(legrande biological surveys, inc.)
TRANSCRIPT
D. Botanical Resources Assessment(LeGrande Biological Surveys, Inc.)
BO
TA
NIC
AL
RE
SOU
RC
ES
ASS
ESS
ME
NT
FO
R T
HE
H
AW
AII
ME
MO
RIA
L P
AR
K E
XPA
NSI
ON
K
AN
EO
HE
, OA
HU
Prep
ared
by:
May
a L
eGra
nde
LeG
rand
e B
iolo
gica
l Sur
veys
Inc
68
-310
Kik
ou S
tree
t W
aial
ua H
I 96
791
Pr
epar
ed f
or:
C
LA
RK
& G
RE
EN
ASS
OC
IAT
ES
150
Paul
arin
o A
venu
e, S
uite
160
C
osta
Mes
a C
A 9
2626
Sept
embe
r 20
06
TA
BL
E O
F C
ON
TE
NT
S
PA
GE
IN
TR
OD
UC
TIO
N…
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.. .3
G
EN
ER
AL
SIT
E D
ESC
RIP
TIO
N…
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.3
SUR
VE
Y M
ET
HO
DS…
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…..3
D
ESC
RIP
TIO
N O
F T
HE
VE
GE
TA
TIO
N…
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……
....4
D
ISC
USS
ION
AN
D R
EC
OM
ME
ND
AT
ION
S……
……
……
...…
...5
LIT
ER
AT
UR
E S
ITE
D…
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…...
…..6
P
LA
NT
SP
EC
IES
LIS
T…
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…7
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
T
his
repo
rt i
nclu
des
the
find
ings
of
a bo
tani
cal
stud
y co
nduc
ted
at t
he p
ropo
sed
site
for
th
e H
awai
i M
emor
ial
Park
Exp
ansi
on P
roje
ct o
n th
e is
land
of
Oah
u, H
awai
i. L
eGra
nde
Bio
logi
cal
Surv
eys
Inc.
car
ried
out
a b
otan
ical
fie
ld s
urve
y of
the
abo
ve l
ocat
ion
on
Sept
embe
r 19
& 2
1, 2
006.
The
pri
mar
y ob
ject
ives
of
the
fiel
d st
udie
s w
ere
to:
1) p
rovi
de a
gen
eral
des
crip
tion
of th
e ve
geta
tion
on th
e pr
ojec
t site
; 2)
inv
ento
ry th
e fl
ora;
and
3)
sea
rch
for
thre
aten
ed a
nd e
ndan
gere
d sp
ecie
s as
wel
l as
spec
ies
of c
once
rn.
Fede
ral
and
Stat
e of
H
awai
i lis
ted
spec
ies
stat
us
follo
ws
U.S
. Fi
sh
and
Wild
life
(USF
WS)
(19
99a
and
1999
b, 2
004)
and
Fed
eral
Reg
iste
r (2
002)
. G
EN
ER
AL
SIT
E D
ESC
RIP
TIO
N
The
are
a pr
opos
ed f
or e
xpan
sion
inc
lude
s ap
prox
imat
ely
60 a
cres
of
unde
velo
ped
land
m
akai
or
nort
heas
t of
the
exis
ting
Haw
aii M
emor
ial P
ark
in K
aneo
he.
The
sur
vey
area
is
boun
ded
by r
esid
entia
l ho
usin
g to
the
wes
t an
d a
natu
ral
ridg
elin
e to
the
eas
t. T
he
nort
hern
mos
t bou
ndar
y is
nea
r th
e Po
hai N
ani R
etir
emen
t Hom
e.
The
pro
pert
y co
nsis
ts o
f re
lativ
ely
stee
p cl
iff
area
s to
the
eas
t de
scen
ding
fro
m a
nat
ural
ri
dgel
ine
that
dro
ps in
ele
vatio
n an
d le
vels
out
cre
atin
g se
vera
l sm
all g
ulch
es th
at r
un e
ast
to w
est.
The
maj
ority
of
the
parc
el i
s ch
arac
teri
zed
by a
Low
land
Alie
n W
et F
ores
t. T
he
subj
ect
prop
erty
is
at 9
42 f
t el
evat
ion
at i
ts h
ighe
st p
oint
alo
ng t
he r
idge
tha
t di
vide
s K
aneo
he a
nd K
ailu
a D
istr
icts
and
at
appr
oxim
atel
y 20
0 ft
at
its l
owes
t el
evat
ions
at
the
nort
hwes
t bo
unda
ries
. T
he p
arce
l ha
s be
en d
istu
rbed
his
tori
cally
and
alte
ratio
n of
nat
ive
plan
t ha
bita
t ha
s be
en i
n pl
ace
for
som
e tim
e w
ith v
ery
few
of
the
natu
ral
plan
t el
emen
ts
rem
aini
ng.
Fera
l pi
gs (
Sus
scro
fa)
cont
inue
to
degr
ade
the
vege
tatio
n an
d un
ders
tory
pl
ants
by
root
ing,
res
ultin
g in
soi
l dis
turb
ance
. SU
RV
EY
ME
TH
OD
S Pr
ior
to u
nder
taki
ng t
he f
ield
stu
dies
, a
sear
ch w
as m
ade
of t
he p
ertin
ent
liter
atur
e to
fa
mili
ariz
e th
e pr
inci
pal i
nves
tigat
or w
ith o
ther
bot
anic
al s
tudi
es c
ondu
cted
in th
e ge
nera
l ar
ea.
Info
rmat
ion
from
the
Haw
aii
Bio
dive
rsity
and
Map
ping
Pro
gram
dat
abas
e w
as
revi
ewed
. T
opog
raph
ic m
aps
wer
e ex
amin
ed t
o de
term
ine
terr
ain
char
acte
rist
ics,
acc
ess,
bo
unda
ries
, and
ref
eren
ce p
oint
s.
A w
alk-
thro
ugh
surv
ey m
etho
d w
as u
sed.
The
par
cel
boun
dari
es w
ere
surv
eyed
by
foot
. T
rans
ects
thr
ough
the
int
erio
r of
the
pro
pert
y w
ere
wal
ked
at 2
0 fo
ot i
nter
vals
. T
he
surv
ey a
rea
incl
uded
the
are
a pr
opos
ed f
or t
he p
ark
expa
nsio
n as
wel
l as
a b
uffe
r th
at
exte
nds
mau
ka u
p to
an
elev
atio
n of
600
fee
t. N
otes
wer
e m
ade
on p
lant
ass
ocia
tions
and
di
stri
butio
n, d
istu
rban
ces,
top
ogra
phy,
sub
stra
te t
ypes
, ex
posu
re,
drai
nage
, et
c. P
lant
id
entif
icat
ions
wer
e m
ade
in t
he f
ield
; pl
ants
tha
t w
ere
not
posi
tivel
y id
entif
ied
wer
e co
llect
ed f
or la
ter
dete
rmin
atio
n, a
nd f
or c
ompa
riso
n w
ith th
e re
cent
taxo
nom
ic li
tera
ture
.
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
OF
TH
E V
EG
ET
AT
ION
T
he e
ntir
e su
rvey
are
a is
a h
ighl
y di
stur
bed
Sche
ffle
ra/J
ava
Plum
For
est.
A t
otal
of
95
plan
t sp
ecie
s w
ere
obse
rved
with
in t
he s
urve
y ar
ea.
84 a
re a
lien
(int
rodu
ced)
, fi
ve a
re
Poly
nesi
an
intr
oduc
tions
, fi
ve
are
indi
geno
us
(nat
ive
to
the
Haw
aiia
n Is
land
s an
d el
sew
here
), a
nd t
wo
ende
mic
(na
tive
to t
he H
awai
ian
Isla
nds
and
foun
d no
whe
re e
lse
on
eart
h).
The
refo
re,
88%
of
the
plan
t sp
ecie
s ob
serv
ed a
re a
lien,
5%
are
Pol
ynes
ian
intr
oduc
tions
, and
7%
nat
ive.
A
n in
vent
ory
of a
ll th
e pl
ants
obs
erve
d w
ithin
the
sur
vey
site
is
pres
ente
d in
the
spe
cies
lis
t at t
he e
nd o
f th
e re
port
. T
he e
xist
ing
Oce
an V
iew
sec
tion
of H
MP
is d
omin
ated
by
mow
ed g
rass
and
land
scap
ing
plan
tings
. The
edg
es o
f th
e ar
ea c
onsi
sts
of w
eedy
sec
tions
that
are
dom
inat
ed e
ither
by
tall
tree
s su
ch a
s Ja
va p
lum
(Sy
zygi
um c
umin
i), F
alca
tari
a m
oluc
cana
and
man
go
(Man
gife
ra in
dica
), o
r sm
alle
r sh
rubs
like
koa
hao
le (
Leu
caen
a le
ucoc
epha
la),
sou
rbus
h (P
luch
ea c
arol
inen
sis)
, Hilo
hol
ly (
Ard
isia
cre
nata
), c
asto
r be
an (
Ric
inus
com
mun
is),
and
go
lden
cro
wn-
bear
d (V
erbe
sina
enc
elio
ides
). G
rass
spe
cies
incl
ude
sour
gras
s (D
igit
aria
in
sula
ris)
, bro
omse
dge
(And
ropo
gon
virg
inic
us),
mol
asse
s gr
ass
(Mel
inis
min
utif
lora
),
and
swol
len
fing
ergr
ass
(Chl
oris
bar
bata
).
The
rem
aini
ng u
ndev
elop
ed s
ectio
n of
the
surv
ey a
rea
is d
omin
ated
by
an a
lien
fore
st o
f oc
topu
s tr
ee (
Sche
ffle
ra a
ctin
ophy
lla)
and
java
plu
m.
Oth
er s
catte
red
tree
s in
clud
e A
fric
an tu
lip (
Spat
hode
a ca
mpa
nula
ta),
dat
e pa
lm (
Pho
enix
dac
tyli
fera
), C
hine
se b
anya
n (F
icus
mic
roca
rpa)
, Coc
onut
(C
ocos
nuc
ifer
a), a
nd C
hris
tmas
ber
ry (
Schi
nus
tere
bint
hifo
lius
). S
hrub
spe
cies
incl
ude
slen
der
mim
osa
(Des
man
thus
per
nam
buca
ns),
sh
oebu
tton
ardi
sia
(Ard
isia
ell
ipti
ca),
and
kol
omon
a (S
enna
sur
atte
nsis
). I
n op
en a
reas
vi
nes
such
as
Ipom
oea
obsc
ura,
littl
e be
ll (I
. tri
loba
), a
nd iv
y go
urd
(Coc
cine
a gr
andi
s)
wer
e ob
serv
ed c
limbi
ng a
long
the
grou
nd o
r in
tree
s in
shr
ubs.
Gro
undc
over
con
sist
ed
mai
nly
of f
ern
spec
ies
such
as
laua
`e (
Phy
mat
osor
us g
ross
us)
and
pala
`a (
Sphe
nom
eris
ch
inen
sis)
, and
an
alie
n gr
ass
spec
ies;
bas
ket g
rass
(O
plis
men
us h
irte
llus
).
An
area
not
pla
nned
for
HM
P ex
pans
ion,
but
incl
uded
in th
e pl
ant s
urve
y is
a p
ortio
n of
an
ope
n sl
opin
g ri
dge
that
har
bors
the
Kaw
aew
ae H
eiau
(St
erlin
g &
Sum
mer
s, 1
988)
. T
he m
ain
sect
ion
of th
e he
iau
is c
lear
ed o
f m
ost p
lant
spe
cies
. Som
e of
the
wee
dy p
lant
s st
ill g
row
ing
with
in th
e he
iau
stru
ctur
e in
clud
e ti
(Cor
dyli
ne fr
utic
osa)
, pap
aya
(Car
ica
papa
ya),
Spa
nish
nee
dle
(Bid
ens
pilo
sa),
and
bal
sam
pea
r (M
omor
dica
cha
rant
ia).
Tw
o ju
veni
le k
oa (
Aca
cia
koa)
tree
s w
ere
obse
rved
at t
he s
outh
ern
end
of th
e he
iau,
they
ap
pear
to h
ave
been
pla
nted
. Fi
ve P
olyn
esia
n in
trod
uced
pla
nt s
peci
es w
ere
obse
rved
with
in th
e su
rvey
are
a. T
hey
incl
ude
ti (
Cor
dyli
ne fr
utic
osa)
, niu
or
coco
nut (
Coc
os n
ucif
era)
, kuk
ui (
Ale
urit
es
mol
ucca
na),
mai
`a o
r ba
nana
(M
usa
sp,)
and
hau
(H
ibis
cus
tili
aceu
s). T
he k
ukui
and
hau
w
ere
obse
rved
sca
ttere
d th
roug
hout
the
surv
ey a
rea
espe
cial
ly in
the
smal
l gul
ches
and
ra
vine
s. T
i pla
nts
wer
e ob
serv
ed a
long
the
boun
dary
of
the
exis
ting
mem
oria
l par
k an
d sc
rub
vege
tatio
n as
wel
l as
alon
g se
vera
l of
the
ridg
es w
ithin
the
area
pro
pose
d fo
r th
e
new
cem
eter
y ex
pans
ion.
A f
ew c
ocon
ut tr
ees
wer
e ob
serv
ed n
ear
the
gulc
h bo
ttom
at
the
end
of L
ipal
u St
reet
. Fi
ve i
ndig
enou
s pl
ant
spec
ies
wer
e ob
serv
ed i
nfre
quen
tly i
n th
e ar
ea;
`uha
loa
(Wal
ther
ia
indi
ca),
ha
la
(Pan
danu
s te
ctor
ius)
, ka
`e`e
or
se
a be
an
(Muc
una
giga
ntea
),
pala
`a
(Sph
enom
eris
chi
nens
is),
and
moa
(P
silo
tum
nud
um).
The
tw
o en
dem
ic s
peci
es i
nclu
de
the
two
koa
tree
s ob
serv
ed
near
th
e he
iau
and
`aki
a (W
ikst
roem
ia
oahu
ensi
s va
r.
oahu
ensi
s) w
hich
was
mai
nly
obse
rved
nea
r th
e ed
ges
of th
e O
cean
Vie
w s
ectio
n an
d th
e up
per
elev
atio
ns n
ear
the
ridg
elin
e.
DIS
CU
SSIO
N A
ND
RE
CO
MM
EN
DA
TIO
NS
Non
e of
the
pla
nt s
peci
es o
bser
ved
on t
he p
roje
ct s
ite i
s a
thre
aten
ed a
nd e
ndan
gere
d sp
ecie
s or
a s
peci
es o
f co
ncer
n (U
.S.
Fish
and
Wild
life
Serv
ice,
199
9a,
1999
b, 2
004;
W
agne
r et
. al
., 19
99).
A c
once
rted
eff
ort
was
mad
e in
sur
veyi
ng f
or `
ohi`
a le
hua
(Met
rosi
dero
s sp
.) w
ithin
the
sub
ject
pro
pert
y, a
s it
is u
sual
ly m
ore
likel
y to
fin
d na
tive
spec
ies
near
poc
kets
of
exta
nt `
ohi`
a le
hua
plan
ts. N
one
wer
e lo
cate
d du
ring
the
tw
o-da
y su
rvey
. T
he K
awae
wae
Hei
au i
s ac
tivel
y be
ing
care
d fo
r an
d m
aint
aine
d an
d w
ould
mak
e an
ap
prop
riat
e ar
ea f
or o
utpl
antin
g so
me
of t
he n
ativ
e an
d Po
lyne
sian
int
rodu
ced
plan
ts t
hat
are
foun
d w
ithin
the
pro
pose
d ex
pans
ion
area
. T
his
in a
dditi
on t
o us
ing
nativ
e pl
ants
in
the
land
scap
ing
of th
e fu
ture
mem
oria
l par
k w
ould
hel
p to
per
petu
ate
thes
e ex
tant
taxa
in
the
imm
edia
te a
rea.
N
o w
etla
nds
wer
e en
coun
tere
d du
ring
thi
s su
rvey
. Non
e of
the
thr
ee e
ssen
tial
crite
ria
for
defi
ning
a f
eder
ally
rec
ogni
zed
wet
land
wer
e pr
esen
t w
ithin
the
stu
dy s
ite.
Tho
se b
eing
: hy
drop
hytic
veg
etat
ion,
hyd
ric
soils
, and
wet
land
hyd
rolo
gy.
The
pro
pose
d ex
pans
ion
of th
e H
awai
i Mem
oria
l Par
k is
not
exp
ecte
d to
hav
e si
gnif
ican
t ne
gativ
e im
pact
s on
the
bota
nica
l res
ourc
es o
f th
e si
te o
r th
e ge
nera
l reg
ion.
Lit
erat
ure
Cit
ed
Eve
huis
, N.L
. and
L.G
. Eld
redg
e, e
dito
rs. 1
999-
2002
. Rec
ords
of
the
Haw
aii B
iolo
gica
l Su
rvey
. Bis
hop
Mus
eum
Occ
asio
nal P
aper
s N
os. 5
8-70
. Fe
dera
l Reg
iste
r. 2
002.
Dep
artm
ent o
f th
e In
teri
or, F
ish
and
Wild
life
Serv
ice,
50
CFR
17.
E
ndan
gere
d an
d T
hrea
tene
d W
ildlif
e an
d Pl
ants
. Rev
iew
of
Spec
ies
Tha
t Are
C
andi
date
or
Prop
osed
for
Lis
ting
as E
ndan
gere
d or
Thr
eate
ned;
Ann
ual N
otic
e of
Fin
ding
s on
Rec
ycle
d Pe
titio
n; A
nnua
l Des
crip
tion
of P
rogr
ess
on L
istin
g A
ctio
ns. F
eder
al R
egis
ter,
67
No.
14
(Thu
rsda
y, J
une
13, 2
002)
: 406
57-4
0679
. Pa
lmer
, Dan
iel D
. 200
3. H
awai
i’s
Fern
s an
d Fe
rn A
llies
. Uni
vers
ity o
f H
awai
i Pre
ss,
Hon
olul
u.
Stap
les
G. W
. and
D. R
. Her
bst.
2005
. A T
ropi
cal G
arde
n Fl
ora:
Pla
nts
culti
vate
d in
the
Haw
aiia
n Is
land
s an
d ot
her
trop
ical
pla
ces.
Bis
hop
Mus
eum
Pre
ss.
Ster
ling,
E.P
. and
C.C
. Sum
mer
s. 1
988.
Site
s of
Oah
u. B
isho
p M
useu
m P
ress
, Oah
u.
U.S
. Fis
h an
d W
ildlif
e Se
rvic
e. 1
999a
. U.S
. Fis
h an
d W
ildlif
e Se
rvic
e sp
ecie
s lis
t, pl
ants
. M
arch
23,
199
9. P
acif
ic I
slan
ds O
ffic
e, H
onol
ulu,
HI.
U
.S. F
ish
and
Wild
life
Serv
ice.
199
9b. E
ndan
gere
d an
d th
reat
ened
wild
life
and
plan
ts. 5
0 C
FR 1
7.11
and
17.
12. D
ecem
ber
31, 1
999.
U
.S. F
ish
and
Wild
life
Serv
ice.
200
4. H
awai
ian
Isla
nds
Plan
ts: U
pdat
ed J
une
15, 2
004,
L
iste
d an
d C
andi
date
Spe
cies
, as
Des
igna
ted
unde
r th
e U
.S. E
ndan
gere
d Sp
ecie
s A
ct. 1
7pp.
W
agne
r, W
.L.,
D.R
. Her
bst,
and
S.H
. Soh
mer
. 199
0. M
anua
l of
the
flow
erin
g pl
ants
of
Haw
aii.
2 vo
ls. U
nive
rsity
of
Haw
aii P
ress
and
Bis
hop
Mus
eum
Pre
ss, H
onol
ulu.
B
isho
p M
useu
m S
peci
al P
ublic
atio
n 83
. W
agne
r, W
.L. a
nd D
.R. H
erbs
t. 19
99. S
uppl
emen
t to
the
Man
ual o
f th
e fl
ower
ing
plan
ts
of H
awai
i, pp
. 185
5-19
18. I
n: W
agne
r, W
.L.,
D.R
. Her
bst,
and
S.H
. Soh
mer
. 19
90. M
anua
l of
the
flow
erin
g pl
ants
of
Haw
aii.
Rev
ised
Edi
tion.
2 v
ols.
U
nive
rsity
of
Haw
aii P
ress
and
Bis
hop
Mus
eum
Pre
ss, H
onol
ulu.
