leisure any freely chosen activity or experience that takes place in non-work time
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Recreation
A leisure time activity undertaken voluntarily and for enjoyment.
It includes individual pursuits, organized outings and events, and non-paid
(non-professional) sports.
Tourism
Travel away from home for at least one night for the purpose of leisure.Note that this definition excludes day-trippers.
There are many possiblesubdivisions of tourism.
Sub-groups include:
heritage tourism
tourism based on a historic legacy (landscapefeature, historic building or event) as its major
attraction
sustainable tourism
tourism that conserves primary touristresources and supports the livelihoods
and culture of local people.
primary tourist/recreational resources
The pre-existing attractions for tourism or recreation (that is, those notbuilt specifically for the purpose), including climate, scenery, wildlife,
indigenous people, cultural and heritage sites. These are distinguishedfrom secondary tourist/recreational resources, which include
accommodation, catering, entertainment and shopping.
Carrying capacity
The maximum number of visitors/participants that a site/event can satisfyat one time. It is customary to distinguish between environmental
carrying capacity (the maximum number before the local environmentbecomes damaged) and perceptual carrying capacity (the maximum
number before a specific group of visitors considers the level of impact,such as noise, to be excessive). For example, young mountain bikers may
be more crowd tolerant than elderly walkers.‑
Discuss the influence of accessibility, changes in
technology and affluence upon the growth of these
activities.
Social/Economic Changes in Technology
Product Development
Increase in car ownershipIncrease in leisure time: • holiday entitlement • shorter working week • early retirement with pensions • ageing populationGreater wealth: • larger incomes • less children • Two wage-earner families
MotorwaysJet aircraftComputer reservation systemsInternet on-line booking
Package holidaysTheme ParksActivity holidaysWeekend breaksEcotourism
Trend
Global tourism is a thriving business ↑
(Predicted 130% increase of international tourists between 2000 and 2020)
En milliard på reisefotInternasjonal turisme nådde for første gang over én milliard reisende i fjor (2012).
The tourism industry has grown in terms of its global extent and the volume of the tourists involved.
Pattern
Europe continues to receive the greatest share, but tourist preference is
shifting in favour of the Asia-Pacific region, Africa and the Middle East.
Changes in supply
Examine the changes in location and development ofdifferent tourist activities. Explain the growth of more
remote tourist destinations.
Lots of mass tourism, but an ever-growing demand for new and exotic experiences.
Sun, sea and sand boredom.
Niche tourism has evolved out of a desire for diversity and something new – this is
more likely to be sustainable.
Case study of anational tourist
industryExamine the economic, social and
environmental impactsof tourism.
Where?The Masai Mara National Reserve is a large game reserve
in south-western Kenya.
PPT on geo-revision.net: Case Study Sustainable Tourism - Masai Mara, Kenya
(PPT)
Tourism as adevelopment strategy
Examine the importance of tourism as a development
strategy for low-income countries.
Tourism is a positive route towards economic development, especially when they lack raw materials for manufacturing.
Greener than manufacturing, mining etc.
Export – but not subject to price fluctuations of commodities sold on the world market.
Can be an effective way for a country to overcome its problems of balance of payments.
Labour-intensive.
Direct and indirect employment.
Provides opportunities to acquire new skills for instance in languages, catering and entertainment.
Multiplier effect.
Can redistribute wealth at all scales (also to rural areas), provided leakage is not allowed to drain the economy.
Adds diversity to the export base.
Helps to stabilize the foreign exchange earnings.
But vulnerable to global shocks, because of weak domestic demand.
Tourism managementin urban areasFor one named city or large town:
• describe the distribution and location of primaryand secondary tourist resources
• discuss the strategies designed to manage touristdemands, maximize capacity and minimize conflicts
between local residents and visitors, and avoidenvironmental damage.
Examine the concept of carrying capacities in a rural
tourist area."Tourism Carrying Capacity" is defined by the World Tourism
Organisation as
“The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the
physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction”.
Discuss strategies designed to maximize capacity and
minimize conflicts between local residents and visitors,
and avoid environmental damage.Lake District, UK
Examine the extent to which it might be successfully
implemented in different environments.
Articles about the Antarctic on geo-revision. You can discuss Svalbard in
the Arctic.
Internationalparticipation and
successExamine the social, cultural, economic and
politicalfactors affecting participation and success in
two majorinternational sports.
Clay pigeon shootingNOK 800 per session
Olympic Gold Hero, Sheikh Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Hasher Al Maktoum.
Case study of acontemporary
international sportsevent
Analyse the geographic factors that influenced the choice
of venue(s).
Evaluate the short- and long term ‑geographic costs and
benefits of hosting such an event at both the local and
national level.
Geography Course Companion pages 235-237Beijing suffers the curse of the Olympic city
Case study of anational sports league
Explain the hierarchy of a league and the location of its
teams.
The leisure hierarchy
Explain the relationship between urban settlements and
recreational and sports facilities in terms of frequency,size, range and catchment area.
Intra urban spatial‑patterns
Examine the distribution and location of recreationaland sports facilities in urban areas and relate the
patterns to accessibility, land value and the physical andsocio-economic characteristics of each urban zone (from
the central business district to the rural-urban fringe).
Urban regeneration
Discuss the role of sport and recreation in regenerationstrategies of urban areas.
London 2012Geography Course Companion page 251
London Olympic Village Urban RenewalHackney
Urban regeneration
The main benefits of the games :
It will create 9,000 new homes in the Olympic Park alone, with nearby schools and health and community facilities. Half of the new homes will be sold on the open market, with the other half
going to housing associations.
It will clean up the urban wasteland of the Lower Lea Valley and provide the largest new London Park since the Victorian era.
The Olympics should significantly improve transportation, not only for East London but also for the capital city as a whole. In the locality, east to west connectivity will be considerably improved.
State-of-the-art facilities will be provided in the area for a wide range of sports.
The regeneration of the Lower Lea Valley and the Thames Gateway will be speeded up, providing new jobs and business opportunities before, during and after the games. It is estimated that 12,000
permanent jobs will be created in the area of the Olympic Park alone, as well as thousands of temporary ones.
It is hoped that the 150 km2 media and broadcast centre will encourage creative businesses to the area.
It will encourage sport and healthy lifestyles across all ages and communities.
The games will give a much-needed boost to the tourist industry, with half a million visitors expected at the time of the games. The tourism benefit should last for some time beyond the
games. Sydney estimates that its economy was boosted by £5 billion in the five years since the city hosted the 2000 games. It is also hoped that the publicity generated by the announcement of the
games will boost tourism between now and 2012.
The aim is for the games to promote social cohesion in one of the most culturally diverse communities in the UK. It should also improve the image of both East London and the country as a
whole.