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 CS 182 Sections 101 - 102 Leon Barrett

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Page 1: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

CS 182Sections 101 ­ 102Leon Barrett

Page 2: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Page 3: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Page 4: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Page 5: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Page 6: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Status

• A3­P1 already due

• A3­P2 due on Thursday

• This week– Color

– Representations and concepts

• Next week– Schemas and frames

Page 7: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Questions!

1. How do humans detect color biologically?

2. Are color names arbitrary?  What are the findings surrounding this?

Page 8: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Questions!

• How do humans detect color biologically?

• Are color names arbitrary?  What are the findings surrounding this?

Page 9: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

A Tour of the Visual System

• two regions of interest:– retina

– LGN

Page 10: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   http://www.iit.edu/~npr/DrJennifer/visual/retina.html

Rods and Cones in the Retina

Page 11: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

The Microscopic View

Page 12: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

What Rods and Cones Detect

Notice how they aren’t distributed evenly, and the rod is more sensitive to shorter wavelengths

Page 13: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Center / Surround• Strong activation in center, inhibition 

on surround

• The effect you get using these center / surround cells is enhanced edges

top:  the stimuli itself

middle:  brightness of the stimuli

bottom:  response of the retina

• You’ll see this idea get used in Regier’s model

http://www­psych.stanford.edu/~lera/psych115s/notes/lecture3/figures1.html

Page 14: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Color Opponent Cells

• These cells are found in the LGN

• Four color channels: Red, Green, Blue, Yellow

• R/G , B/Y pairs

• much like center/surround cells

• We can use these to determine the visual system’s fundamental hue responses

Mea

n Sp

ikes 

/ Sec

Wavelength (mμ)

25

400 700

+R­G

50

25

400 700

+G­R

50

25

400 700

+Y­B

25

400 700

+B­Y

(Monkey brain)

Page 15: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Questions!

1. How do humans detect color biologically?

2. Are color names arbitrary?  What are the findings surrounding this?

Page 16: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

The WCS Color Chips

• Basic color terms:– Single word (not blue­green)– Frequently used (not mauve)– Refers primarily to colors (not lime)– Applies to any object (not blonde)

FYI:English has 11 basic color terms

Page 17: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Results of Kay’s Color Study

If you group languages into the number of basic color terms they have, as the number of color terms increases, additional terms specify focal colors

B+W (Grey)

R+Y (Orange)

R + Bu (Purple)Bk or G or Bu

R+W (Pink)Y

Y+Bk (Brown)Y+Bk (Brown)R

BkBkBkW

BuBuBuBk

GGGG or BuBk

YYYYG or BuBk or G or Bu

RRRRR or YR or YBk or G or Bu

WWWWWWW or R or Y

VIIVIVIVIIIa / IIIbIIStage I

Page 18: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Representations

• What is a localist representation?

• What is a distributed representation?

• How many things can you represent with 4 neurons, in each representation?

• How many conjunctions of things can each represent?

• What is coarse coding?

• What is coarse­fine coding?

Page 19: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Coarse Coding

info you can encode with one fine resolution unit = info you can with a few coarse resolution units

Now as long as we need fewer coarse units total, we’re good

Page 20: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Coarse­Fine Coding

but we can run into ghost “images”

Feature 2e.g. Direction of Motion

Feature 1e.g. Orientation

Y

X

G

G

Y­Orientation

X­Orientation

Y­Dir X­Dir

Coarse in F2, Fine in F1

Coarse in F1, Fine in F2

Page 21: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Categories

• What constitutes a basic­level category?  Is red a basic­level category?  Is maroon?

• Does it vary from person to person?

• What is a superordinate category?  A subordinate category?

Page 22: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Categories & Prototypes: Overview

• Three ways of examining the categories we form:– relations between categories (e.g. basic­level category)

– internal category structure (e.g. radial category)

– instances of category members (e.g. prototypes)

Furniture

Sofa Desk

leathersofa

fabricsofa

L­shapeddesk

Receptiondisk

Basic­Level Category

Superordinate

Subordinate

Page 23: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Basic­Level Category

• Perception: – similar overall perceived 

shape

– single mental image

– (gestalt perception)

– fast identification

• Function: – general motor program

• Communication: 

– shortest

– most commonly used

– contextually neutral

– first to be learned by children

– first to enter the lexicon

• Knowledge Organization:

– most attributes of category members stored at this level

What constitutes a basic­level category?  Definition:

Red?           Maroon?            yes                    arguable (expertise)

Page 24: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Category Structure

• Classical Category:– necessary and sufficient conditions

• Radial Category: – a central member branching out to less­central and non­central cases

– degrees of membership, with extendable boundary

• Family Resemblance: – every family member looks like some other family member(s)

– there is no one property common across all members (e.g. polysemy)

• Prototype­Based Category

• Essentially­Contested Category (Gallie, 1956) (e.g. democracy)

• Ad­hoc Category (e.g. things you can fit inside a shopping bag)

Page 25: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Prototype• Cognitive reference point

– standards of comparison

• Social stereotypes

– snap judgments

– defines cultural expectations

– challengeable

• Typical case prototypes

– default expectation

– often used unconsciously in reasoning

• Ideal case / Nightmare case

– e.g. ideal vacation

– can be abstract

– may be neither typical nor stereotypical

• Paragons / Anti­paragons

– an individual member that exhibits the ideal

• Salient examples

– e.g. 9/11 – terrorism act

• Generators

– central member + rules

– e.g. natural number = single­digit numbers + arithmetic

Page 26: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Mother• The birth model

The person who gives birth is the mother

• The genetic modelThe female who contributes the genetic material is the mother

• The nurturance modelThe female adult who nurtures and raises a child is the mother of the child

• The marital modelThe wife of the father is the mother

• The genealogical modelThe closest female ancestor is the mother (WFDT Ch.4, p.74, p.83)

Page 27: Leon Barrett - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · Status • A3P1 already due • A3P2 due on Thursday • This week – Color – Representations

   

Radial Structure of Mother

The radial structure of this category is defined with respect to the different models

CentralCase

Stepmother

Adoptivemother

Birthmother

NaturalmotherFoster

mother

Biologicalmother

Surrogatemother

Unwedmother

Geneticmother