PL
AN
TS
SPE
CIE
S L
IST
– H
awai
i Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
, Oah
u, H
awai
i T
he f
ollo
win
g ch
eckl
ist i
s an
inve
ntor
y of
all
the
plan
t spe
cies
obs
erve
d w
ithin
the
surv
ey
site
for
the
prop
osed
Haw
aii M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on. T
he p
lant
nam
es a
re a
rran
ged
alph
abet
ical
ly b
y fa
mily
and
then
by
spec
ies
into
eac
h of
fou
r gr
oups
: Gym
nosp
erm
s,
Fern
s an
d Fe
rn A
llies
(Pt
erid
ophy
tes)
, Mon
ocot
s, a
nd D
icot
s. T
he ta
xono
my
and
nom
encl
atur
e of
the
Fern
s an
d Fe
rn A
llies
fol
low
Pal
mer
(20
02),
whi
le th
e gy
mno
sper
ms
and
flow
erin
g pl
ants
, Mon
ocot
s an
d D
icot
s, a
re in
acc
orda
nce
with
Wag
ner
et a
l. (1
990)
an
d W
agne
r an
d H
erbs
t (19
99)
and
Stap
les
and
Her
bst (
2005
). R
ecen
t nam
e ch
ange
s ar
e th
ose
reco
rded
in th
e H
awai
i Bio
logi
cal S
urve
y se
ries
(E
vehu
is a
nd E
ldre
dge,
eds
, 199
9-20
02).
Fo
r ea
ch s
peci
es, t
he f
ollo
win
g na
me
is p
rovi
ded:
1.
Sc
ient
ific
nam
e w
ith a
utho
r ci
tatio
n.
2.
Com
mon
Eng
lish
and/
or H
awai
ian
nam
e(s)
, whe
n kn
own.
3.
B
ioge
ogra
phic
sta
tus.
The
fol
low
ing
sym
bols
are
use
d:
E=
end
emic
= n
ativ
e on
ly to
the
Haw
aiia
n Is
land
s.
I= in
dige
nous
= n
ativ
e to
the
Haw
aiia
n Is
land
s an
d el
sew
here
. P=
Poly
nesi
an in
trod
uced
=sp
ecie
s th
at w
ere
intr
oduc
ed b
y th
e Po
lyne
sian
m
igra
tion
to H
awai
i, ei
ther
inte
ntio
nally
or
unin
tent
iona
lly, a
nd a
re n
ow
natu
rali
zed.
X
=in
trod
uced
or
alie
n =
all
thos
e pl
ants
bro
ught
to th
e H
awai
ian
Isla
nds
by
hum
ans,
inte
ntio
nally
or
acci
dent
ally
, aft
er W
este
rn c
onta
ct, t
hat i
s C
ook’
s ar
riva
l in
the
isla
nds
in 1
778.
SC
IEN
TIF
IC N
AM
E
CO
MM
ON
NA
ME
ST
AT
US
GY
MN
OSP
ER
MS
AR
AU
CA
RIA
CE
AE
A
rauc
aria
col
umna
ris
(G.F
orst
.) H
ook.
f.
Coo
k pi
ne
X
P
TE
RID
OP
HY
TE
S
N
EPH
RO
LE
PID
AC
EA
E
Nep
hrol
epis
mul
tifl
ora
(Rox
b.)
F.M
. Jar
rett
ex
C.V
. Mor
ton
X
L
IND
SAE
AC
EA
E
Sphe
nom
eris
chi
nens
is (
L.)
Max
on
Pala
`a
I
POL
YPO
DIA
CE
AE
P
hym
atos
orus
gro
ssus
(L
angs
d. &
Fis
ch.)
B
row
nlie
L
aua`
e X
PS
ILO
TA
CE
AE
P
silo
tum
nud
um (
L.)
P. B
eauv
. M
oa, u
prig
ht w
hisk
fern
I
T
HE
LY
PTE
RID
AC
EA
E
Chr
iste
lla
para
siti
ca (
L.)
Lev
.
X
MO
NO
CO
TS
AG
AV
AC
EA
E
Cor
dyli
ne fr
utic
osa
(L.)
A.C
hev.
T
i, ki
P
A
LO
EA
CE
AE
A
loe
vera
(L
.) N
.L.B
urm
. A
loe
X
A
RA
CE
AE
D
raca
ena
sp. L
. dr
acae
na
X
A
RE
CA
CE
AE
C
ocos
nuc
ifer
a L
. co
conu
t P
Pho
enix
dac
tyli
fera
L.
Dat
e pa
lm
X
C
OM
ME
LIN
AC
EA
E
Com
mel
ina
diff
usa
Bur
m.f
, ho
noho
no
X
HA
WA
II M
EM
OR
IAL
PA
RK
PL
AN
T S
PEC
IES
LIS
T
SEPT
EM
BE
R 2
006
SCIE
NT
IFIC
NA
ME
C
OM
MO
N N
AM
E
STA
TU
S H
EL
ICO
NIA
CE
AE
H
elic
onia
sp.
he
licon
ia
X
IR
IDA
CE
AE
T
rim
ezia
mar
tini
cens
is (
Jacq
.) H
erbe
rt
Yel
low
iris
X
MU
SAC
EA
E
Mus
a sp
. L
. ba
nana
P
O
RC
HID
AC
EA
E
Aru
ndin
a gr
amin
ifol
ia (
D.D
on)
Hoc
hr.
Bam
boo
orch
id
X
Spat
hogl
otti
s pl
icat
a B
lum
e Ph
ilipp
ine
grou
nd
orch
id
X
PA
ND
AN
AC
EA
E
Pan
danu
s te
ctor
ius
Park
inso
n ex
Z
hala
I
PO
AC
EA
E
And
ropo
gon
virg
inic
us L
. br
oom
sedg
e X
C
ench
rus
cili
aris
L.
Buf
felg
rass
X
C
hlor
is b
arba
ta (
L.)
Sw
. Sw
olle
n fi
nger
gras
s X
C
ynod
on d
acty
lon
(L.)
Per
s m
anie
nie
X
Dig
itar
ia in
sula
ris
(L.)
Mez
ex
Ekm
an
sour
gras
s X
M
elin
is m
inut
iflo
ra P
.Bea
uv.
Mol
asse
s gr
ass
X
Opl
ism
enus
hir
tell
us (
L.)
P.B
eauv
. B
aske
tgra
ss, h
onoh
ono
X
Pan
icum
max
imum
L.
Gui
nea
gras
s X
P
aspa
lum
con
juga
tum
P.J
.Ber
gius
H
ilo g
rass
X
Se
tari
a ve
rtic
illa
ta (
L.)
P.B
eauv
. B
rist
ly f
oxta
il X
DIC
OT
S
A
NA
CA
RD
IAC
EA
E
Man
gife
ra in
dica
L.
man
go
X
Schi
nus
tere
bint
hifo
lius
Rad
di
Chr
istm
as b
erry
X
API
AC
EA
E
Cen
tell
a as
iati
ca (
L.)
Urb
. A
siat
ic p
enny
wor
t X
AR
AL
IAC
EA
E
Sche
ffle
ra a
ctin
ophy
lla
(End
l.) H
arm
s O
ctop
us tr
ee
X
A
STE
RA
CE
AE
B
iden
s pi
losa
L.
Span
ish
need
le
X
Cra
ssoc
epha
lum
cre
pidi
oide
s (B
enth
.) S
.Moo
re
cras
soce
phal
um
X
Em
ilia
fosb
ergi
i Nic
olso
n R
ed p
uale
le
X
SCIE
NT
IFIC
NA
ME
C
OM
MO
N N
AM
E
STA
TU
S A
STE
RA
CE
AE
(co
nt.)
P
luch
ea c
arol
inen
sis
(Jac
q.)
G. D
on
sour
bush
X
Sp
hagn
etic
ola
tril
obat
a (L
.) P
rusk
i w
edel
ia
X
Syne
drel
la n
odif
lora
(L
.) G
aert
n.
node
wee
d X
V
erbe
sina
enc
elio
ides
(C
av.)
Ben
th. &
Hoo
k G
olde
n cr
own-
bear
d X
BIG
NO
NIA
CE
AE
Sp
atho
dea
cam
panu
lata
P. B
eauv
. A
fric
an tu
lip
X
Tab
ebui
a he
tero
phyl
la (
DC
.) B
ritto
n Pi
nk te
com
a X
CA
RIC
AC
EA
E
Car
ica
papa
ya L
. pa
paya
X
CA
SUA
RIN
AC
EA
E
Cas
uari
na e
quis
etif
olia
L.
iron
woo
d X
CL
USI
AC
EA
E
Clu
sia
rose
a Ja
cq.
Aut
ogra
ph tr
ee
X
C
ON
VO
LV
UL
AC
EA
E
Ipom
oea
cair
ica
(L.)
Sw
eet
koal
i ai
X
Ipom
oea
obsc
ura
(L.)
Ker
Gaw
l.
X
Ipom
oea
tril
oba
L.
Litt
le b
ell
X
C
UC
UR
BIT
AC
EA
E
Coc
cine
a gr
andi
s (L
.) V
oigt
Iv
y go
urd
X
Mom
ordi
ca c
hara
ntia
L.
Bal
sam
pea
r X
EU
PHO
RB
IAC
EA
E
Ale
urit
es m
oluc
cana
(L
.) W
illd.
ku
kui
P C
ham
aesy
ce h
yper
cifo
lia
(L.)
Mill
sp.
gr
acef
ul s
purg
e X
R
icin
us c
omm
unis
L.
Cas
tor
bean
X
FAB
AC
EA
E
Aca
cia
conf
usa
Mer
r.
Form
osan
koa
X
A
caci
a ko
a A
.Gra
y ko
a E
A
caci
a fa
rnes
iana
(L
.) W
illd.
K
lu, a
rom
a, k
olu
X
Cha
mae
cris
ta n
icti
tans
(L
.) M
oenc
h Pa
rtri
dge
pea
X
Des
man
thus
per
nam
buca
nus
(L.)
The
ll.
Slen
der
mim
osa
X
Des
mod
ium
tort
uosu
m (
Sw.)
DC
. Fl
orid
a be
ggar
wee
d X
D
esm
odiu
m tr
iflo
rum
(L
.) D
C.
Tic
k cl
over
X
F
alca
tari
a m
oluc
cana
(M
iq.)
Bar
enby
&
J.W
.Gri
mes
X
SCIE
NT
IFIC
NA
ME
C
OM
MO
N N
AM
E
STA
TU
S FA
BA
CE
AE
(co
nt.)
In
digo
fera
hen
deca
phyl
la J
acq.
C
reep
ing
indi
go
X
Indi
gofe
ra s
uffr
itoc
osa
Mil
l. In
iko
X
Leu
caen
a le
ucoc
epha
la (
Lam
.) d
e W
it K
oa h
aole
X
M
imos
a pu
dica
L. v
ar. u
niju
ga (
Duc
hass
. &
Wal
p.)
Gri
seb.
Se
nsiti
ve p
lant
X
Muc
una
giga
ntea
(W
illd.
) D
C. s
sp. g
igan
tea
Oha
shi &
Tat
eish
i Se
a be
an, k
a`e`
e I
Sam
anea
sam
an (
Jacq
.) M
err.
m
onke
ypod
X
Se
nna
sura
tten
sis
(Bur
m.f
.) H
.S.I
rwin
&
Bar
neby
ko
lom
ona
X
Senn
a pe
ndul
a (H
umb.
& B
onpl
. ex
Will
d.)
Kun
th v
ar. a
dven
a (V
ogel
) H
.S.I
rwin
& B
arne
by
X
L
AM
IAC
EA
E
Hyp
tis
pect
inat
a (L
.) P
oit.
Com
b hy
ptis
X
L
eono
tis
nepe
tifo
lia
(L.)
R.B
r.
Lio
n’s
ear
X
L
AU
RA
CE
AE
C
inna
mom
um s
p.
cinn
amon
X
MA
LV
AC
EA
E
Abu
tilo
n gr
andi
foli
um (
Will
d.)
Swee
t H
airy
abu
tilon
X
H
ibis
cus
tili
aceu
s L
. ha
u P
Mal
vast
rum
cor
oman
deli
anum
(L
.) G
arck
e Fa
lse
mal
low
X
Si
da r
hom
bifo
lia
L.
X
ME
LA
STO
MA
TA
CE
AA
E
Cli
dem
ia h
irta
(L
.) D
.Don
. var
. hir
ta
Kos
ter’
s cu
rse
X
Dis
soti
s ro
tund
ifol
ia (
Sm.)
Tri
ana
X
M
elas
tom
a se
ptem
nerv
ium
Lou
r.
mel
asto
ma
X
M
OR
AC
EA
E
Fic
us m
icro
carp
a L
.f.
Chi
nese
ban
yan
X
M
YR
SIN
AC
EA
E
Ard
isia
cre
nata
Sim
s H
ilo h
olly
X
A
rdis
ia e
llip
tica
Thu
nb.
Shoe
butto
n ar
disi
a X
MY
RT
AC
EA
E
Psi
dium
cat
tlei
anum
Sab
ine
Stra
wbe
rry
guav
a X
P
sidi
um g
uaja
va L
. C
omm
on g
uava
X
Sy
zygi
um c
umin
i (L
.) S
keel
s Ja
va p
lum
X
SCIE
NT
IFIC
NA
ME
C
OM
MO
N N
AM
E
STA
TU
S PA
SSIF
LO
RA
CE
AE
P
assi
flor
a ed
ulis
Sim
s Pa
ssio
n fr
uit
X
Pas
sifl
ora
sube
rosa
L.
Hue
hue
haol
e X
RU
BIA
CE
AE
P
aede
ria
foet
ida
L.
Mai
le p
ilau
X
Sper
mac
oce
assu
rgen
s R
uiz.
& P
av.
butto
nwee
d X
SAPI
ND
AC
EA
E
Fil
iciu
m d
ecip
iens
(W
hit &
Arn
.) T
hwai
tes
Fern
tree
X
STE
RC
UL
IAC
EA
E
Wal
ther
ia in
dica
L.
`uha
loa
I
TIL
IAC
EA
E
Hel
ioca
rpus
pop
ayan
ensi
s K
unth
W
hite
moh
o X
TH
YM
EL
AE
AC
EA
E
Wik
stro
emia
oah
uens
is (
A.G
ray)
Roc
k va
r.
oahu
ensi
s `a
kia
E
V
ER
BE
NA
CE
AE
C
itha
rexy
lum
cau
datu
m L
. fi
ddle
woo
d X
L
anta
na c
amar
a L
. la
ntan
a X
St
achy
tarp
heta
jam
aice
nsis
(L
.) V
ahl
Jam
aica
n ve
rvai
n X
ADDENDUM
HAWAII MEMORIAL PARK BOTANICAL SURVEY
LeGrande Biological Surveys Inc carried out a laua`e (Phymatosorus grossus) delineation survey at the proposed Hawaii Memorial Park Expansion Project site on August 23, 2008. The goal was to map populations of laua`e fern with a GPS unit, focusing in an area planned for a cultural sites preservation corridor. Populations of laua`e were mapped in the field by walking the outside margins of monotypic stands of laua`e and taking GPS points at regular intervals. Maps were created using the GPS data.
The delineated laua`e populations are dominated by a thick canopy of monkeypod (Samanea saman), java plum (Syzygium cumini), and octopus trees (Schefflera actinophylla). Several liana species were observed growing up into the canopy of the forest including, ka`e`e or sea bean (Mucuna gigantea), passion
fruit (Passiflora edulis), and maile pilau (Paederia foetida). Ka`e`e is an indigenous species with stunning yellowish-green flowers that grows on all of the main Hawaiian Islands. The population observed here is robust but is being smothered by both of the other introduced vine species mentioned (passion fruit and maile pilau).
Fig 1. Flowers of the ka`e`e vine.
Several bird’s-nest ferns or `ekaha (Asplenium nidus) were observed growing as an epiphyte in monkeypod trees. This indigenous fern as well and an ornamental croton (Codiaeum variegatum) [introduced] and noni (Mor i n d a c i t r i f o l i a ) [Polynesian introduction] were overlooked on the previous Hawaii Memorial Park Expansion plant survey.
The understory is dominated by laua`e fern and an alien grass species; basket grass (Oplismenus hirtellus).
Figure 2. View of typical laua`e population in mapped corridor.
1
(Attached as page 2)
E
B
F
A
D
C
E9
E8
E7
E6E
5
E4
E3
E2
E1
D9
D8 D
7D
6D
5
D4
D3
D2
D1
C6
C5
C4
C3
C2
C1
B9B
8
B7
B6
B5
B4
B3
B2
B1
A4
A3
A2
A1
E23
E22
E21
E20
E19
E18
E17
E16
E15 E14 E
13 E12
E11
E10
B23
B22
B21
B20
B19
B18
B17
B16
B15 B
14
B13
B12
B11
B10
1 in
ch e
qual
s 10
0 fe
et
2
E. Avifaunal and Feral Mammal Field Survey(Philip L. Bruner)
F. Survey of Native Invertebrate Resources(Steven Lee Montgomery, Ph.D.)
Sur
vey
of N
ativ
e In
vert
ebra
te R
esou
rces
at
site
of
futu
re e
xpan
sion
of
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial
Par
k,
Kän
e’oh
e, O
’ahu
A
ugus
t 1, 2
008
Pre
pare
d by
: S
teve
n Le
e M
ontg
omer
y, P
h. D
., W
aipa
hu, H
awai
ÿi S
ubm
itted
to:
Hel
ber
Has
tert
& F
ee, P
lann
ers
F
or:
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial L
ife P
lan
Ltd.
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge ii
T
able
of
Co
nte
nts
Sum
mar
y 1
Intr
oduc
tion
1 G
ener
al s
ite d
escr
iptio
n 2
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey
Met
hods
5
P
revi
ous
surv
eys
5
Fie
ldw
ork
5
Col
lect
ing
met
hods
6
S
urve
y lim
itatio
ns
7 In
vert
ebra
te S
urve
y R
esul
ts
10
A
rthr
opod
s: In
sect
a 10
In
vert
ebra
tes
Not
Pre
sent
12
M
edic
ally
impo
rtan
t spe
cies
13
P
oten
tial i
mpa
cts
to p
rote
cted
spe
cies
14
R
ecom
men
datio
ns
15
Ack
now
ledg
men
ts
15
Nom
encl
atur
e; A
bbre
viat
ions
16
G
loss
ary
17
Lite
ratu
re C
ited
18
F
igu
res
Fig
ure
1: M
ap s
how
ing
gene
ral l
ocat
ion
of p
roje
ct s
ite o
n is
land
of O
’ahu
1
Fig
ure
9. M
ap o
f O’a
hu p
roje
ct s
ite a
nd li
ght s
urve
y lo
catio
n 9
SU
MM
AR
Y
The
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial
Par
k E
xpan
sion
, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu,
proj
ect
site
sam
pled
in
this
su
rvey
yie
lded
pre
dom
inan
tly a
dven
tive
inse
ct s
peci
es,
and
four
nat
ive
arth
ropo
ds.
No
nativ
e m
ollu
sks
wer
e ob
serv
ed.
N
o in
vert
ebra
te
liste
d un
der
eith
er
fede
ral
or
stat
e en
dang
ered
spe
cies
sta
tute
s w
as lo
cate
d w
ithin
the
surv
ey a
rea.
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
Thi
s re
port
sum
mar
izes
the
fin
ding
s of
an
inve
rteb
rate
1 sur
vey
cond
ucte
d at
the
site
of
the
plan
ned
expa
nsio
n of
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial
Par
k, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu (
Fig
ure
1).
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial
Life
Pla
n Lt
d. p
ropo
ses
a m
ixtu
re o
f ce
met
ery
expa
nsio
n, r
esid
entia
l un
its,
and
pres
erva
tion
of h
isto
ric s
ites
on a
ppro
xim
atel
y 56
.6 a
cres
adj
acen
t to
the
pre
sent
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark.
T
his
surv
ey w
as c
ondu
cted
by
Ste
ven
Lee
Mon
tgom
ery,
Ph.
D.,
for
Hel
ber
Has
tert
& F
ee, P
lann
ers,
Hon
olul
u, H
awai
’i.
