proportions

E6: water, salt, glucose, carbon dio6ide

H20

N a C l

CO2


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The cell is a OM7)E8 %EM"A)/ATO'&containing some of the same

elements found in the nonli!ing

en!ironment

carbon 9, hydrogen 9%, o6ygen 9O, and

nitrogen 9+ are present in the greatest

percentages


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TWO TYPES OF COMPOUNDS

Organic - ontain , %, and O in someratio 9usually referred to as chemicals of

life

arbohydrates, 7roteins, )ipids, +ucleic Acids

"norganic - usually ;support; life - no

specific ratio of , %, and O


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CHEMICAL BONDS

hemical bonds hold the atoms in a

molecule together

There are 3 types of chemical bonds

"O+"and O(A)E+T


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IONIC BONDS

Occur when # or more electrons areT'A+./E''Efrom one atom to another


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COVALENT BONDS

Occur when electrons are .%A'Eby atoms These new structures that result from co!alent

bonds are called MO)E*)E.

== "n general, the more chemical bonds amolecule has the more energy it contains

S!ARIN" IS CARIN"


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MIXTURES


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SOLUTION

Two parts:

.O)*TE > .*1.TA+E T%AT ". 1E"+2

"..O)(E 9.*2A' 5 .A)T

.O)(E+T- the substance in which the solute

dissol!es

Materials that do not dissol!e are known as

.*.7E+."O+. 1lood is the most common e6ample of a

suspension

ells 0 other particles remain in suspension


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FORMULA

The chemical symbols and numbers thatcompose a compound 9;recipe;

.tructural /ormula> )ine drawings of the

compound that shows the elements inproportion and how they are bonded

Molecular /ormula> the AT*A)

formula for a compound

C2!$O


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ACIDS & BASES

Acids: always 9almost begin with ;%; becauseof the e6cess of %? ions 9hydrogen E6: lemon @uice 9, stomach acid 9#B, acid rain

9CB, normal rain 9

/acts about Acids

Acids turn litmus paper 'Eand usually taste

.O*'

&ou eat acids daily 9coffee, !inegar, soda,

spicy foods, etcD


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ACIDS & BASES

1ases: always 9almost end with -O% becauseof the e6cess of hydro6ide ions 9O6ygen 0

%ydrogen

E8: o!en cleaner, bleach, ammonia, sea water,

blood, pure water

/acts about 1ases

1ases turn litmus 1)*E

1ases usually feel .)"77E'&to touch and taste

1"TTE'


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Neutralizati! Rea"ti!#


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$H SCALE

measures degree ofsubstance alkalinity or

acidity

'anges from to #C

> B strong acid -F neutral

G-#C strong base


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The goal of the body is to maintain

%OMEO.TA.". 9neutrality> to do this when

p% is concerned, we add weak acids 0 bases to

pre!ent sharp changes in p%

These are called 1*//E'.

lesson 1 introduction to biochemistry for psych majors

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