The
prim
ary
purp
ose
of t
his
surv
ey w
as t
o de
term
ine
the
pres
ence
or
abse
nce
on t
he
prop
erty
of
any
ende
mic
or
indi
geno
us t
erre
stria
l inv
erte
brat
es,
espe
cial
ly a
ny s
peci
es w
ith
lega
l st
atus
und
er f
eder
al o
r st
ate
thre
aten
ed a
nd e
ndan
gere
d sp
ecie
s st
atut
es (
DLN
R
1998
, U
SF
WS
, 20
08).
Inve
rteb
rate
s ar
e of
ten
dom
inan
t fa
una
in
natu
ral
Haw
aiia
n en
viro
nmen
ts.
N
ativ
e H
awai
ian
plan
t, ve
rteb
rate
, an
d in
vert
ebra
te
popu
latio
ns
are
inte
rdep
ende
nt.
Inv
erte
brat
es a
re t
he f
ood
of s
ome
bird
s an
d th
e po
llina
tors
of
plan
ts.
Cer
tain
inse
cts
are
oblig
ator
ily a
ttach
ed t
o sp
ecifi
c ho
st p
lant
s an
d ar
e ab
le t
o us
e on
ly t
hat
plan
t as
the
ir fo
od.
Tho
se i
nsec
t -
host
rel
atio
nshi
ps a
re a
ncie
nt a
nd i
nter
twin
ed.
Nat
ive
inve
rteb
rate
s ha
ve p
rove
n in
vent
ive
in a
dapt
ing
to o
ppor
tuni
ties
in c
hang
ed e
cosy
stem
s.
A
surp
risin
g nu
mbe
r of
na
tive
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s su
rviv
e ev
en
in
degr
aded
ha
bita
ts.
Nev
erth
eles
s, t
he o
vera
ll he
alth
of
nativ
e H
awai
ian
inve
rteb
rate
pop
ulat
ions
dep
ends
upo
n ha
bita
t qu
ality
and
abs
ence
or
low
lev
els
of p
reda
tors
int
rodu
ced
from
the
con
tinen
ts.
Suf
ficie
nt f
ood
sour
ces,
hos
t pl
ant
avai
labi
lity,
and
the
abs
ence
or
low
leve
ls o
f in
trod
uced
, co
ntin
enta
l pr
edat
ors
and
para
site
s co
mpr
ise
a cl
assi
c na
tive,
he
alth
y ec
osys
tem
. C
onse
quen
tly, w
here
app
ropr
iate
in th
e su
rvey
dis
cuss
ion,
hos
t pla
nts,
and
som
e in
trod
uced
ar
thro
pods
are
als
o no
ted.
1 Ani
mal
s w
ithou
t bac
kbon
es:
inse
cts,
spi
ders
, sna
ils, s
hrim
p, e
tc.
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 2
GE
NE
RA
L S
ITE
DE
SC
RIP
TIO
N
The
H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l P
ark
expa
nsio
n si
te
(HM
PE
) at
K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu,
is a
56.
6 ac
re
(ac.
) po
rtio
n of
a 1
64.4
ac.
par
cel
TM
K
4-5-
33:0
01.
T
he
larg
er
parc
el i
s bo
und
on t
he w
est
by
resi
dent
ial
hous
ing
and
a na
tura
l rid
gelin
e on
the
eas
t. A
rid
ge
sepa
rate
s th
e pa
rcel
from
Kap
a‘a
Qua
rry
and
the
H-3
F
reew
ay.
Poh
ai
Nan
i G
ood
Sam
arita
n R
etire
men
t C
omm
unity
is
ne
ar
the
nort
hern
se
ctio
n of
th
e pr
opos
ed e
xpan
sion
. T
he s
outh
-so
uthe
aste
rn
boun
dary
of
th
e la
rger
par
cel
is a
ste
eply
slo
ped,
ve
geta
ted
port
ion
of t
he H
awai
i S
tate
Vet
eran
s C
emet
ery.
T
he g
ener
al a
rea
whe
re t
he s
ite
is
foun
d ha
s be
en
thro
ugh
a va
riety
of
ch
ange
s as
fir
st
Pol
ynes
ians
, th
en
Eur
opea
ns
adap
ted
the
area
veg
etat
ion
to
thei
r ow
n ne
eds.
Fro
m
early
H
awai
ian
culti
vatio
n of
cro
ps a
nd
hous
ing
to r
ice
culti
vatio
n an
d pi
neap
ple
grow
ing,
fer
al g
razi
ng a
nim
als
and
form
al c
attle
ra
nchi
ng (
McC
urdy
and
Ham
mat
t 20
08),
the
nat
ive
vege
tatio
n -
and
nativ
e in
vert
ebra
te
popu
latio
n -
was
dis
plac
ed b
y a
succ
essi
on o
f in
trod
uced
pla
nts
or c
hew
ed a
nd g
rubb
ed o
ut
by in
trod
uced
mam
mal
s (F
igur
e 2)
.
The
par
cel
has
been
des
crib
ed b
y bo
tani
cal
cons
ulta
nts
as a
Low
land
Alie
n W
et F
ores
t w
here
“w
ith v
ery
few
of
the
natu
ral
plan
t el
emen
ts r
emai
ning
… F
eral
pig
s (S
us s
crof
a)
cont
inue
to
de
grad
e th
e ve
geta
tion
and
unde
rsto
ry
plan
ts
by
root
ing,
re
sulti
ng
in
soil
dist
urba
nce.
” (
LeG
rand
e 20
06).
Fig
ure
2: T
ypic
al s
pars
e un
ders
tory
with
alie
n ca
nopy
.
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 3
Fig
ure
3
Alth
ough
ope
n, g
rass
y ar
eas
(Fig
ure
3) a
nd l
arge
fie
lds
of f
ern
(Fig
ure
4) m
ay s
eem
pl
easa
nt t
o vi
ew,
they
are
dev
oid
of n
ativ
e H
awai
ian
plan
ts t
o se
rve
as h
osts
or
shel
ter
for
nativ
e in
vert
ebra
tes.
Fig
ure
4
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 4
Onl
y tw
o na
tive
Haw
aiia
n pl
ants
wer
e en
coun
tere
d: a
sm
all
patc
h of
‘uh
aloa
(W
alth
eria
in
dica
) (F
igur
e 5)
and
a s
ingl
e ‘ä
kia
(Wik
stro
emia
spp
.) (
Fig
ure
6).
Bot
h sp
ecie
s ap
pear
to
be u
npal
atab
le t
o liv
esto
ck,
com
mon
ly s
urvi
ving
in
past
ures
and
bei
ng r
ejec
ted
by f
eral
go
ats.
Bot
h w
ere
swam
ped
by in
trod
uced
spe
cies
. S
ee F
igur
e 9
for
loca
tion.
‘
Fig
ure
5:
‘Uha
loa
(Wal
ther
ia
indi
ca)
may
be
prot
ecte
d fr
om g
razi
ng b
y fu
zzy
leav
es.
Fig
ure
6: ‘Ä
kia
(Wik
stro
emia
spp
.)
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 5
Sev
eral
int
rodu
ced
plan
ts c
omm
only
sub
stitu
ted
by n
ativ
e in
vert
ebra
tes
for
thei
r na
tive
host
s, w
ere
not
pres
ent.
In
com
paris
on t
o le
ss a
ltere
d lo
catio
ns a
t si
mila
r el
evat
ions
and
w
ith p
aral
lel r
ainf
all,
the
intr
oduc
ed p
lant
s w
hich
rem
ain
prov
ide
very
sca
nt h
abita
t fo
r na
tive
inve
rteb
rate
s.
INV
ER
TE
BR
AT
E S
UR
VE
Y M
ET
HO
DS
Pre
vio
us
Su
rvey
s
Sur
veys
for
avi
an a
nd m
amm
alia
n (B
rune
r 20
06)
and
bota
nica
l res
ourc
es (
LeG
rand
e 20
06)
at t
he p
roje
ct a
rea
wer
e ve
ry h
elpf
ul i
n pr
epar
ing
for
this
stu
dy,
but
show
no
refe
renc
e to
pr
evio
us i
nver
tebr
ate
surv
eys
nor
did
they
not
e an
y in
vert
ebra
te s
ight
ings
dur
ing
thei
r su
rvey
s.
Fie
ldw
ork
Sin
ce 1
968,
I h
ave
take
n pa
rt in
fie
ld p
roje
cts
in e
nviro
nmen
ts s
imila
r to
the
pro
ject
site
, at
ot
her
loca
tions
on
the
isla
nd o
f O
’ahu
, an
d th
roug
hout
the
isla
nd c
hain
. T
hose
exp
erie
nces
an
d th
e re
sults
of
thos
e su
rvey
s pr
ovid
ed t
he b
asis
for
my
stud
y de
sign
and
my
anal
ysis
of
resu
lts.
A f
ield
sur
vey
was
con
duct
ed a
t th
e pr
ojec
t si
te o
n Ju
ly 2
6, 2
008.
I
cond
ucte
d a
gene
ral
asse
ssm
ent
of
terr
ain
and
habi
tats
af
ter
revi
ewin
g m
aps
and
prio
r re
port
s (a
bove
).
Sur
veyi
ng e
ffort
s w
ere
cond
ucte
d by
day
and
nig
ht,
a te
chni
que
whi
ch is
vita
l for
a t
horo
ugh
surv
ey.
T
he
prop
erty
w
as
trav
erse
d ac
ross
al
l ha
bita
t ty
pes,
al
tern
atel
y fo
llow
ing
esta
blis
hed
path
way
s to
sea
rch
for
any
nativ
e bo
tani
cal r
esou
rces
and
sub
stitu
te h
ost
plan
t op
tions
for
nativ
e in
vert
ebra
tes.
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 6
Co
llect
ing
Met
ho
ds
The
follo
win
g co
llect
ing
met
hods
for
terr
estr
ial i
nver
tebr
ates
wer
e us
ed a
s ap
prop
riate
to th
e te
rrai
n, b
otan
ical
res
ourc
es, a
nd ta
rget
spe
cies
.
Ho
st
pla
nt
sear
ches
:
Hos
t pl
ants
, bo
th
nativ
e an
d in
trod
uced
, w
ere
sam
pled
fo
r ar
thro
pods
tha
t fe
ed o
r re
st o
n pl
ants
.
Sea
rche
s in
clud
ed
visu
al
insp
ectio
n of
re
stin
g si
tes
and
sear
chin
g kn
own
feed
ing
or b
reed
ing
site
s su
ch
as u
nder
dea
d ba
rk.
A
larg
e M
onke
ypod
tr
ee
sap
exud
ate
or f
lux
was
exa
min
ed
as a
pos
sibl
e br
eedi
ng s
ite o
f D
roso
phila
(F
igur
e 7)
. S
ome
nativ
e D
roso
phila
fli
es
are
know
n to
lay
egg
s on
ly i
n sa
p flu
xes
whe
re s
wee
t, fe
rmen
ting
plan
t sa
p sl
owly
lea
ks f
rom
a
wou
nd.
Fer
men
ted
by y
east
s,
the
sap
is
mad
e in
to
a ric
h fo
od
for
larv
al
flies
.
Som
e in
trod
uced
tr
ee
sap
“tas
tes”
en
ough
lik
e th
e na
tive
sap
to
entic
e so
me
nativ
e fli
es t
o la
y eg
gs
at
this
re
sour
ce
whe
n po
pula
tions
of
the
fly r
emai
n.
Thi
s flu
x ap
pear
ed d
evoi
d of
larv
ae, e
ven
of D
. car
bona
ria, w
hich
is k
now
n fr
om K
ailu
a si
nce
the
1990
s. T
he fl
ux is
not
a th
reat
to th
e tr
ee.
Sw
eep
net
s:
Thi
s is
a g
ener
al m
etho
d of
cen
susi
ng m
ost
flyin
g an
d pe
rchi
ng i
nsec
ts.
A
fine
mes
h ne
t w
as s
wep
t ac
ross
pla
nts,
lea
f lit
ter,
etc
. to
sam
ple
any
flyin
g or
per
chin
g in
sect
s.
Tra
nsfe
r fr
om t
he n
et w
as e
ither
by
aspi
ratio
n, o
r by
pla
cing
the
net
con
tent
s in
to a
ho
ldin
g co
ntai
ner.
Vis
ual
o
bse
rvat
ion
: A
t al
l tim
es,
I w
as
vigi
lant
fo
r an
y vi
sual
ev
iden
ce
of
arth
ropo
d pr
esen
ce o
r ac
tivity
. V
isua
l obs
erva
tions
pro
vide
val
uabl
e ev
iden
ce a
nd a
re a
cro
ss c
heck
th
at e
xten
ds t
he r
each
of
sam
plin
g te
chni
ques
. V
isua
l ob
serv
atio
n al
so i
nclu
ded
turn
ing
over
roc
ks, d
ead
woo
d, a
nd o
ther
deb
ris.
Fig
ure
7: M
onke
ypod
tree
flux
exa
min
ed fo
r D
roso
phila
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 7
Lig
ht
sam
plin
g: A
sur
vey
of in
sect
s ac
tive
at n
ight
is v
ital t
o a
com
plet
e re
cord
of t
he fa
una.
M
any
inse
cts
are
activ
e on
ly
at
nigh
t to
ev
ade
bird
s,
avoi
d de
sicc
atio
n an
d hi
gh
tem
pera
ture
s, o
r to
use
nig
ht f
ood
sour
ces,
suc
h as
nig
ht o
peni
ng f
low
ers.
Li
ght
sam
plin
g us
es a
brig
ht l
ight
in
fron
t of
a w
hite
clo
th s
heet
. (
Fig
ure
8)
Nig
ht a
ctiv
e in
sect
s se
em t
o m
ista
ke t
he c
olle
ctin
g lig
ht f
or t
he li
ght
of t
he m
oon,
whi
ch t
hey
use
to o
rient
the
mse
lves
. I
n at
tem
ptin
g to
nav
igat
e by
the
ent
omol
ogis
t’s l
ight
, co
nfus
ed i
nsec
ts a
re d
raw
n to
circ
le t
he
light
and
land
on
the
clot
h in
con
fusi
on.
Thi
s ty
pe o
f co
llect
ing
is m
ost
succ
essf
ul d
urin
g th
e da
rk p
hase
of t
he m
oon,
or
unde
r cl
ouds
blo
ckin
g st
arlig
ht.
On
leve
l site
s ve
geta
tion
usua
lly
bloc
ks t
he l
ight
fro
m b
eing
see
n ov
er
long
dis
tanc
es,
and
mot
hs a
nd o
ther
ni
ght
flier
s ar
e no
t dr
awn
from
dis
tant
lo
catio
ns o
utsi
de th
e su
rvey
are
a.
The
loc
atio
n fo
r m
y lig
ht w
as c
hose
n ba
sed
on
expe
rienc
e,
pote
ntia
l ho
st
plan
t pr
oxim
ity,
and
terr
ain
(Fig
ure
9).
Scr
eeni
ng
vege
tatio
n m
eant
th
at
the
near
by h
ousi
ng a
reas
con
trib
uted
litt
le
com
petin
g lig
ht.
T
he
prim
ary
light
so
urce
w
as
a M
ercu
ry
Vap
or
bulb
. T
he s
heet
was
mon
itore
d an
d vi
sitin
g sp
ecie
s ob
serv
ed.
Ligh
t sur
veyi
ng w
as
cond
ucte
d fo
r 4
hour
s in
a
loca
tion
very
nea
r th
e on
ly n
ativ
e pl
ants
see
n du
ring
the
surv
ey.
Su
rvey
Lim
itat
ion
s / C
on
dit
ion
s
My
abili
ty to
form
adv
isor
y op
inio
ns is
lim
ited
or in
fluen
ced
in th
e fo
llow
ing
way
s:
Co
llect
ing
co
nd
itio
ns:
Wea
ther
: W
eath
er w
as f
avor
able
for
sur
veyi
ng d
urin
g th
e en
tire
field
day
with
pat
chy
clou
ds a
nd li
ght b
reez
es d
urin
g ni
ght l
ight
mon
itorin
g.
Sea
son
s:
Mon
itorin
g at
a d
iffer
ent
time
of t
he y
ear
mig
ht p
rodu
ce a
lon
ger
or d
iffer
ent
arth
ropo
d lis
t. W
eath
er a
nd s
easo
nal v
eget
atio
n ch
ange
s pl
ay a
n es
peci
ally
impo
rtan
t ro
le
in a
ny s
urve
y of
inv
erte
brat
es.
Man
y ar
thro
pods
tim
e th
eir
emer
genc
e an
d br
eedi
ng t
o ov
erla
p or
fol
low
sea
sona
l w
eath
er o
r to
coi
ncid
e w
ith g
row
th s
purt
s of
an
impo
rtan
t pl
ant
food
. H
ost
plan
t pr
esen
ce/a
bsen
ce,
and
seas
onal
cha
nges
, es
peci
ally
pla
nt g
row
th a
fter
heav
y ra
ins,
affe
ct t
he s
peci
es c
olle
cted
. G
iven
the
sho
rt i
nven
tory
of
nativ
e pl
ants
at
this
si
te, s
easo
nal f
acto
rs a
re n
ot a
n im
port
ant f
acto
r in
this
inst
ance
.
Fig
ure
8 : L
ight
ass
ists
in s
urve
ying
art
hrop
ods
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 8
Sum
mer
200
8 ha
s se
en s
ever
al s
hort
rai
n ev
ents
whi
ch p
ut t
he v
eget
atio
n in
a b
ette
r th
an
norm
al s
umm
er c
ondi
tion
to a
ct a
s ho
st t
o in
vert
ebra
tes.
T
he l
ow l
evel
of
nativ
e pl
ants
fo
und
at
the
site
, ho
wev
er,
was
a
stro
nger
fa
ctor
in
de
term
inin
g th
e in
vert
ebra
tes
enco
unte
red.
Mo
on
: T
he m
oon
pres
ente
d no
com
petit
ion
to t
he c
olle
ctin
g lig
ht.
On
July
26,
200
8, t
he
moo
n se
t at 1
:54
p.m
..2 and
did
not
ris
e ag
ain
until
Jul
y 27
, 200
8, 1
:03
a.m
. (U
SN
O)
Lim
ited
du
rati
on
:
Sur
veyi
ng f
or a
lon
ger
perio
d of
tim
e m
ight
enl
arge
the
lis
t of
spe
cies
; ho
wev
er,
give
n th
e si
ze o
f th
e pr
oper
ty,
I be
lieve
the
sur
vey
prov
ides
an
adeq
uate
rev
iew
of
the
prop
erty
’s
resi
dent
na
tive
inve
rteb
rate
s.
(S
ee
belo
w:
Inve
rteb
rate
s no
t pr
esen
t , pa
ge
12,
for
exce
ptio
ns)
Ph
ysic
al
limit
atio
ns:
T
he
size
of
th
e pr
oper
ty
allo
wed
th
e su
rvey
to
co
ver
the
area
ad
equa
tely
. T
he o
vera
ll st
udy
stra
tegy
and
lig
ht s
urve
y si
te s
elec
tions
wer
e de
sign
ed t
o ac
hiev
e th
is a
im.
The
res
ultin
g su
rvey
was
rep
rese
ntat
ive
and
targ
eted
in f
avor
of
loca
ting
and
exam
inin
g th
e fe
w n
ativ
e ho
st p
lant
s.
Sel
ecti
vity
: M
y su
rvey
was
foc
used
on
findi
ng a
ny e
ndem
ic a
nd i
ndig
enou
s H
awai
ian
spec
ies.
N
o at
tem
pt w
as m
ade
to c
olle
ct o
r co
mpl
etel
y do
cum
ent
the
man
y co
mm
on a
lien
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s pr
esen
t in
the
area
.
2 Tim
es g
iven
are
for
Kän
e’oh
e, H
onol
ulu
Cou
nty,
Haw
ai’i
(long
itude
W15
7.8,
latit
ude
N21
.4).
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 9
Fig
ure
9. M
ap o
f O’a
hu p
roje
ct s
ite a
nd li
ght s
urve
y lo
catio
n
X =
site
of n
ight
ligh
t mon
itorin
g
0 =
gen
eral
loca
tion
of tw
o na
tive
plan
ts
Fro
m “
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Cem
eter
y E
xpan
sion
Env
ironm
enta
l Im
pact
Sta
tem
ent
Pre
p N
otic
e”,
Fig
ure
2
X0
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 1
0
INV
ER
TE
BR
AT
E S
UR
VE
Y R
ES
UL
TS
:
Thi
s di
scus
sion
foc
uses
on
thre
e na
tive
spec
ies
enco
unte
red,
on
spec
ies
that
affe
ct n
ativ
e in
vert
ebra
te s
urvi
val,
and
on a
dven
tive
spec
ies
of c
once
rn in
hum
an h
ealth
.
AR
TH
RO
PO
DA
: IN
SE
CT
A
HE
MIP
TE
RA
: H
ET
ER
OP
TE
RA
(T
rue
bugs
)
Mir
idae
(Le
af b
ugs)
: Tri
go
no
tylu
s h
awai
ien
sis
Thi
s en
dem
ic b
ug,
Trig
onot
ylus
haw
aiie
nsis
(K
irkal
dy),
190
2, i
s kn
own
from
all
the
maj
or
isla
nds,
Lay
san,
and
Nih
oa.
It
is k
now
n fr
om s
ea l
evel
to
5000
ft.
and
is w
ides
prea
d on
O
’ahu
. It
feed
s on
bot
h na
tive
and
alie
n gr
asse
s. (
Zim
mer
man
194
8)
LE
PID
OP
TE
RA
(bu
tterf
lies
and
mot
hs)
Co
smo
pte
rig
idae
: Hyp
osm
oco
ma
sp.
Adu
lt H
ypos
moc
oma
or c
ase
bear
er m
oths
res
pond
ed t
o th
e lig
ht
surv
ey.
H
ypos
moc
oma
are
calle
d “c
ase
bear
ers”
bec
ause
afte
r an
ear
ly b
egin
ning
ins
ide
a le
af
curl
or
sim
ilar
hidi
ng
plac
e,
the
cate
rpill
ars
crea
te
prot
ectio
n in
an
intr
icat
ely
cons
truc
ted
port
able
she
ll of
th
eir
own
silk
. F
or c
amou
flage
, th
ey a
dd b
its o
f th
eir
surr
ound
ings
to
the
case
usi
ng s
ilk:
snip
s of
dry
gra
ss o
r le
aves
, fla
kes
of b
ark,
may
be a
litt
le d
irt.
The
cas
e is
th
en e
asily
mis
take
n by
a p
reda
tor
as a
noth
er p
art
of
thei
r in
edib
le la
ndsc
ape.
T
hese
bun
kers
are
fitt
ed w
ith a
hi
nged
lid
(o
perc
ulum
),
pulle
d sh
ut
by
man
dibl
es
to
defe
nd t
hem
fro
m e
nem
ies.
T
heir
rela
tions
hip
to t
he
case
is s
imila
r to
tha
t of
a h
erm
it cr
ab t
o hi
s sh
ell.
The
y ar
e de
pend
ent o
n th
eir
case
, and
die
if r
emov
ed –
eve
n if
prot
ecte
d fr
om p
reda
tors
and
giv
en f
ood.
T
hey
don’
t m
ove
far,
but
fee
d w
hile
par
tly e
mer
ged
from
the
cas
e,
drag
ging
alo
ng t
heir
prot
ectiv
e ar
mor
by
thei
r si
x tr
ue
legs
. C
ases
are
som
etim
es a
ttach
ed t
o ro
cks
or t
ree
trun
ks a
nd f
olia
ge.
(M
anni
ng/M
ontg
omer
y in
Liit
tsch
wag
er &
Mid
dlet
on 2
001)
W
ith o
ver
500
kind
s, H
ypos
moc
oma
mic
rom
oths
are
the
gre
ates
t as
sem
blag
e of
Haw
aiia
n Is
land
m
oths
, sh
owin
g as
toni
shin
g di
vers
ity.
A
fter
writ
ing
630
page
s on
th
em,
Dr.
E
lwoo
d Z
imm
erm
an l
amen
ted
the
inad
equa
cy o
f hi
s st
udy.
H
e no
ted
an e
norm
ous
clus
ter
of
spec
ies
with
ex
plos
ive
spec
iatio
n an
d di
verg
ing
radi
atio
n (Z
imm
erm
an
1978
).
M
uch
rem
ains
to
be l
earn
ed a
bout
the
life
way
s of
thi
s in
tere
stin
g gr
oup
of i
nsec
ts n
ow u
nder
st
udy
by U
nive
rsity
of
Haw
aii’s
Dan
iel
Rub
inof
f an
d hi
s gr
adua
te s
tude
nts
(Rub
inof
f &
H
aine
s 20
06).
Fig
ure
10: H
ypos
moc
oma
sp.
Pho
to#
star
r-03
0724
-008
9
cred
it: "
For
est &
Kim
Sta
rr"
(HE
AR
)
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 1
1
Cra
mb
idae
: Eu
do
nia
sp.
(M
oss
mot
hs)
The
re a
re 1
5 E
udon
ia s
peci
es k
now
n fr
om O
’ahu
, al
l H
awai
ian
ende
mic
s.
Sev
eral
O’a
hu
spec
ies
are
also
kno
wn
from
oth
er i
slan
ds.
Non
e ar
e co
nsid
ered
rar
e, e
ndan
gere
d, o
r th
reat
ened
. S
ome
spec
ies
have
bee
n re
ared
fro
m m
oss
whe
re t
hey
build
silk
en t
unne
ls o
f pr
otec
tion
in w
hich
to
feed
(S
wez
ey 1
910)
, bu
t fo
r m
any
spec
ies
the
host
pla
nt i
s no
t re
cord
ed y
et.
(HB
S 2
002a
, HO
ST
S, Z
imm
erm
an 1
958)
Cra
mb
idae
: Mes
tolo
bes
spe
cies
(lik
ely
min
uscu
la)
The
co
mm
ones
t of
th
e sm
all
mot
hs
or
mic
ro-m
oths
, M
esto
lobe
s (F
igur
e 11
), r
espo
nded
to
our
light
sur
vey.
It
is k
now
n fr
om e
very
maj
or is
land
. A
lthou
gh a
larg
e ge
nus
of o
ver
30 s
peci
es,
10 k
now
n fr
om O
’ahu
, it
has
not
been
st
udie
d in
dep
th d
espi
te a
190
6 pl
ea t
o st
udy
its h
abits
by
R.
C.
L.
Per
kins
(1
907)
.
It ha
s be
en
colle
cted
w
hile
vi
sitin
g flo
wer
s fo
r ne
ctar
diu
rnal
ly a
nd w
hen
resp
ondi
ng
to l
ight
. M
esto
lobe
s w
as r
epor
ted
to “
ofte
n fly
act
ivel
y in
ca
ne f
ield
s” (
Will
iam
s 19
31).
In
the
180
0s it
was
rep
orte
d to
fly
in
smal
l gr
oups
and
was
see
n at
low
er e
leva
tions
(P
erki
ns 1
913)
. T
he h
ost
plan
t of
thi
s en
dem
ic i
s no
t ce
rtai
n.
The
re i
s on
e re
cord
of
one
larv
ae r
eare
d fr
om a
ho
st
- t
he r
oots
of
suga
r ca
ne o
n O
’ahu
in 1
930,
yet
it w
as n
ever
con
side
red
even
a m
inor
pe
st (
Sw
ezey
193
1.)
(H
BS
200
2a, H
OS
TS
, Zim
mer
man
195
8)
HY
ME
NO
PT
ER
A (
was
ps, b
ees,
ant
s) F
orm
icid
ae: G
lab
er a
nt
Och
etel
lus
glab
er,
a sm
all
blac
k ad
vent
ive
ant,
the
Gla
ber
ant,
was
see
n on
the
pro
pert
y, b
ut i
n m
uch
smal
ler
num
bers
th
an
the
long
legg
ed
ant
(see
be
low
).
O
. gl
aber
se
emed
to
oc
cupy
a
diffe
rent
di
strib
utio
n fr
om
that
us
ed
by
the
long
legg
ed
ant
alth
ough
it
exhi
bite
d th
e sa
me
tree
tr
ail
form
ing
beha
vior
. I
t m
ay b
e ne
stin
g in
dry
woo
d an
d in
old
te
rmite
hol
es a
nd s
houl
d be
nat
ural
ly c
ontr
olle
d by
si
te c
lear
ing
activ
ity.
It
is k
now
n fr
om a
ll m
ajor
isl
ands
(H
BS
200
2a).
B
oth
swee
t an
d pr
otei
n (i.
e.,
nativ
e in
sect
s) a
re a
ttrac
tive
food
s.
One
aut
horit
y st
ates
the
ant
“bi
tes
fierc
ely”
(T
enor
io a
nd N
ishi
da 1
995)
. U
se c
autio
n ar
ound
nes
ts i
n ho
llow
ste
ms
and
whe
n ne
ar
activ
e an
t tra
ils.
Fig
ure
11: M
esto
lobe
s sp
.
Pho
to#
star
r-03
0825
-000
8
cred
it: "
For
est &
Kim
Sta
rr"
(HE
AR
)
Fig
ure
13:
Gla
ber
ants
wer
e se
en
runn
ing
trai
ls o
n tr
ee tr
unks
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 1
2
Fo
rmic
idae
(an
ts):
Lo
ng
leg
ged
An
t
The
lon
gleg
ged
ant
(Ano
plol
epis
gra
cilip
es)
was
see
n on
the
pro
pert
y in
gre
at n
umbe
rs.
Nea
rly e
very
tre
e ha
d a
colu
mn
of t
hese
pol
ypha
gous
ant
s m
arch
ing
up a
nd d
own
the
trun
k (F
igur
e 12
).
Sim
ilarly
, m
any
area
s on
the
gro
und
wer
e he
avily
pat
rolle
d.
Alie
n an
ts a
re
know
n to
pre
y on
oth
er in
sect
s (Z
imm
erm
an 1
948-
80)
and
are
wel
l doc
umen
ted
as a
cau
se
of l
ow l
evel
s of
nat
ive
arth
ropo
ds,
espe
cial
ly i
n el
evat
ions
up
to 2
000
ft. (
Per
kins
191
3).
Long
legg
ed
and
bigh
eade
d an
ts
(Phe
idol
e m
egac
epha
la)
do
not
seem
to
ov
erla
p in
di
strib
utio
n.
Rat
her
they
mai
ntai
n se
para
te t
errit
orie
s, e
ffect
ivel
y ap
port
ioni
ng t
he h
untin
g gr
ound
s be
twee
n th
emse
lves
, of
ferin
g fe
w a
nt-f
ree
zone
s to
nat
ive
arth
ropo
ds.
Ind
eed,
du
ring
dayl
ight
hou
rs i
n th
e ar
eas
heav
ily i
nfes
ted
with
the
se p
reda
tors
, ou
r tr
avel
thr
ough
ar
eas
of d
ense
veg
etat
ion
crea
ted
few
of t
he ty
pica
l flig
hts
or ju
mps
of s
tart
led
inse
cts.
INV
ER
TE
BR
AT
ES
NO
T P
RE
SE
NT
:
Pla
nt a
nd i
nver
tebr
ate
popu
latio
ns a
re i
nter
depe
nden
t; co
nseq
uent
ly,
host
pla
nt a
vaila
bilit
y is
one
way
to
revi
ew i
nver
tebr
ate
heal
th.
As
disc
usse
d in
the
bot
anic
al s
urve
y (L
eGra
nde
2006
) an
d ar
chae
olog
y re
port
(M
cCur
dy a
nd H
amm
att
2008
), t
he a
rea
has
a lo
ng h
isto
ry o
f hu
man
use
, H
awai
ian
agric
ultu
re,
rice
and
pine
appl
e pr
oduc
tion,
cat
tle r
anch
ing
and
coffe
e cu
ltiva
tion,
w
ith
fera
l pi
gs
curr
ently
pr
esen
t, al
l re
mov
ed
nativ
e pl
ants
.
The
re
sulti
ng
extr
emel
y lo
w l
evel
of
nativ
e pl
ants
ser
ving
as
arth
ropo
d ho
sts
lead
s to
the
abs
ence
of
Haw
aiia
n ar
thro
pods
at t
his
site
.
Sp
ecie
s n
ot
fou
nd
Any
su
rvey
fo
r fe
dera
lly
prot
ecte
d sp
ecie
s sh
ould
in
clud
e co
nsid
erat
ion
of
all
nativ
e in
vert
ebra
tes
(sna
ils,
spid
ers,
and
ins
ects
).
A r
evie
w o
f th
e ar
chae
olog
ical
sur
vey
of t
he
area
(M
cCur
dy a
nd H
amm
att
2008
) in
dica
ted
no l
ava
tube
s at
the
pro
ject
site
whi
ch c
ould
su
ppor
t cav
e-ad
apte
d in
vert
ebra
te s
peci
es.
Fig
ure
12: L
ongl
egge
d an
ts w
ere
seen
run
ning
up
and
dow
n m
any
tree
s on
the
prop
erty
.
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 1
3
MO
LL
US
CA
:
No
nativ
e m
ollu
sks
wer
e ob
serv
ed d
urin
g th
is s
urve
y.
Gas
tro
po
da
Pu
lmo
nat
a
Ach
atin
ellid
ae: A
chat
inel
la
O’a
hu d
oes
have
pro
tect
ed s
nail
spec
ies,
the
Oah
u tr
ee s
nails
, bu
t th
e flo
ra,
prob
able
rat
s (B
rune
r 20
06),
and
oth
er f
acto
rs n
ow m
ake
this
pro
pert
y un
suita
ble
habi
tat
for
the
nativ
e H
awai
ian
ende
mic
sna
ils li
sted
as
enda
nger
ed.
LE
PID
OP
TE
RA
Sp
hin
gid
ae:
Man
du
ca b
lack
bu
rni
The
Bla
ckbu
rn’s
sph
inx
mot
h3 (M
andu
ca b
lack
burn
i), a
n en
dang
ered
spe
cies
(F
ed R
eg
1999
-200
0) w
as n
ot fo
und
in th
is s
urve
y. H
isto
rical
ly, t
he m
oth
is k
now
n fr
om d
rier
loca
tions
an
d th
e cr
itica
l ha
bita
t es
tabl
ishe
d fo
r th
e m
oth
on O
’ahu
is
man
y m
iles
dist
ant
from
thi
s pr
oper
ty.
Nei
ther
the
mot
h’s
sola
nace
ous
nativ
e ho
st p
lant
, ÿa
iea
(Not
hoce
stru
m s
p.),
nor
th
e be
st a
lien
host
, tr
ee t
obac
co (
Nic
otia
na g
lauc
a),
ever
wer
e ob
serv
ed o
n th
e pr
oper
ty.
In
the
proj
ect
bota
nica
l sur
vey
(LeG
rand
e 20
06),
no
sola
nace
ous
plan
ts,
seve
ral o
f w
hich
can
se
rve
as h
osts
, wer
e re
cord
ed.
DIP
TE
RA
Dro
sop
hili
dae
: D
roso
ph
ila
No
nativ
e D
roso
phila
wer
e ob
serv
ed o
n th
e pr
oper
ty.
The
pro
pert
y is
now
uns
uita
ble
habi
tat
for
the
ende
mic
Dro
soph
ila r
ecen
tly l
iste
d as
end
ange
red
or t
hrea
tene
d.
The
se n
ativ
e H
awai
ian
pict
ure
win
g fli
es r
equi
re a
muc
h m
ore
nativ
e en
viro
nmen
t w
ith h
ost
flora
not
of
fere
d at
thi
s pr
oper
ty.
(F
eder
al R
egis
ter
2006
a, b
).
The
loc
atio
n do
es n
ot p
rovi
de
appr
opria
te h
abita
t now
for
any
of th
e na
tive
Dro
soph
ila s
peci
es
ME
DIC
AL
LY
IMP
OR
TA
NT
SP
EC
IES
SE
E G
labe
r an
t on
page
12
Cen
tip
edes
, sco
rpio
ns,
bla
ck o
r b
row
n w
ido
w s
pid
ers:
The
pile
s of
dea
d br
ush
and
the
defe
nsiv
e st
ruct
ures
bui
lt by
the
pai
nt b
allin
g tr
espa
sser
s ar
e cl
assi
c ha
bita
t fo
r ce
ntip
edes
, sc
orpi
ons,
bla
ck o
r br
own
wid
ow s
pide
rs.
Alth
ough
the
se
med
ical
ly im
port
ant
spec
ies
wer
e no
t se
en in
thi
s qu
ick
surv
ey,
they
may
be
pres
ent
in t
he
area
. S
urve
yors
, cr
ews
clea
ring
debr
is,
etc
shou
ld b
e al
ert
for
all t
hese
spe
cies
whi
ch m
ay
pose
a s
erio
us r
isk
to s
ome
indi
vidu
als.
W
hen
mov
ing
ston
es o
r pi
led
brus
h, w
earin
g
3 Bla
ckbu
rn h
awk
mot
h is
the
offic
ial c
omm
on n
ame
reco
gniz
ed b
y th
e H
ES
Com
mitt
ee o
n C
omm
on
Nam
es o
f Ins
ects
(19
90).
Bla
ckbu
rn’s
sph
inx
mot
h ha
s co
me
into
pop
ular
usa
ge.
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 1
4
glov
es, c
over
ed s
hoes
, lon
g sl
eeve
s, a
nd lo
ng p
ants
will
gre
atly
red
uce
the
risk
of a
ccid
enta
l co
ntac
t an
d bi
tes.
S
uper
viso
rs s
houl
d be
aw
are
of a
ny a
llerg
y by
em
ploy
ees.
S
ome
indi
vidu
als
can
expe
rienc
e an
aphy
lact
ic
reac
tions
to
ve
nom
of
an
y of
th
e m
entio
ned
arth
ropo
ds,
not
just
bee
s.
Ple
ase
see
Wha
t B
it M
e? (
Nis
hida
and
Ten
orio
199
3) f
or
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n.
CO
LE
OP
TE
RA
: O
edem
erid
ae
Ana
nca
bico
lor
(Fai
rmai
re)
1849
, or
red-
blac
k fa
lse
blis
ter
beet
les
resp
onde
d to
our
lig
ht s
urve
y.
The
sp
ecie
s is
kn
own
from
se
vera
l m
ajor
is
land
s,
incl
udin
g O
ahu,
an
d M
idw
ay.
T
he
beet
les
are
attr
acte
d to
ligh
ts, b
ut a
lso
feed
on
flow
er p
olle
n by
da
y.
Whe
n irr
itate
d or
pre
ssed
(be
twee
n cl
othi
ng
and
skin
, fo
r ex
ampl
e)
they
oo
ze
a de
fens
ive
irrita
ting
chem
ical
cau
sing
blis
terin
g of
ski
n.
The
su
scep
tibili
ty t
o bl
iste
ring
is r
epor
ted
to v
ary
as d
o he
alin
g ra
tes.
A
lthou
gh i
rrita
ting,
unc
omfo
rtab
le,
and
very
un
plea
sant
, th
e bl
iste
rs
are
not
life
thre
aten
ing.
S
eek
med
ical
atte
ntio
n if
blis
terin
g is
w
ides
prea
d or
doe
s no
t hea
l pro
mpt
ly.
See
“W
hat’s
Bug
ging
Me?
” (T
enor
io a
nd N
ishi
da
1995
) or
for
det
aile
d di
scus
sion
see
Uni
vers
ity o
f F
lorid
a /
Flo
rida
Dep
t. of
A
gric
ultu
re
web
si
te
http
://cr
eatu
res.
ifas.
ufl.e
du/u
rban
/med
ical
/blis
ter_
beet
les.
htm
(A
rnet
t 200
8).
PO
TE
NT
IAL
IMP
AC
TS
Po
ten
tial
Imp
acts
on
Nat
ive,
Rar
e, F
eder
ally
or
Sta
te L
iste
d S
pec
ies
No
fede
rally
or
stat
e lis
ted
enda
nger
ed o
r th
reat
ened
inve
rteb
rate
spe
cies
was
fou
nd in
thi
s su
rvey
. N
o ra
re n
ativ
e H
awai
ian
inve
rteb
rate
spe
cies
wer
e ob
serv
ed.
The
few
nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n in
vert
ebra
tes
obse
rved
are
wid
espr
ead
in d
istr
ibut
ion.
N
o an
ticip
ated
act
ions
re
late
d to
the
pro
pose
d pr
ojec
t in
the
sur
veye
d lo
catio
n w
ill h
ave
a si
gnifi
cant
neg
ativ
e im
pact
on
an e
ndem
ic o
r in
dige
nous
spe
cies
. N
o pa
rt o
f th
e pr
oper
ty is
des
igna
ted
criti
cal
habi
tat f
or a
ny th
reat
ened
or
enda
nger
ed s
peci
es.
Fig
ure
14: R
ed-b
lack
fals
e bl
iste
r be
etle
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 1
5
RE
CO
MM
EN
DA
TIO
NS
Lan
dsc
ape
wit
h n
ativ
e p
lan
ts:
The
bo
tani
cal
surv
ey
reco
mm
ende
d la
ndsc
apin
g w
ith
nativ
e pl
ants
du
ring
the
proj
ect
(LeG
rand
e 20
06).
In
add
ition
to
thei
r be
auty
and
the
pos
itive
cul
tura
l an
d so
cial
val
ues
com
mun
icat
ed b
y th
e us
e of
nat
ive
plan
ts,
thes
e pl
ants
wou
ld p
rovi
de h
abita
t fo
r na
tive
arth
ropo
ds w
hile
cre
atin
g a
mor
e in
tere
stin
g ar
ea f
or w
alki
ng a
nd c
onte
mpl
atio
n.
Nat
ive
plan
ts w
ill r
emai
n gr
een
and
thus
mor
e fir
e re
sist
ant
thro
ugho
ut t
he s
umm
er.
Nat
ive
plan
tings
may
hav
e lo
wer
hum
an m
aint
enan
ce c
osts
whe
n ch
osen
to
fit a
rea
need
s.
As
nativ
e pl
ants
ten
d to
rea
ch a
pre
dica
ble
heig
ht a
nd f
olia
ge s
prea
d, w
ell
chos
en p
lant
ings
us
ually
mea
n le
ss h
edge
trim
min
g an
d w
eed
wha
ckin
g.
In t
he a
reas
to
be l
eft
with
out
deve
lopm
ent o
r us
ed to
scr
een
the
HM
P e
xpan
sion
from
hou
sing
and
traf
fic, n
ativ
e pl
ants
in
a m
ix o
f gr
ound
cov
er,
shru
b, a
nd t
ree
heig
hts
will
hel
p sl
ow r
un o
ff an
d re
tain
moi
stur
e w
hen
rain
s co
me
whi
le h
oldi
ng s
oil
at v
ery
low
on-
goin
g co
st.
The
pla
ntin
gs w
ill p
rovi
de
educ
atio
nal,
visu
al,
and
aest
hetic
ben
efits
to
resi
dent
s in
the
pla
nned
res
iden
tial
units
as
wel
l. N
ativ
e in
sect
s su
ch a
s M
esto
lobe
s an
d ot
her
crea
ture
s w
ill fi
nd th
is r
efug
e ov
er ti
me.
With
prio
r ar
rang
emen
t, na
tive
plan
ts c
an b
e as
con
veni
ent
for
mas
s pl
antin
gs a
s th
e in
trod
uced
pla
nts
com
mon
ly u
sed
to r
e-ve
geta
te a
fter
new
con
stru
ctio
n. A
list
of s
uppl
iers
of
nativ
e pl
ants
(se
e pa
ge 3
for
O’a
hu)
is a
vaila
ble
at
http
://hb
s.bi
shop
mus
eum
.org
/bot
any/
ripar
ian/
pdf/p
ropa
gato
rs.p
df
AC
KN
OW
LE
DG
ME
NT
S
Ste
ven
Lee
Mon
tgom
ery
cond
ucte
d al
l co
llect
ing
and
is r
espo
nsib
le f
or a
ll co
nclu
sion
s.
Ani
ta M
anni
ng a
ssis
ted
in th
e fie
ld a
nd c
ontr
ibut
ed to
pre
para
tion
of th
is r
epor
t.
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 1
6
ST
AN
DA
RD
NO
ME
NC
LA
TU
RE
Inve
rteb
rate
nam
es fo
llow
Fre
shw
ater
& T
erre
stria
l Mol
lusk
Che
cklis
t (H
BS
200
2b)
C
omm
on N
ames
of I
nsec
ts &
Rel
ated
Org
anis
ms
(HE
S 1
990)
Haw
aiia
n T
erre
stria
l Art
hrop
od C
heck
list (
HB
S20
02a;
Nis
hida
200
2)
Pla
nt
nam
es fo
llow
Man
ual o
f the
Flo
wer
ing
Pla
nts
of H
awai
‘i (W
agne
r et
al.
1999
)
A
Tro
pica
l Gar
den
Flo
ra (
Sta
ples
and
Her
bst 2
005)
M
amm
al n
ames
follo
w M
amm
als
in H
awai
’i (T
omic
h 19
86).
P
lace
nam
e sp
ellin
g fo
llow
s P
lace
Nam
es o
f Haw
aii (
Puk
ui e
t al.
1976
).
AB
BR
EV
IAT
ION
S
DL
NR
D
epar
tmen
t of L
and
and
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
es, S
tate
of H
awai
’i
HB
S
Haw
ai’i
Bio
logi
cal S
urve
y
n.
new
sp.
sp
ecie
s
spp
.
mor
e th
an o
ne s
peci
es
US
FW
S
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Fis
h an
d W
ildlif
e S
ervi
ce
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 1
7
GL
OS
SA
RY
4 A
dve
nti
ve: o
rgan
ism
s in
trod
uced
to a
n ar
ea b
ut n
ot p
urpo
sefu
lly.
Alie
n:
occu
rrin
g in
the
loc
ality
it
occu
pies
ON
LY w
ith h
uman
ass
ista
nce,
acc
iden
tal
or
purp
osef
ul;
not
nativ
e.
Bot
h P
olyn
esia
n in
trod
uctio
ns (
e.g.
, co
conu
t) a
nd p
ost-
1778
in
trod
uctio
ns (
e.g.
, gua
va, g
oats
, and
she
ep)
are
alie
ns.
Art
hro
po
d:
inse
cts
and
rela
ted
inve
rteb
rate
s (e
.g.,
spid
ers)
hav
ing
an e
xter
nal s
kele
ton
and
join
ted
legs
. D
iurn
al: a
ctiv
e in
the
dayl
ight
hou
rs
En
dem
ic:
natu
rally
occ
urrin
g, w
ithou
t hu
man
tra
nspo
rt,
ON
LY i
n th
e lo
calit
y oc
cupi
ed.
Haw
aii
has
a hi
gh p
erce
ntag
e of
end
emic
pla
nts
and
anim
als,
som
e in
ver
y sm
all
mic
roen
viro
nmen
ts.
Ind
igen
ou
s: n
atur
ally
occ
urrin
g w
ithou
t hu
man
ass
ista
nce
in t
he l
ocal
ity i
t oc
cupi
es;
may
al
so o
ccur
els
ewhe
re,
incl
udin
g ou
tsid
e th
e H
awai
ian
Isla
nds.
(e
.g.,
Nau
paka
kah
akai
(S
caev
ola
seric
ea)
is th
e sa
me
plan
t in
Haw
aiÿi
and
thro
ugho
ut th
e P
acifi
c).
Inse
cts:
art
hrop
ods
with
six
legs
, and
bod
ies
in 3
sec
tions
In
vert
ebra
tes:
ani
mal
s w
ithou
t bac
kbon
es (
inse
cts,
spi
ders
, sna
ils /
slug
s, s
hrim
p)
Lar
va/la
rval
: an
imm
atur
e st
age
of d
evel
opm
ent i
n of
fspr
ing
of m
any
type
s of
ani
mal
s.
Mo
llusk
: in
vert
ebra
tes
in t
he p
hylu
m M
ollu
sca.
C
omm
on r
epre
sent
ativ
es a
re s
nails
, sl
ugs,
m
usse
ls, c
lam
s, o
yste
rs, s
quid
s, a
nd o
ctop
uses
. N
ativ
e: o
rgan
ism
tha
t or
igin
ated
in
area
whe
re i
t liv
es w
ithou
t hu
man
ass
ista
nce.
M
ay b
e in
dige
nous
or
ende
mic
. N
atu
raliz
ed:
an a
lien
orga
nism
tha
t, w
ith t
ime,
yet
with
out
furt
her
hum
an a
ssis
ted
rele
ases
or
pla
ntin
gs, h
as b
ecom
e es
tabl
ishe
d in
an
area
to w
hich
it is
not
nat
ive.
N
oct
urn
al: a
ctiv
e or
mos
t app
aren
t at n
ight
. P
up
a: t
he s
tage
bet
wee
n la
rva
and
adul
t in
ins
ects
with
com
plet
e m
etam
orph
osis
, a
non-
feed
ing
and
inac
tive
stag
e of
ten
insi
de a
cas
e P
urp
ose
fully
in
tro
du
ced
: an
org
anis
m b
roug
ht i
nto
an a
rea
for
a sp
ecifi
c pu
rpos
e, f
or
exam
ple,
as
a bi
olog
ical
con
trol
age
nt.
Po
lyp
hag
ou
s: e
atin
g m
any
diffe
rent
type
s of
food
R
are:
thre
aten
ed b
y ex
tinct
ion
and
low
num
bers
. S
pec
ies:
all
indi
vidu
als
and
popu
latio
ns o
f a
part
icul
ar t
ype
of o
rgan
ism
, m
aint
aine
d by
bi
olog
ical
mec
hani
sms
that
res
ult i
n th
eir
bree
ding
mos
tly w
ith th
eir
kind
.
4 G
loss
ary
base
d la
rgel
y on
def
initi
ons
in B
iolo
gica
l Sci
ence
: An
Eco
logi
cal A
ppro
ach,
7th
ed.
, Ken
dall/
Hun
t P
ublis
hing
Co.
, Dub
uque
, a h
igh
scho
ol te
xt; o
n th
e gl
ossa
ry in
Man
ual o
f Flo
wer
ing
Pla
nts
of H
awai
’i, V
ol.2
, W
agne
r, e
t al.,
199
9, B
isho
p M
useu
m P
ress
, and
oth
er s
ourc
es.
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 1
8
LIT
ER
AT
UR
E C
ITE
D
Arn
ett,
Jr.,
Ros
s H
. “F
alse
blis
ter
beet
les.
” O
rigin
ally
pub
lishe
d as
Div
isio
n of
Pla
nt In
dust
ry
Ent
omol
ogy
Circ
ular
259
. on
web
site
of
Uni
vers
ity o
f F
lorid
a /
Flo
rida
Dep
t. of
A
gric
ultu
re
http
://cr
eatu
res.
ifas.
ufl.e
du/u
rban
/med
ical
/blis
ter_
beet
les.
htm
A
cces
sed
July
28,
200
8
Bru
ner,
P. L
. 20
06.
“Avi
faun
al a
nd F
eral
Mam
mal
Fie
ld S
urve
y fo
r th
e H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l P
ark
Exp
ansi
on A
rea,
Kan
eohe
, Oah
u, H
awai
i.” P
repa
red
for:
Cla
rk a
nd G
reen
A
ssoc
iate
s. 1
1 pp
. D
epar
tmen
t of
La
nd
and
Nat
ural
R
esou
rces
(D
LNR
).
19
98.
In
dige
nous
W
ildlif
e,
End
ange
red
and
Thr
eate
ned
Wild
life
and
Pla
nts,
an
d In
trod
uced
W
ild
Bird
s.
Dep
artm
ent
of L
and
and
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
es.
Sta
te o
f H
awai
i. A
dmin
istr
ativ
e R
ule
§13-
134-
1 -§
13-1
34-1
0, M
arch
2, 1
998.
F
eder
al R
egis
ter.
19
99-2
000.
Titl
e 50
, V
ol.
1, P
arts
1 t
o 19
9. [
Rev
ised
as
of O
ctob
er 1
, 20
00]
U.S
. G
over
nmen
t P
rintin
g O
ffice
via
GP
O A
cces
s [C
ITE
: 50
CF
R17
.11,
Pag
e 10
2-14
3].
____
___.
200
6a.
Titl
e 50
, Vol
. 71,
No.
89,
May
9.
End
ange
red
and
Thr
eate
ned
Wild
life
and
Pla
nts;
Det
erm
inat
ion
of S
tatu
s fo
r 12
Spe
cies
of P
ictu
re-W
ing
Flie
s F
rom
the
Haw
aiia
n Is
land
s. [
CIT
E: 5
0 C
FR
17,
Pag
e 26
835
-268
52].
____
___.
20
06b.
V
ol. 7
1, N
o. 1
57, A
ugus
t 15
. P
ropo
sed
Des
igna
tion
of C
ritic
al H
abita
t fo
r 11
Spe
cies
of
Pic
ture
-Win
g F
lies
Fro
m t
he H
awai
ian
Isla
nds.
[C
ITE
: 50
CF
R P
art
17, P
age
4699
4 –
4705
4].
Haw
aiÿi
Bio
logi
cal S
urve
y (H
BS
).
2002
a.
Haw
aiia
n A
rthr
opod
Che
cklis
t, on
line
auth
ority
file
of
ter
rest
rial
arth
ropo
d na
mes
for
the
Haw
aiia
n Is
land
s.
B.
P.
Bis
hop
Mus
eum
, H
onol
ulu.
ww
w2.
bish
opm
useu
m.o
rg/H
BS
/che
cklis
t/ __
____
____
____
____
__.
20
02b.
Bis
hop
Mus
eum
H
awai
ian
Fre
shw
ater
&
T
erre
stria
l M
ollu
sk C
heck
list.
Acc
esse
d A
pril
2008
.
Haw
aiia
n E
ntom
olog
ical
Soc
iety
(H
ES
).
1990
. C
omm
on N
ames
of
Inse
cts
& R
elat
ed
Org
anis
ms.
Com
mitt
ee o
n C
omm
on N
ames
of I
nsec
ts.
87 p
p.
Haw
aiia
n E
cosy
stem
s at
Ris
k pr
ojec
t (H
EA
R).
Acc
esse
d Ju
ly 2
008.
w
ww
.hea
r.or
g/st
arr/
hiin
sect
s/im
ages
H
elbe
r H
aste
rt &
Fee
, P
lann
ers.
20
07.
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial
Par
k C
emet
ery
Exp
ansi
on
Env
ironm
enta
l Im
pact
Sta
tem
ent
Pre
para
tion
Not
ice.
fo
r H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Li
fe
Pla
n Lt
d. 4
6 pp
.
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 1
9
LIT
ER
AT
UR
E C
ITE
D: c
ont.
HO
ST
S -
a D
atab
ase
of th
e W
orld
's L
epid
opte
ran
Hos
tpla
nts,
Nat
ural
His
tory
Mus
eum
Lon
don.
A
cces
sed
July
200
8. w
ww
.nhm
.ac.
uk/r
esea
rch-
cura
tion/
proj
ects
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tpla
nts/
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Gra
nde,
M.
2006
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otan
ical
Res
ourc
es A
sses
smen
t for
the
Haw
aii M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
aneo
he, O
ahu.
” P
repa
red
for:
Cla
rk &
Gre
en A
ssoc
iate
s. 1
2 pp
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ittsc
hwag
er,
D.
and
S.
Mid
dlet
on,
phot
ogra
pher
s.
2001
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emai
ns o
f a
Rai
nbow
, N
atio
nal
Geo
grap
hic
/ E
nviro
nmen
tal
Def
ense
Fun
d.
Acc
ompa
nyin
g zo
olog
ical
cap
tions
by
Man
ning
, Mon
tgom
ery,
et a
l. M
cCur
dy, T
. D. a
nd H
amm
att,
H. H
. 20
08.
“Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for
the
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne‘
ohe
Ahu
pua‘
a, K
o‘ol
aupo
ko D
istr
ict,
Isla
nd o
f O‘a
hu.”
Pre
pare
d fo
r H
elbe
r, H
aste
rt &
Fee
Pla
nner
s. 1
24 p
p.
Nis
hida
, G
. M
. (e
d.).
20
02.
Haw
aiia
n T
erre
stria
l A
rthr
opod
Che
cklis
t. F
ourt
h ed
ition
. B
isho
p M
useu
m T
echn
ical
Rep
ort 2
2, 3
13 p
p N
ishi
da, G
. M. a
nd J
. M. T
enor
io.
1993
. W
hat B
it M
e? U
niv.
of H
awai
i Pre
ss.
72 p
. P
erki
ns,
R.C
.L.
1907
. “T
he in
sect
s of
Tan
talu
s,”
Pro
ceed
ings
of
the
Haw
aiia
n E
ntom
olog
ical
S
ocie
ty, 1
(2):
42.
Per
kins
, R
. C
. L.
19
13.
“In
trod
uctio
n.
Bei
ng a
rev
iew
of
the
land
-fau
na o
f H
awai
ia,”
and
“V
erte
brat
es.”
In
: S
harp
, D
., ed
., F
auna
Haw
aiie
nsis
. V
ol.
1.
Cam
brid
ge U
nive
rsity
P
ress
, Cam
brid
ge, a
nd B
isho
p M
useu
m S
peci
al P
ub. 6
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cxxv
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Puk
ui,
M.
K.,
S.
H.
Elb
ert,
and
E.
T.
Moo
kini
. 1
976.
P
lace
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es o
f H
awai
i. U
nive
rsity
of
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aii P
ress
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olul
u, H
awai
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aine
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ypos
moc
oma
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escr
iptio
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ence
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. W
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d D
. R
. H
erbs
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tro
pica
l gar
den
flora
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onol
ulu,
Bis
hop
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eum
P
ress
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Sw
ezey
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. H
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910.
“F
eedi
ng H
abits
of
Haw
aiia
n Le
pido
pter
a,”
Pro
ceed
ings
of
the
Haw
aiia
n E
ntom
olog
ical
Soc
iety
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84.
Sw
ezey
, O
. H
. 1
931.
“
Mis
cella
neou
s no
tes,
” P
roce
edin
gs o
f th
e H
awai
ian
Ent
omol
ogic
al
Soc
iety
, 7(3
):48
4.
Inve
rteb
rate
Sur
vey,
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
äne’
ohe,
O’a
hu
Mon
tgom
ery
Aug
ust 1
, 200
8 pa
ge 2
0
LIT
ER
AT
UR
E C
ITE
D: c
ont.
Ten
orio
, J.
M.
and
Nis
hida
, G
. M
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995.
W
hat’s
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ging
Me?
U
nive
rsity
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aii P
ress
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T
omic
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1986
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amm
als
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awai
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isho
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m P
ress
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awai
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75 p
.
U.S
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ish
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Wild
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Ser
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SF
WS
).
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U
SF
WS
T
hrea
tene
d an
d E
ndan
gere
d S
peci
es S
yste
m (
TE
SS
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nlin
e at
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os.fw
s.go
v/te
ss_p
ublic
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rtT
ES
S.d
o
U.S
. N
aval
Obs
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SN
O),
Ast
rono
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ns D
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nd M
oon
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r O
ne D
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il/
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ner,
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., D
. R. H
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ohm
er.
1999
. M
anua
l of t
he fl
ower
ing
plan
ts o
f H
awai
i, R
ev. e
d. U
nive
rsity
of H
awai
i Pre
ss a
nd B
isho
p M
useu
m P
ress
, Hon
olul
u,
1919
pp.
Will
iam
s, F
. X
. 1
931.
H
andb
ook
of t
he I
nsec
ts a
nd O
ther
Inv
erte
brat
es o
f H
awai
ian
Sug
ar
Can
e F
ield
s.
E
xper
imen
t S
tatio
n of
th
e H
awai
ian
Sug
ar
Pla
nter
s’
Ass
ocia
tion,
H
onol
ulu,
Haw
aii.
400
pp.
Zim
mer
man
, E. C
. 19
48-
80.
Inse
cts
of H
awai
i. U
nive
rsity
of H
awai
i Pre
ss, H
onol
ulu.
__
____
_.
1948
. I
nsec
ts o
f H
awai
i. V
olum
e 3:
Het
erop
tera
. U
nive
rsity
of
Haw
aiÿi
Pre
ss,
Hon
olul
u. 2
55 p
p.
____
___.
19
58.
Ins
ects
of
Haw
aii.
Vol
ume
8: L
epid
opte
ra:
Pyr
aloi
dea.
U
nive
rsity
of
Haw
aiÿi
Pre
ss, H
onol
ulu.
ix
+ 4
56 p
p __
____
_.
1978
. In
sect
s of
Haw
aii.
Vol
ume
9: M
icro
lepi
dopt
era
Par
t II,
Uni
vers
ity o
f Haw
aii
Pre
ss, H
onol
ulu.
Pp.
102
9-16
99.
____
___.
20
01.
Ins
ects
of
Haw
aii.
Vol
ume
1: I
ntro
duct
ion.
U
nive
rsity
of
Haw
aiÿi
Pre
ss,
Hon
olul
u. x
x +
206
pp.
G. Archaeological Inventory Survey(Cultural Surveys Hawaiÿi, Inc.)
O‘a
hu O
ffic
e P.
O. B
ox 1
114
Kai
lua,
Haw
ai‘i
967
34
Ph.:
(808
) 26
2-99
72
Fax:
(80
8) 2
62-4
950
ww
w.c
ultu
rals
urve
ys.c
om
Mau
i Off
ice
1997
Mai
n St
reet
, Sui
te 1
C
Wai
luku
, Haw
ai‘i
967
93
Ph: (
808)
242
-988
2
Fax:
(80
8) 2
44-1
994
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for
the
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
�ne‘
ohe
Ahu
pua‘
a,
Ko‘
olau
poko
Dis
tric
t, I
slan
d of
O‘a
hu
(TM
K:
[1]
4-05
-033
:001
)
Prep
ared
for
Hel
ber,
Has
tert
& F
ee P
lann
ers
Prep
ared
by
Tod
d D
. McC
urdy
, M.A
.
and
Hal
lett
H. H
amm
att,
Ph.D
.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
, Inc
.
Kai
lua,
Haw
ai‘i
(Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2)
Janu
ary
2008
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
M
anag
emen
t Sum
mar
y
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
i
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Man
agem
ent S
umm
ary
Ref
eren
ce
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for
the
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on, K
�ne‘
ohe
Ahu
pua‘
a, K
o‘ol
aupo
ko D
istr
ict,
Isla
nd o
f O
‘ahu
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
(McC
urdy
and
Ham
mat
t 200
8)
Dat
e Ja
nuar
y 20
08
Proj
ect N
umbe
r (s
) C
ultu
ral S
urve
ys H
awai
‘i (
CSH
) Jo
b C
ode:
KA
NE
O 2
Inve
stig
atio
n Pe
rmit
Num
ber
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
, Inc
. (C
SH)
com
plet
ed th
e fi
eldw
ork
com
pone
nt o
f th
e ar
chae
olog
ical
inve
ntor
y su
rvey
und
er H
awai
‘i S
tate
H
isto
ric
Pres
erva
tion
Div
isio
n (S
HPD
) pe
rmit
No.
07-
19, p
er H
awai
‘i
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Rul
es (
HA
R)
Cha
pter
13-
13-2
82.
Proj
ect L
ocat
ion
The
CSH
pro
ject
are
a is
bor
dere
d on
its
mau
ka e
xten
t by
the
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark,
and
ext
ends
mak
ai to
the
Poha
i Nan
i Ret
irem
ent
Com
mun
ity, f
rom
the
sout
h an
d ea
st b
y K
apa‘
a R
idge
, and
the
nort
hwes
t by
a ho
usin
g de
velo
pmen
t and
Nam
oku
Stre
et. T
his
proj
ect
area
is d
epic
ted
on U
SGS
7.5
min
ute
topo
grap
hic
quad
rang
le
Kan
eohe
, HI
(199
8).
Lan
d Ju
risd
ictio
n Pr
ivat
e, H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Lif
e Pl
an L
TD
Age
ncie
s St
ate
His
tori
c Pr
eser
vatio
n D
ivis
ion
Proj
ect D
escr
iptio
n Pr
opos
ed d
evel
opm
ent w
ithin
the
petit
ion
area
is d
escr
ibed
as
new
bu
rial
are
as, a
utom
obile
cir
cula
tion
and
a re
side
ntia
l sub
divi
sion
. M
inim
ally
, the
land
alte
ratio
n w
ould
incl
ude
surf
ace
grub
bing
and
gr
adin
g, e
xcav
atio
ns a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
e in
stal
latio
n of
sub
-sur
face
ut
ilitie
s, h
ousi
ng c
onst
ruct
ion
and
land
scap
ing.
Proj
ect A
crea
ge
The
CSH
pro
ject
are
a co
nsis
ted
of a
ppro
xim
atel
y 66
acr
es. T
he
petit
ion
area
, loc
ated
with
in th
e pr
ojec
t are
a is
app
roxi
mat
ely
56.6
A
cres
Are
a of
Pot
entia
l E
ffec
t (A
PE)
and
Surv
ey A
crea
ge
The
APE
is d
efin
ed a
s th
e en
tire
CSH
pro
ject
are
a, a
ppro
xim
atel
y 66
ac
res.
His
tori
c Pr
eser
vatio
n R
egul
ator
y C
onte
xt
At t
he r
eque
st o
f H
elbe
r, H
aste
rt &
Fee
Pla
nner
s, C
SH c
ondu
cted
this
ar
chae
olog
ical
inve
ntor
y su
rvey
. In
cons
ulta
tion
with
SH
PD, t
he
inve
ntor
y su
rvey
inve
stig
atio
n w
as d
esig
ned
to f
ulfi
ll th
e St
ate
requ
irem
ents
for
an
arch
aeol
ogic
al in
vent
ory
surv
ey p
er H
AR
Cha
pter
13
-13-
276
and
Cha
pter
13-
13-2
84.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
M
anag
emen
t Sum
mar
y
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
ii
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Fiel
dwor
k E
ffor
t T
he F
ield
wor
k po
rtio
n of
this
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
was
ca
rrie
d ou
t fro
m O
ctob
er 1
7, 2
006
to D
ecem
ber
5, 2
006
and
from
Se
ptem
ber
20, 2
007
to O
ctob
er 1
0, 2
007.
The
alte
rnat
ing
CSH
fie
ld
crew
con
sist
ed o
f D
avid
Shi
dele
r, M
.A.,
Dou
g B
orth
wic
k, B
.A.,
Tod
d D
. McC
urdy
, M.A
., Jo
n T
ulch
in, B
.A.,
Nif
ae H
unki
n, B
.A.,
Mat
t Bel
l, B
.A.,
Sean
Bar
ns, M
.A.,
Lis
a G
ollin
, Ph.
D, K
ulan
i Jon
es, B
.S.,
Jenn
ifer
Ols
on, B
.A.,
Sean
Nal
eim
aile
, B.A
., A
uli‘
i Mitc
hell,
B.A
., K
evin
Dal
ton,
B.A
., an
d K
elly
Uye
oka,
B.A
., un
der
the
gene
ral
supe
rvis
ion
of H
alle
tt H
. Ham
mat
t, Ph
.D. T
he f
ield
req
uire
d ap
prox
imat
ely
62 p
erso
n-da
ys to
com
plet
e. F
ield
wor
k co
nsis
ted
of a
10
0% c
over
age
pede
stri
an in
spec
tion
of th
e pr
ojec
t are
a an
d lim
ited
subs
urfa
ce te
stin
g at
sel
ect a
rcha
eolo
gica
l site
s.
Num
ber
of H
isto
ric
Prop
ertie
s Id
entif
ied
A to
tal o
f 11
his
tori
c pr
oper
ties
wer
e ob
serv
ed w
ithin
or
near
the
petit
ion
area
. Six
of
thes
e w
ere
prev
ious
ly r
ecor
ded,
SIH
P #s
50-
80-
10-3
54, 5
0-80
-10-
4680
, 50-
80-1
0-46
81, 5
0-80
-10-
4683
, 50-
80-1
0-46
84 a
nd 5
0-80
-10-
4686
. The
rem
aini
ng f
ive
are
new
dis
cove
ries
, SI
HP
#s 5
0-80
-10-
6929
, 50-
80-1
0-69
30, 5
0-80
-10-
6931
, 50-
80-1
0-69
32, a
nd 5
0-80
-10-
6933
. Sev
en o
f th
e hi
stor
ic p
rope
rtie
s ar
e lo
cate
d w
ithin
the
petit
ion
area
. The
y in
clud
e, S
IHP
#s -
4680
, -46
83,-
4684
,-46
86, -
6930
, 693
2 an
d 69
33. F
our
of th
e pr
oper
ties
(SIH
P-35
4, -
4681
-69
29, a
nd -
6931
) ar
e lo
cate
d ou
tsid
e of
the
curr
ent p
etiti
on a
rea
but
clos
e en
ough
for
con
side
ratio
n. O
f th
ese
site
s, s
ix a
re c
onsi
dere
d pr
e-C
onta
ct a
nd f
ive
hist
oric
. In
addi
tion
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
2,
prev
ious
ly r
ecor
ded
by S
zabi
an e
t al (
1989
), lo
cate
d in
the
vici
nity
of
the
petit
ion
area
was
det
erm
ined
to b
e no
n-C
ultu
ral i
n na
ture
and
th
eref
ore
is n
ot c
onsi
dere
d a
hist
oric
pro
pert
y.
His
tori
c Pr
oper
ties
With
in th
e Pe
titio
n A
rea
Rec
omm
ende
d E
ligib
le to
the
Haw
ai‘i
Reg
iste
r of
H
isto
ric
Plac
es
(Haw
ai‘i
Reg
iste
r)
Seve
n hi
stor
ic p
rope
rtie
s id
entif
ied
with
in th
e pe
titio
n ar
ea a
re
reco
mm
ende
d el
igib
le to
the
Haw
ai‘i
Reg
iste
r:
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
0, a
his
tori
c er
a te
rrac
e m
ound
, has
bee
n ev
alua
ted
as s
igni
fica
nt u
nder
Cri
teri
on D
of
the
Haw
ai‘i
Reg
iste
r of
H
isto
ric
Plac
es.
SIH
P# s
50-
80-1
0-46
83 a
his
tori
c er
a ch
arco
al k
iln, h
as b
een
eval
uate
d as
sig
nifi
cant
und
er C
rite
rion
D o
f th
e H
awai
‘i R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric
Plac
es.
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
4, p
re-c
onta
ct h
abita
tion
site
con
sist
ing
of a
ho
use
stru
ctur
e, a
nd te
rrac
es, h
as b
een
eval
uate
d as
sig
nifi
cant
und
er
Cri
teri
on D
of
the
Haw
ai‘i
Reg
iste
r of
His
tori
c Pl
aces
.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
M
anag
emen
t Sum
mar
y
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
iii
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
6, a
his
tori
c er
a ro
ck a
lignm
ent,
has
been
ev
alua
ted
as s
igni
fica
nt u
nder
Cri
teri
on D
of
the
Haw
ai‘i
Reg
iste
r of
H
isto
ric
Plac
es.
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-693
0, a
pre
-Con
tact
enc
losu
re/p
oten
tial c
erem
onia
l st
ruct
ure
cons
istin
g of
a r
ecta
ngul
ar s
hape
d en
clos
ure
with
an
irre
gula
r no
tch
in th
e ea
st w
all h
as b
een
eval
uate
d as
sig
nifi
cant
und
er b
oth
Cri
teri
on D
and
E o
f th
e H
awai
‘i R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric
Plac
es.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6932
, a p
ossi
ble
hist
oric
era
sto
rage
are
a, h
as b
een
eval
uate
d as
sig
nifi
cant
und
er C
rite
rion
D o
f th
e H
awai
‘i R
egis
ter
of
His
tori
c Pl
aces
.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6933
, a h
isto
ric
era
char
coal
kiln
with
an
asso
ciat
ed
ston
e w
all,
has
been
eva
luat
ed a
s si
gnif
ican
t und
er C
rite
rion
D o
f th
e H
awai
‘i R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric
Plac
es.
His
tori
c Pr
oper
ties
in th
e V
icin
ity o
f th
e Pe
titio
n A
rea
Rec
omm
ende
d E
ligib
le to
the
Haw
ai‘i
Reg
iste
r of
H
isto
ric
Plac
es
(Haw
ai‘i
Reg
iste
r)
Four
his
tori
c pr
oper
ties
iden
tifie
d in
the
vici
nity
of
the
petit
ion
area
are
re
com
men
ded
elig
ible
to th
e H
awai
‘i R
egis
ter:
SIH
P 50
-80-
10-3
54,
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘e
Hei
au,
is l
ocat
ed a
ppro
xim
atel
y 30
m
(10
0 ft
) w
est,
outs
ide
of t
he c
urre
nt p
etiti
on a
rea
on t
he K
aneo
he
side
of
the
ridg
e th
at d
ivid
es K
aneo
he a
nd K
ailu
a (O
neaw
a H
ills)
. It
ha
s be
en o
n th
e N
atio
nal
Reg
iste
r of
His
tori
c Pl
aces
(N
HR
P) s
ince
19
72. S
IHP
50-8
0-10
-354
has
bee
n ev
alua
ted
as s
igni
fica
nt u
nder
bot
h C
rite
rion
D a
nd E
of
the
Haw
ai‘i
Reg
iste
r of
His
tori
c Pl
aces
.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4681
, loc
ated
app
roxi
mat
ely
15m
(50
ft)
sou
thw
est o
f th
e cu
rren
t pet
ition
are
a is
a p
re-C
onta
ct h
abita
tion
site
con
sist
ing
of
seve
ral c
-sha
ped
stru
ctur
es, a
terr
ace
wal
l and
a c
ircu
lar
rock
fea
ture
ha
s be
en e
valu
ated
as
sign
ific
ant u
nder
Cri
teri
on D
of
the
Haw
ai‘i
R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric
Plac
es.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6929
is a
pre
-Con
tact
site
con
sist
ing
of tw
o co
ncen
trat
ions
of
lithi
c de
bita
ge a
long
an
inte
rmitt
ent d
rain
age
appr
oxim
atel
y 20
m (
66 f
t) e
ast o
f th
e pr
ojec
t are
a. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
29 h
as b
een
eval
uate
d as
sig
nifi
cant
und
er C
rite
rion
D o
f th
e H
awai
‘i R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric
Plac
es.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6931
loca
ted
appr
oxim
atel
y 15
m (
50 f
t) s
outh
of
the
curr
ent p
etiti
on a
rea
is a
pos
sibl
e pr
e-C
onta
ct c
erem
onia
l are
a. S
IHP#
50
-80-
10-6
931
has
been
eva
luat
ed a
s si
gnif
ican
t und
er b
oth
Cri
teri
on
D a
nd E
of
the
Haw
ai‘i
Reg
iste
r of
His
tori
c Pl
aces
.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
M
anag
emen
t Sum
mar
y
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
iv
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Proj
ect E
ffec
t T
he a
rcha
eolo
gica
l inv
ento
ry s
urve
y fo
r th
e H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
pro
ject
iden
tifie
d el
even
his
tori
c pr
oper
ties
with
in o
r ne
ar
the
surv
ey a
rea
that
will
like
ly, o
r po
tent
ially
, be
affe
cted
by
the
prop
osed
pro
ject
. The
y in
clud
e SI
HP
#s 5
0-80
-10-
354,
50-
80-1
0-46
80,
50-8
0-10
-468
1, 5
0-80
-10-
4683
, 50-
80-1
0-46
84, 5
0-80
-10-
4686
, 50-
80-1
0-69
29, 5
0-80
-10-
6930
, 50-
80-1
0-69
31, 5
0-80
-10-
6932
, and
50-
80-1
0-69
33
Miti
gatio
n R
ecom
men
datio
ns
for
His
tori
c Pr
oper
ties
Loc
ated
W
ithin
the
Petit
ion
Are
a
Rec
omm
enda
tions
for
the
seve
n hi
stor
ic p
rope
rtie
s id
entif
ied
with
in
the
petit
ion
area
incl
ude:
SIH
P# s
50-
80-1
0-46
80, -
4686
and
-69
32 h
ave
been
thor
ough
ly
docu
men
ted
with
wri
tten
desc
ript
ions
, pho
togr
aphs
, sca
le d
raw
ings
, an
d re
cord
ed w
ith G
PS s
urve
y eq
uipm
ent.
No
furt
her
wor
k is
re
com
men
ded
for
thes
e as
suf
fici
ent i
nfor
mat
ion
rega
rdin
g lo
catio
n,
func
tion,
age
, and
con
stru
ctio
n m
etho
ds o
f th
ese
hist
oric
pro
pert
ies
has
been
gen
erat
ed b
y th
e cu
rren
t inv
ento
ry s
urve
y in
vest
igat
ion
to
miti
gate
any
adv
erse
eff
ect c
ause
d by
pro
pose
d de
velo
pmen
t act
iviti
es.
SIH
P# s
50-
80-1
0-46
83 a
nd -
6933
are
his
tori
c ch
arco
al k
ilns.
No
furt
her
wor
k is
rec
omm
ende
d fo
r th
ese
hist
oric
pro
pert
ies.
Suf
fici
ent
info
rmat
ion
rega
rdin
g th
e lo
catio
n, f
unct
ion,
age
, and
con
stru
ctio
n m
etho
ds o
f th
ese
hist
oric
pro
pert
ies
has
been
gen
erat
ed b
y th
e cu
rren
t in
vent
ory
surv
ey a
nd o
ther
inve
stig
atio
ns (
Mee
ker
1995
, Doc
kall
et a
l. 20
03, a
nd A
llen
1987
), to
miti
gate
any
adv
erse
eff
ect c
ause
d by
pr
opos
ed d
evel
opm
ent a
ctiv
ities
.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
is a
pre
-Con
tact
hab
itatio
n si
te .
Pres
erva
tion,
in
the
form
of
avoi
danc
e an
d pr
otec
tion,
is r
ecom
men
ded
for
the
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
4. A
dditi
onal
ly, a
larg
e gr
indi
ng s
tone
was
dis
cove
red
appr
oxim
atel
y 40
m s
outh
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
. In
the
abse
nce
of
any
othe
r cu
ltura
l mat
eria
l and
con
side
ring
that
it is
a g
ood
exam
ple
of
its ty
pe, m
ovin
g it
with
in th
e pr
eser
vatio
n bo
unda
ry f
or S
IHP#
50-
80-
10-4
684
is r
ecom
men
ded.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
is a
pre
-Con
tact
enc
losu
re/p
oten
tial c
erem
onia
l st
ruct
ure.
Pre
serv
atio
n, in
the
form
of
avoi
danc
e an
d pr
otec
tion,
is
reco
mm
ende
d fo
r th
e SI
HP
# 50
-80-
10-6
930.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
M
anag
emen
t Sum
mar
y
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
v
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Miti
gatio
n R
ecom
men
datio
ns
for
His
tori
c Pr
oper
ties
Loc
ated
in
the
Vic
inity
of
the
Petit
ion
Are
a
Rec
omm
enda
tions
for
the
four
his
tori
c pr
oper
ties
iden
tifie
d in
the
vici
nity
of
the
petit
ion
area
incl
ude:
SIH
P 50
-80-
10-3
54, K
awa‘
ewa‘
a H
eiau
, is
loca
ted
appr
oxim
atel
y 30
m
(10
0 ft
) w
est,
outs
ide
of th
e cu
rren
t pet
ition
are
a. I
t has
bee
n on
the
Nat
iona
l Reg
iste
r of
His
tori
c Pl
aces
(N
HR
P) s
ince
197
2 an
d is
m
aint
aine
d by
the
seve
ral c
once
rned
gro
ups.
The
clie
nt h
as e
stab
lishe
d a
100
ft. b
uffe
r ar
ound
this
his
tori
c pr
oper
ty a
nd c
ontin
ues
to w
ork
with
con
cern
ed “
care
take
r” g
roup
s.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4681
loca
ted
appr
oxim
atel
y 15
m (
50 f
t) s
outh
wes
t of
the
curr
ent p
etiti
on a
rea
is a
pre
-Con
tact
hab
itatio
n/ag
ricu
ltura
l site
. A
lthou
gh s
uffi
cien
t dat
a w
as o
bser
ved
to q
ualif
y SI
HP#
50-
80-1
0-46
81 a
s a
site
, the
veg
etat
ion,
pri
mar
ily h
au, i
n th
e ar
ea w
as to
o de
nse
to d
efin
itive
ly e
stab
lish
the
site
bou
ndar
ies.
Pre
serv
atio
n, in
the
form
of
avo
idan
ce a
nd p
rote
ctio
n, is
rec
omm
ende
d fo
r SI
HP
# 50
-80-
10-
4681
with
the
unde
rsta
ndin
g th
at th
e si
te b
ound
arie
s be
fir
mly
es
tabl
ishe
d pr
ior
to in
teri
m p
rote
ctio
n m
easu
res.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6929
is a
pre
-Con
tact
qua
rry
site
loca
ted
appr
oxim
atel
y 20
m (
66 f
t) e
ast o
f th
e pe
titio
n ar
ea. P
rese
rvat
ion,
in
the
form
of
avoi
danc
e an
d pr
otec
tion,
is r
ecom
men
ded.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6931
loca
ted
appr
oxim
atel
y 15
m (
50 f
t) s
outh
of
the
curr
ent p
etiti
on a
rea
is a
pos
sibl
e pr
e-C
onta
ct c
erem
onia
l are
a.
Pres
erva
tion,
in th
e fo
rm o
f av
oida
nce
and
prot
ectio
n, is
rec
omm
ende
d fo
r th
e SI
HP
# 50
-80-
10-6
931.
Add
ition
al
Rec
omm
enda
tions
A
n ar
chae
olog
ical
mon
itori
ng p
rogr
am is
rec
omm
ende
d to
add
ress
the
pote
ntia
l of
proj
ect r
elat
ed e
xcav
atio
ns im
pact
ing
subs
urfa
ce c
ultu
ral
mat
eria
l. Sh
ould
SH
PD r
equi
re a
rcha
eolo
gica
l mon
itori
ng f
or th
e H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
Pro
ject
, an
arch
aeol
ogic
al
mon
itori
ng p
lan,
wri
tten
to f
ulfi
ll th
e re
quir
emen
ts o
f H
awai
‘i
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Rul
es C
hapt
er 1
3-27
9, w
ill n
eed
to b
e re
view
ed a
nd
appr
oved
by
SHPD
pri
or to
any
land
dis
turb
ing
activ
ities
with
in th
e pr
ojec
t are
a
Add
ition
ally
, it i
s re
com
men
ded
that
a h
isto
ric
prop
ertie
s pr
eser
vatio
n pl
an b
e pr
epar
ed f
or th
e pr
opos
ed H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
pr
ojec
t, in
acc
orda
nce
with
Haw
ai‘i
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Rul
es (
HA
R)
13-
277-
3, to
add
ress
buf
fer
zone
s an
d pr
otec
tive
mea
sure
s fo
r al
l his
tori
c pr
oper
ties
reco
mm
ende
d fo
r pr
eser
vatio
n w
ithin
and
nea
r th
e pe
titio
n ar
ea. T
his
pres
erva
tion
plan
sho
uld
deta
il th
e sh
ort a
nd lo
ng te
rm
pres
erva
tion
mea
sure
s th
at w
ill s
afeg
uard
the
hist
oric
pro
pert
y du
ring
pr
ojec
t con
stru
ctio
n an
d su
bseq
uent
use
of
the
petit
ion
area
.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
CSH
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
vi
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Tab
le o
f C
onte
nts
Man
agem
ent
Sum
mar
y ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... i�
Sect
ion
1 In
trod
ucti
on ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
1�
1.1
Proj
ect B
ackg
roun
d ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.. 1�
1.2
Scop
e of
Wor
k ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.... 5
�1.
3 E
nvir
onm
enta
l Set
ting
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
. 6�
1.3.
1 N
atur
al E
nvir
onm
ent..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
. 6�
1.3.
2 B
uilt
Env
iron
men
t ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.. 7�
Sect
ion
2 M
etho
ds ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
9�
2.1
Fiel
d M
etho
ds ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
9�
2.2
Lab
orat
ory
Met
hods
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
9�2.
3 D
ocum
ent R
evie
w ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 1
0�2.
4 C
onsu
ltatio
n ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
10�
Sect
ion
3 B
ackg
roun
d R
esea
rch
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
. 11�
3.1
Tra
ditio
nal a
nd H
isto
rica
l Bac
kgro
und .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 1
1�3.
1.1
Myt
holo
gica
l and
Tra
ditio
nal A
ccou
nts
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
. 11�
3.1.
2 Pr
e-C
onta
ct P
erio
d ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
. 14�
3.1.
3 E
arly
His
tori
c Pe
riod
, 177
8-18
40 ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 1
4�3.
1.4
Mid
180
0s –
The
M�h
ele
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
15�
3.1.
5 18
60s
to 1
920,
Sug
ar a
nd R
ice
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 1
7�3.
1.6
Ran
chin
g ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.... 1
7�3.
1.7
1890
s to
Pre
sent
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 1
8�3.
2 Pr
evio
us A
rcha
eolo
gica
l Res
earc
h ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
. 20�
3.2.
1 Pr
evio
us S
tudi
es A
djac
ent t
o or
Inc
ludi
ng P
ortio
ns o
f th
e Pr
ojec
t Are
a ...
......
......
......
......
... 2
0�3.
2.2
Bac
kgro
und
Sum
mar
y an
d Pr
edic
tive
Mod
el ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 2
5�
Sect
ion
4 R
esul
ts o
f F
ield
wor
k ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
. 29�
4.1
Surv
ey F
indi
ngs .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.. 29
�4.
1.1
His
tori
c Pr
oper
ties
Loc
ated
With
in T
he C
urre
nt P
etiti
on A
rea.
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
.. 35
�4.
1.2
His
tori
c Pr
oper
ties
Loc
ated
in th
e V
icin
ity o
f th
e C
urre
nt P
etiti
on A
rea.
.....
......
......
......
.....
76�
4.1.
3 Si
te 3
55 (
The
Hol
ua S
lide)
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.... 9
3�4.
1.4
Prev
ious
ly R
ecor
ded
His
tori
c Pr
oper
ties
Con
side
red
Non
-Cul
tura
l .....
......
......
......
......
......
.. 93
�
Sect
ion
5 Su
mm
ary
and
Inte
rpre
tati
on...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
96�
5.1
His
tori
c Pr
oper
ties
Loc
ated
With
in th
e C
urre
nt P
etiti
on A
rea
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.... 9
6�5.
2 H
isto
ric
Prop
ertie
s L
ocat
ed N
ear
the
Cur
rent
Pet
ition
Are
a ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.... 9
8�5.
3 D
iscu
ssio
n ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.. 98
�
Sect
ion
6 Si
gnif
ican
ce A
sses
smen
ts ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.... 1
02�
6.1
His
tori
c Pr
oper
ties
Loc
ated
With
in th
e C
urre
nt P
etiti
on A
rea
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.. 10
2�6.
2 H
isto
ric
Prop
ertie
s L
ocat
ed N
ear
the
Cur
rent
Pet
ition
Are
a ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.. 10
3�
Sect
ion
7 P
roje
ct E
ffec
t an
d M
itig
atio
n R
ecom
men
dati
ons .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.. 10
6�
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
CSH
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
vi
i
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
7.1
Proj
ect E
ffec
t ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
. 106
�7.
2 M
itiga
tion
Rec
omm
enda
tions
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
106�
7.2.
1 H
isto
ric
Prop
ertie
s L
ocat
ed W
ithin
the
Cur
rent
Pet
ition
Are
a ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
.... 1
06�
7.2.
2 H
isto
ric
Prop
ertie
s L
ocat
ed N
ear
the
Cur
rent
Pet
ition
Are
a ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
. 107
�
Sect
ion
8 R
efer
ence
s C
ited
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 1
10�
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
CSH
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
vi
ii
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Lis
t of
Fig
ures
Fi
gure
1. P
ortio
n of
U.S
. Geo
logi
cal S
urve
y 7.
5 M
inut
e Se
ries
Top
ogra
phic
Map
, Kan
eohe
, HI.
Q
uadr
angl
e (1
998)
, sho
win
g th
e lo
catio
n of
the
proj
ect a
rea.
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
....2
�Fi
gure
2. T
ax M
ap K
ey (
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001)
sho
win
g th
e cu
rren
t pet
ition
are
a. ..
......
......
.....3
�Fi
gure
3. A
200
5 ae
rial
pho
togr
aph
show
ing
the
loca
tion
of th
e cu
rren
t pet
ition
are
a (U
.S.
Geo
logi
cal S
urve
y O
rtho
imag
ery
2005
). ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...4�
Figu
re 4
. Ove
rlay
of
Soil
Surv
ey o
f th
e St
ate
of H
awai
‘i (
Foot
e et
al.
1972
), in
dica
ting
sedi
men
t ty
pes
with
in th
e pe
titio
n ar
ea (
sour
ce: S
oils
Sur
vey
Geo
grap
hic
Dat
abas
e [S
SUG
RO
] 20
01, U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Agr
icul
ture
). ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....8
�Fi
gure
7. P
ortio
n of
195
9 B
isho
p M
useu
m m
ap s
how
ing
the
loca
tions
of
arch
aeol
ogic
al s
ites
iden
tifie
d by
McA
llist
er (
1933
) in
rel
atio
n to
the
curr
ent p
etiti
on a
rea
(ada
pted
fro
m
Ster
ling
and
Sum
mer
s 19
78) .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...23
�Fi
gure
8. M
ap s
how
ing
the
curr
ent p
etiti
on a
rea
(illu
stra
ted
in r
ed)
in r
elat
ion
to th
at o
f Sz
abia
n et
al (
1989
) (a
dapt
ed f
rom
Sza
bian
et a
l 198
9:2)
. .....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...28
�Fi
gure
10.
Map
sho
win
g th
e cu
rren
t pet
ition
are
a (i
llust
rate
d in
red
) an
d si
te lo
catio
ns in
rel
atio
n to
the
Szab
ian
et a
l fie
ld m
ap (
adap
ted
from
Sza
bian
et a
l 198
9:2)
.....
......
......
......
......
.....3
4�Fi
gure
11.
Pla
n vi
ew d
iagr
am o
f SI
HP
# 50
-80-
10-4
680.
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..36�
Figu
re 1
2. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
680,
ove
rvie
w o
f ro
ck m
ound
, vie
w to
the
wes
t. ...
......
......
......
......
37�
Figu
re 1
3. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
680,
clo
se-u
p of
roc
k m
ound
, vie
w to
wes
t. ...
......
......
......
......
......
.37�
Figu
re 1
4. P
lan
view
and
pro
file
of
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
3. ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
39�
Figu
re 1
5. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
83, r
ecta
ngul
ar e
xcav
atio
n vi
ewed
fro
m th
e ea
st. ..
......
......
......
.....4
0�Fi
gure
16.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4683
, nat
ural
terr
acin
g vi
ewed
fro
m th
e ea
st. ..
......
......
......
......
......
...40
�Fi
gure
17.
Pic
ture
sho
win
g SI
HP#
50-
80-1
0-46
83 in
rel
atio
n to
the
unau
thor
ized
pai
ntba
ll ar
ea.4
1�Fi
gure
18.
Pla
n vi
ew d
iagr
am o
f SI
HP#
50-
80-1
0-46
84 s
how
ing
the
loca
tion
of T
est U
nits
1 &
2 as
wel
l as
a gr
indi
ng s
tone
dis
cove
red
sout
h of
the
site
pro
per.
.....
......
......
......
......
......
.....4
4�Fi
gure
19.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
Fea
ture
A, h
ouse
str
uctu
re, v
iew
to th
e no
rthe
ast.
......
......
......
.45�
Figu
re 2
0. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
84 F
eatu
re B
, bas
alt c
obbl
e/ r
ock
terr
ace
wal
l, vi
ew to
the
nort
h. 45
�Fi
gure
21.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
Fea
ture
C, b
asal
t bou
lder
and
cob
ble
wal
l, vi
ew to
the
nort
h. .4
6�Fi
gure
22.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
Fea
ture
D, c
-sha
ped
rock
fea
ture
, vie
w to
the
sout
hwes
t. ...
....4
6�Fi
gure
23.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
Fea
ture
E, c
ircu
lar
rock
fea
ture
, pos
sibl
e he
arth
, vie
w to
eas
t.47�
Figu
re 2
4. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
84 F
eatu
re F
, c-s
hape
d ro
ck f
eatu
re, v
iew
to th
e no
rthe
ast.
......
...47
�Fi
gure
25.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
Fea
ture
G, c
-sha
ped
rock
fea
ture
. ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
....4
8�Fi
gure
26.
Pre
-exc
avat
ion
pict
ure
of T
est U
nit 1
. .....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...50
�Fi
gure
27.
Pos
t-ex
cava
tion
pict
ure
of T
est U
nit 1
. ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..50�
Figu
re 2
8. P
ictu
re o
f th
e no
rthe
ast p
rofi
le, T
est U
nit 1
. ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
51�
Figu
re 2
9. D
raw
ing
of th
e no
rthe
ast p
rofi
le, T
est U
nit 1
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...52
�Fi
gure
30.
Pos
t exc
avat
ion
plan
vie
w o
f T
est U
nit 1
. ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....5
3�Fi
gure
31.
Pre
-exc
avat
ion
pict
ure
of T
est U
nit 2
. .....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...54
�Fi
gure
32.
Pos
t-ex
cava
tion
pict
ure
of T
est U
nit 2
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..54�
Figu
re 3
3. P
ictu
re o
f th
e so
uthe
ast p
rofi
le, T
est U
nit 2
. ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
55�
Figu
re 3
4. D
raw
ing
of th
e so
uthe
ast p
rofi
le, T
est U
nit 2
. ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...56
�Fi
gure
35.
Pos
t-ex
cava
tion
plan
vie
w o
f T
est U
nit 2
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...57
�Fi
gure
36.
Pic
ture
of
the
grin
ding
sto
ne o
rien
ted
nort
heas
t. ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.58�
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
CSH
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
ix
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 3
7. P
ictu
re o
f th
e gr
indi
ng s
tone
ori
ente
d no
rthw
est. .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..59�
Figu
re 3
8. P
ictu
re s
how
ing
the
grin
ding
sto
ne o
rien
ted
nort
h. ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....5
9�Fi
gure
39.
Pla
n vi
ew d
iagr
am o
f SI
HP
# 50
-80-
10-4
686
Feat
ure
A, r
ock
alig
nmen
t. ...
......
......
...61
�Fi
gure
40.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4686
Fea
ture
A, b
ould
er a
lignm
ent,
view
to th
e so
uthw
est ..
......
......
62�
Figu
re 4
1. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
86 F
eatu
re B
, dis
turb
ed a
rea,
vie
w to
the
sout
h. ..
......
......
......
......
.62�
Figu
re 4
2. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
86 F
eatu
re B
, rub
bish
are
a, v
iew
to th
e no
rthw
est. .
......
......
......
....6
3�Fi
gure
43.
Plan
vie
w o
f SI
HP#
50-
80-1
0-69
30. .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....6
5�Fi
gure
44.
The
nor
thw
est c
orne
r of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
. ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
66�
Figu
re 4
5. A
por
tion
of th
e w
est w
all o
f SI
HP#
50-
80-1
0-69
30. .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.66�
Figu
re 4
6. T
he a
rea
wes
t of
the
notc
h al
ong
the
east
wal
l. ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...67
�Fi
gure
47.
An
exam
ple
of th
e st
one
tool
s ob
serv
ed in
the
gene
ral s
ite v
icin
ity. .
......
......
......
......
..67�
Figu
re 4
8. A
pic
ture
of
the
sout
h w
all o
f T
est U
nit 1
, SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
. ....
......
......
......
......
.68�
Figu
re 4
9. A
pro
file
dra
win
g of
the
sout
h w
all o
f T
est U
nit 1
, SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
. .....
......
.....6
9�Fi
gure
50.
Pla
n vi
ew a
nd p
rofi
le o
f SI
HP#
50-
80-1
0-69
32. ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..71�
Figu
re 5
1. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
32 v
iew
ed f
rom
the
sout
h. ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....7
2�Fi
gure
52.
Pla
n vi
ew o
f SI
HP#
50-
80-1
0-69
33 ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...74
�Fi
gure
53.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6933
fac
ed s
tone
alig
nmen
t vie
wed
fro
m th
e ea
st. .
......
......
......
......
..75�
Figu
re 5
4. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
33 p
it fe
atur
e vi
ewed
fro
m th
e ea
st. ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..75�
Figu
re 5
5. K
awa‘
ewa‘
e H
eiau
(ad
apte
d fr
om M
cCal
liste
r 19
33:1
80) .
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....7
7�Fi
gure
56
A s
ketc
h of
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘e
Hei
au s
how
ing
the
loca
tion
of F
eatu
re A
. (pr
ovid
ed b
y M
r.
Cha
rlie
Oga
ta) .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.78 �
Figu
re 5
7. P
lan
view
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
354
Feat
ure
A. .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
79�
Figu
re 5
8. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-35
4 Fe
atur
e A
vie
wed
fro
m th
e ea
st, s
how
ing
Sect
ion
1. ...
......
......
..80�
Figu
re 5
9. S
IHP#
50-
80 1
0-35
4 Fe
atur
e A
sho
win
g Se
ctio
n 2,
fro
m th
e ea
st. .
......
......
......
......
....8
0�Fi
gure
60.
Pla
n vi
ew d
iagr
am o
f SI
HP#
50-
80-1
0-46
81 e
nclo
sure
s an
d te
rrac
ing.
.....
......
......
.....8
2�Fi
gure
61.
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
1 Fe
atur
e A
, ove
rvie
w o
f c-
shap
ed h
abita
tion
feat
ure,
vie
w to
th
e so
uth.
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....8
3�Fi
gure
62.
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
1 Fe
atur
e B
, cir
cula
r ro
ck f
eatu
re, v
iew
to th
e so
uth.
.....
......
.....8
3�Fi
gure
63.
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
1 Fe
atur
e C
, a b
asal
t cob
ble
terr
ace
wal
l, vi
ew to
the
sout
h. ..
...84
�Fi
gure
64.
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
1 Fe
atur
e D
, ter
race
wal
l, vi
ew to
the
wes
t. ....
......
......
......
......
...84
�Fi
gure
65.
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
1 Fe
atur
e E
, ove
rvie
w o
f c-
shap
ed r
ock
feat
ure,
vie
w to
the
sout
heas
t. ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
85�
Figu
re 6
6. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
681
Feat
ure
E, c
lose
-up
of w
all,
view
to th
e so
uthe
ast. .
......
......
....8
5�Fi
gure
67.
Pla
n vi
ew o
f SI
HP#
50-
80-1
0-69
29. .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...87
�Fi
gure
68.
Vie
w o
f C
once
ntra
tion
B f
acin
g ea
st...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.88�
Figu
re 6
9. E
xam
ple
of th
e ar
tifac
ts o
bser
ved
in th
e ar
ea. ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
88�
Figu
re 7
0. P
lan
view
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6931
. ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
90�
Figu
re 7
1. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
31, F
eatu
re A
vie
wed
fac
ing
wes
t. ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..91�
Figu
re 7
2. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
31, F
eatu
re C
fac
ing
nort
h. ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...92
�Fi
gure
73.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6931
, Fea
ture
D v
iew
ed f
acin
g ea
st. .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
92�
Figu
re 7
4. S
HIP
# 5
0-80
-10-
4682
Nat
ural
terr
acin
g, v
iew
to th
e so
uthe
ast. .
......
......
......
......
......
..94�
Figu
re 7
5. S
HIP
# 5
0-80
-10-
4682
Nat
ural
terr
acin
g, v
iew
to th
e so
uthw
est.
......
......
......
......
......
.95�
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
CSH
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
x
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Lis
t of
Tab
les
Tab
le 1
. Pre
viou
s A
rcha
eolo
gica
l Stu
dies
in th
e V
icin
ity o
f C
urre
nt P
roje
ct A
rea
......
......
......
....2
2�T
able
2. H
isto
ric
Prop
ertie
s id
entif
ied
in th
e in
the
Szab
ian
et a
l. 19
89 A
rcha
eolo
gica
l Sur
vey
..26�
Tab
le 3
. Site
s id
entif
ied
with
in o
r ne
ar th
e pe
titio
n ar
ea. .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.31�
Tab
le 4
. Soi
l des
crip
tion
of T
est U
nit 1
. ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
52�
Tab
le 5
. Soi
l des
crip
tion
of T
est U
nit 2
. ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
56�
Tab
le 6
. Soi
l des
crip
tion
of T
est U
nit 1
. ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
69�
Tab
le 7
. Sig
nifi
canc
e as
sess
men
ts f
or s
ites
loca
ted
with
in th
e pr
ojec
t are
a. ..
......
......
......
......
.....1
04�
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
In
trod
uctio
n
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
1
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Sect
ion
1In
trod
uctio
n
1.1
Pro
ject
Bac
kgro
und
At
the
requ
est
of H
elbe
r, H
aste
rt &
Fee
Pla
nner
s, C
ultu
ral
Surv
eys
Haw
ai‘i
, In
c. (
CSH
) co
nduc
ted
an a
rcha
eolo
gica
l in
vent
ory
surv
ey o
f ap
prox
imat
ely
66-a
cres
of
Stat
e C
onse
rvat
ion
land
ow
ned
by
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial
Lif
e Pl
an
LT
D.
The
in
itial
pr
ojec
t ar
ea
cons
iste
d of
ap
prox
imat
ely
53 a
cres
. Fo
llow
ing
the
pede
stri
an i
nspe
ctio
n, t
he b
ound
arie
s of
the
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial
Park
E
xpan
sion
pr
ojec
t ar
ea
wer
e ad
just
ed
to
incl
ude
buff
er
zone
s fo
r se
lect
ar
chae
olog
ical
res
ourc
es i
dent
ifie
d al
ong
the
peri
pher
y of
the
pro
ject
are
a. A
s a
resu
lt, a
n ad
ditio
nal 1
3 ac
res
was
add
ed to
the
proj
ect a
rea
to a
ccou
nt f
or th
e lo
st a
crea
ge. T
he p
etiti
on a
rea
defi
ned
for
this
rep
ort
is a
ppro
xim
atel
y 56
.6 a
cres
(Fi
gure
1).
The
cur
rent
pro
ject
are
a is
loc
ated
ad
jace
nt t
o th
e ex
istin
g H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Pa
rk,
K�n
e‘oh
e A
hupu
a’a,
Ko‘
olau
poko
Dis
tric
t, Is
land
of
O‘a
hu (
TM
K:
[1]
4-05
-033
:001
) (F
igur
e 2
and
Figu
re 3
). T
he m
auka
sid
e th
e pr
ojec
t ar
ea i
s bo
rder
ed b
y th
e H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Pa
rk a
nd e
xten
ds m
akai
to
Poha
i N
ani
Ret
irem
ent
Com
mun
ity.
From
the
sou
th a
nd e
ast
it is
bou
nded
by
Kap
a‘a
ridg
e, a
nd t
o th
e no
rthw
est
by a
ho
usin
g de
velo
pmen
t and
Nam
oku
Stre
et. T
he p
roje
ct a
rea
exte
nds
mau
ka to
app
roxi
mat
ely
170
m (
557
ft)
elev
atio
n.
The
pro
ject
are
a co
nsis
ts o
f a
priv
atel
y ow
ned,
und
evel
oped
are
a. F
ield
sur
vey
wor
k re
veal
ed
that
por
tions
of
the
proj
ect a
rea
are
bein
g ut
ilize
d fo
r un
auth
oriz
ed h
ikin
g an
d pa
intb
all a
ctiv
ities
. Pr
opos
ed d
evel
opm
ents
with
in t
he p
roje
ct a
rea
incl
ude
new
int
ernm
ent
area
s, a
res
iden
tial
subd
ivis
ion
and
asso
ciat
ed r
oadw
ays.
Min
imal
ly,
the
land
alte
ratio
n w
ould
inc
lude
, su
rfac
e gr
ubbi
ng a
nd g
radi
ng e
xcav
atio
ns a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
e in
stal
latio
n of
sub
-sur
face
util
ities
, hou
sing
co
nstr
uctio
n, a
nd la
ndsc
apin
g.
In c
onsu
ltatio
n w
ith t
he H
awai
‘i S
tate
His
tori
c Pr
eser
vatio
n D
ivis
ion
(SH
PD),
the
inv
ento
ry
surv
ey w
as d
esig
ned
to f
ulfi
ll St
ate
requ
irem
ents
for
an
arch
aeol
ogic
al i
nven
tory
sur
vey
per
HA
R C
hapt
er 1
3-13
-276
and
Cha
pter
13-
13-2
84.
CSH
com
plet
ed t
he f
ield
wor
k co
mpo
nent
of
the
arch
aeol
ogic
al i
nven
tory
sur
vey
unde
r SH
PD p
erm
it N
o. 0
7-19
, pe
r H
awai
‘i A
dmin
istr
ativ
e R
ules
(H
AR
) C
hapt
er 1
3-13
-282
.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
In
trod
uctio
n
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
2
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 1
. Por
tion
of U
.S. G
eolo
gica
l Su
rvey
7.5
Min
ute
Seri
es T
opog
raph
ic M
ap, K
aneo
he, H
I.
Qua
dran
gle
(199
8), s
how
ing
the
loca
tion
of th
e pr
ojec
t are
a.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
In
trod
uctio
n
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
3
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 2
. Tax
Map
Key
(T
MK
: [1]
4-0
5-03
3:00
1) s
how
ing
the
curr
ent p
etiti
on a
rea.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
In
trod
uctio
n
Figu
re 3
. A
200
5 ae
rial
pho
togr
aph
show
ing
the
loca
tion
of t
he c
urre
nt p
etiti
on a
rea
(U.S
. G
eolo
gica
l Sur
vey
Ort
hoim
ager
y 20
05).
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
4
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
In
trod
uctio
n
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
5
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
1.2
Scop
e of
Wor
k T
he a
rcha
eolo
gica
l in
vent
ory
surv
ey a
nd i
ts a
ccom
pany
ing
repo
rt w
ill d
ocum
ent
all
hist
oric
pr
oper
ties
with
in t
he s
ubje
ct p
arce
l. T
he p
repa
red
inve
ntor
y su
rvey
will
be
in c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith
stat
e st
anda
rds
and
will
be
subm
itted
for
rev
iew
and
app
rova
l to
the
Sta
te H
isto
ric
Pres
erva
tion
Div
isio
n/D
epar
tmen
t of
Lan
d an
d N
atur
al R
esou
rces
(SH
PD/D
LN
R),
and
inc
lude
the
fol
low
ing
elem
ents
.
1.A
com
plet
e gr
ound
sur
vey
of t
he e
ntir
e pr
ojec
t ar
ea f
or t
he p
urpo
se o
f hi
stor
ic p
rope
rty
iden
tific
atio
n an
d do
cum
enta
tion.
All
hist
oric
pro
pert
ies
wou
ld b
e lo
cate
d, d
escr
ibed
, and
m
appe
d w
ith e
valu
atio
n of
fun
ctio
n, i
nter
rela
tions
hips
, an
d si
gnif
ican
ce.
Doc
umen
tatio
n w
ill i
nclu
de p
hoto
grap
hs a
nd s
cale
dra
win
gs o
f se
lect
ed h
isto
ric
prop
ertie
s. A
ll hi
stor
ic
prop
ertie
s w
ill b
e as
sign
ed I
nven
tory
of H
isto
ric
Pro
pert
ies
num
bers
by
the
Stat
e.
2.Su
bsur
face
test
ing
to d
eter
min
e if
sub
surf
ace
depo
sits
are
loca
ted
in th
e pr
ojec
t are
a, a
nd,
if s
o, e
valu
ate
thei
r si
gnif
ican
ce. I
f ap
prop
riat
e sa
mpl
es f
rom
thes
e ex
cava
tions
are
fou
nd,
they
will
be
anal
yzed
for
chr
onol
ogic
al a
nd p
aleo
-env
iron
men
tal i
nfor
mat
ion.
3.R
esea
rch
on h
isto
ric
and
arch
aeol
ogic
al b
ackg
roun
d, i
nclu
ding
sea
rch
of h
isto
ric
map
s,
wri
tten
reco
rds,
and
Lan
d C
omm
issi
on A
war
d do
cum
ents
. Thi
s re
sear
ch w
ill f
ocus
on
the
spec
ific
are
a w
ith g
ener
al b
ackg
roun
d on
the
ahu
pua‘
a an
d di
stri
ct a
nd w
ill e
mph
asiz
e se
ttlem
ent p
atte
rns.
4.C
onsu
ltatio
n w
ith c
omm
unity
mem
bers
as
part
of
the
inve
ntor
y su
rvey
pro
cess
. T
his
cons
ulta
tion
requ
ires
co
ntac
ting
know
ledg
eabl
e m
embe
rs
of
the
com
mun
ity
and
requ
estin
g in
form
atio
n on
his
tori
c an
d cu
ltura
l iss
ues
rela
ted
to th
e pr
oper
ty.
5.Pr
epar
atio
n of
a s
urve
y re
port
whi
ch w
ill in
clud
e th
e fo
llow
ing:
a.A
topo
grap
hic
map
of
the
surv
ey a
rea
show
ing
all h
isto
ric
prop
ertie
s;
b.R
esul
ts
of
cons
ulta
tion
with
kn
owle
dgea
ble
com
mun
ity
mem
bers
ab
out
the
prop
erty
and
its
hist
oric
al a
nd c
ultu
ral i
ssue
s.
c.D
escr
iptio
n of
all
hist
oric
pro
pert
ies
with
sel
ecte
d ph
otog
raph
s, s
cale
dra
win
gs,
and
disc
ussi
ons
of f
unct
ion;
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
In
trod
uctio
n
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
6
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
d.H
isto
rica
l an
d ar
chae
olog
ical
bac
kgro
und
sect
ions
sum
mar
izin
g pr
ehis
tori
c an
d hi
stor
ic la
nd u
se a
s th
ey r
elat
e to
the
proj
ect a
rea’
s hi
stor
ic p
rope
rtie
s;
e.A
su
mm
ary
of
hist
oric
pr
oper
ty
cate
gori
es
and
thei
r si
gnif
ican
ce
in
an
arch
aeol
ogic
al a
nd h
isto
ric
cont
ext;
f.R
ecom
men
datio
ns b
ased
on
all i
nfor
mat
ion
gene
rate
d th
at w
ill s
peci
fy w
hat s
teps
sh
ould
be
ta
ken
to
miti
gate
im
pact
of
de
velo
pmen
t on
th
e pr
ojec
t ar
ea’s
si
gnif
ican
t hi
stor
ic
prop
ertie
s -
such
as
da
ta
reco
very
(e
xcav
atio
n)
and
pres
erva
tion
of s
peci
fic
area
s. T
hese
rec
omm
enda
tions
will
be
deve
lope
d in
co
nsul
tatio
n w
ith th
e cl
ient
and
the
Stat
e ag
enci
es.
Thi
s sc
ope
of w
ork
also
inc
lude
s fu
ll co
ordi
natio
n w
ith t
he S
tate
His
tori
c Pr
eser
vatio
n D
ivis
ion
(SH
PD),
and
Cou
nty,
rel
atin
g to
arc
haeo
logi
cal
mat
ters
. T
his
coor
dina
tion
take
s pl
ace
afte
r co
nsen
t of
the
owne
r or
rep
rese
ntat
ives
.
1.3
Env
iron
men
tal S
etti
ng
1.3.
1N
atur
al E
nvir
onm
ent
The
pro
ject
are
a is
loc
ated
with
in t
he W
indw
ard
O‘a
hu d
istr
ict
of K
o‘ol
aupo
ko,
and
is
situ
ated
with
in t
he a
hupu
a‘a
(tra
ditio
nal
land
div
isio
n) o
f K�n
e‘oh
e. K
�ne‘
ohe
is a
lar
ge
ahup
ua‘a
of
appr
oxim
atel
y 11
,000
acr
es, e
xten
ding
fro
m W
indw
ard
cres
t of
the
Ko‘
olau
Ran
ge
to i
nclu
de m
ost
of t
he M
�kap
u Pe
nins
ula
and
is b
orde
red
by t
he a
hupu
a‘a
of H
e‘ei
a to
the
wes
t an
d K
ailu
a to
the
east
. Ele
vatio
ns r
ange
fro
m 6
0 m
eter
s ab
ove
sea
leve
l (M
SL)
to 1
22 M
SL, a
nd
annu
al r
ainf
all i
s hi
gh a
t app
roxi
mat
ely
1500
mill
imet
ers
(50
inch
es)
(Gia
mbe
lluca
et a
l. 19
86).
Soils
in th
e pr
opos
ed p
roje
ct a
rea
incl
ude
K�n
e‘oh
e si
lty c
lay
(KgC
), 8
-15%
slo
pes,
K�n
e‘oh
e si
lty c
lay
(KH
OF)
, 30
-65%
slo
pes;
Ala
eloa
silt
y cl
ay (
AeE
), 1
5-35
% s
lope
s; a
nd A
lael
oa s
ilty
clay
(A
LF)
, 40
-70
% s
lope
s; a
nd H
elem
ano
silty
cla
y (H
LM
G),
30-
90%
slo
pes;
(Fo
ote
et a
l. 19
72).
Kan
eohe
ser
ies
soils
are
gen
eral
ly w
ell-
drai
ned
soils
on
terr
aces
and
allu
vial
fan
s on
the
w
indw
ard
side
of
Oah
u. T
hese
soi
ls d
evel
oped
in
allu
vium
and
col
luvi
um d
eriv
ed f
rom
bas
ic
igne
ous
rock
. In
a f
ew p
lace
s th
ey d
evel
oped
in
volc
anic
ash
and
in
mat
eria
l w
eath
ered
fro
m
cind
ers.
The
soi
ls a
re g
ently
slo
ping
to v
ery
stee
p. E
leva
tions
ran
ge f
rom
100
to 1
,000
fee
t (So
il Su
rvey
of
the
Stat
e of
Haw
aii 2
007)
.
The
Ala
eloa
ser
ies
cons
ists
of
wel
l-dr
aine
d so
ils o
n up
land
s on
the
isl
ands
of
Mau
i, M
olok
ai,
and
Oah
u. T
hese
soi
ls d
evel
oped
in m
ater
ial w
eath
ered
fro
m b
asic
igne
ous
rock
. The
y ar
e ge
ntly
sl
opin
g to
ver
y st
eep.
Ele
vatio
ns r
ange
fro
m 1
00 t
o 1,
500
feet
. The
Hel
eman
o se
ries
con
sist
s of
w
ell-
drai
ned
soils
on
allu
vial
fan
s an
d co
lluvi
al s
lope
s on
the
side
s of
gul
ches
. The
se s
oils
are
on
the
isla
nd o
f O
ahu.
The
y de
velo
ped
in a
lluvi
um a
nd c
ollu
vium
der
ived
fro
m b
asic
igne
ous
rock
. T
hey
are
stee
p to
ext
rem
ely
stee
p. E
leva
tions
ran
ge f
rom
500
to
1,20
0 fe
et (
Soil
Surv
ey o
f th
e St
ate
of H
awai
i 200
7).
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
In
trod
uctio
n
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
7
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Kaw
a St
ream
is a
ppro
xim
atel
y 12
0-17
5 m
eter
s w
est o
f th
e pr
ojec
t are
a. I
t is
a re
lativ
ely
shor
t (~
4.1
km),
per
enni
al s
trea
m l
ocat
ed m
ostly
in
the
Piko
iloa
Tra
ct o
f so
uthe
rn K
�ne‘
ohe
Tow
n.
The
cen
tral
bra
nch
of t
he s
trea
m a
rise
s w
ithin
the
Nat
iona
l V
eter
ans
Cem
eter
y an
d th
e st
ream
ev
entu
ally
dis
char
ges
into
the
sout
h ba
sin
of K
�ne‘
ohe
Bay
. Kaw
a St
ream
has
a d
rain
age
area
of
4.0
km2 (
1.56
sq.
mile
) th
at i
nclu
des
the
Nat
iona
l V
eter
ans
Cem
eter
y an
d m
ost
of H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Pa
rk
(cem
eter
y),
near
ly
all
of
the
resi
dent
ial
urba
n de
velo
pmen
t’s
east
of
K
ameh
ameh
a H
ighw
ay f
rom
the
cem
eter
y do
wn
to K
�ne‘
ohe
Bay
Dri
ve (
Piko
iloa
subd
ivis
ion,
an
d K
ailu
apuh
i, W
aika
lua
Hom
este
ad),
and
the
Bay
Vie
w G
olf
Cou
rse
(Koo
lau.
net 2
007)
.
Veg
etat
ion
in t
he f
ores
t in
and
aro
und
the
proj
ect
area
is
dom
inat
ed b
y al
ien/
intr
oduc
ed
spec
ies
such
as
al
bizi
a tr
ees
(Par
aser
iant
hes
falc
atar
ia),
C
hris
tmas
be
rry
(Sch
inus
te
rebi
nthi
foliu
s),
he‘e
- o
ctop
us t
ree
(Sch
effle
ra a
ctin
ophy
lla),
Jav
a pl
um (
Syzy
gium
cum
ini)
le
mon
and
str
awbe
rry
guav
a (P
sidi
um g
uaja
va, P
sidi
um c
attle
ianu
m),
iron
woo
d (C
auar
ina
spp.
),
Coo
k an
d/or
Nor
folk
Isl
and
pine
(A
urac
aria
spp
.),
cinn
amon
tre
es (
Cin
nam
omum
sp.
), A
fric
an
tulip
tree
(Sp
atho
dea
cam
panu
lata
), a
nd c
ultiv
ar f
ruit
tree
s su
ch a
s m
ango
(M
angi
fera
indi
ca),
to
nam
e a
few
. T
here
are
sev
eral
Pol
ynes
ian
intr
oduc
tions
suc
h as
kuk
ui (
Ale
urite
s m
oluc
cana
),
(tru
e) k
aman
i (C
alop
hyllu
m i
noph
yllu
m),
hau
(H
ibis
cus
tilia
ceus
), k
i or
ti
(Cor
dylin
e fr
utic
osa)
,no
ni(M
orin
da c
itri
foli
a),‘
ohe
(pos
sibl
y B
ambu
sa v
ulga
ris
and/
or S
chiz
osta
chyu
m g
lauc
ifoliu
m),
an
d m
ai‘a
- b
anan
a (M
usa
spp.
, po
ssib
ly M
. pa
radi
siac
a).
Som
e of
the
se H
awai
ian
“can
oe
plan
ts”
(pla
nts
brou
ght
by t
he e
arly
Pol
ynes
ians
in
thei
r ca
noes
) ar
e in
dica
tors
of
form
er
Haw
aiia
n ha
bita
tion,
agr
icul
ture
and
cul
tura
l us
e th
eref
ore,
pot
entia
l hi
stor
ic p
rope
rtie
s. F
or
exam
ple,
kam
aniw
as o
ften
pla
nted
aro
und
heia
u(t
empl
es),
and
con
side
red
a sa
cred
tree
in p
arts
of
Pol
ynes
ia;
the
sam
e is
tru
e of
ki/t
i; bo
th k
i/ti
and
mai
‘a w
ere
plan
ted
arou
nd t
aro
lo‘i
(p
ondf
ield
s);
and,
th
e la
tter,
m
ai‘a
,w
as
plan
ted
arou
nd
dwel
lings
(h
ttp://
ww
w.c
anoe
plan
ts.c
om/c
onte
nts.
htm
l). U
nder
stor
y an
d gr
ound
cove
r pl
ants
incl
ude
gras
ses
such
as
hono
hono
- b
aske
tgra
ss (
Opl
ism
enus
hir
tellu
s),
a nu
mbe
r of
fer
ns s
uch
as l
aua‘
eor
mai
le-s
cent
ed f
ern
(Phy
mat
osor
us g
ross
us),
bam
boo
orch
id (
Aru
ndin
a gr
amin
ifolia
),an
d m
ore.
T
here
are
als
o a
num
ber
of n
ativ
e pl
ants
with
in t
he p
roje
ct a
rea
such
as
the
indi
geno
us f
ern
pala
‘�(S
phen
omer
is c
hine
nsis
), n
eke
fern
(C
yclo
soru
s in
terr
uptu
s),w
ood
fern
(D
ryop
teri
s sp
.),
ohi‘
a le
hua
tree
s(M
etro
side
ros
spp.
), a
nd t
he s
hrub
/bus
h ul
ei (
Ost
eom
eles
ant
hylli
difo
lia),
to
nam
e a
few
. Sev
eral
of
the
plan
ts l
iste
d ab
ove
have
pas
t an
d pr
esen
t et
hnob
otan
ical
app
licat
ions
(e
.g.,
as
med
icin
al,
build
ing,
w
eavi
ng,
hula
, an
d le
ipl
ants
) fo
r na
tive
Haw
aiia
ns.
Mos
t si
gnif
ican
tly, p
ala‘�
is a
cul
tura
lly a
nd e
cono
mic
ally
val
ued
nativ
e hu
la a
nd le
ifer
n. A
lthou
gh S
.ch
inen
sis
is n
ot l
iste
d as
end
ange
red
or t
hrea
tene
d, i
ts a
vaila
bilit
y is
dec
linin
g dr
amat
ical
ly
(Tic
ktin
et a
l. 20
06).
1.3.
2B
uilt
Env
iron
men
t
The
pro
ject
are
a co
nsis
ts o
f a
priv
atel
y ow
ned,
und
evel
oped
are
a. F
ield
sur
vey
wor
k re
veal
ed
that
por
tions
of
the
proj
ect a
rea
are
bein
g ut
ilize
d fo
r un
auth
oriz
ed h
ikin
g an
d pa
intb
all a
ctiv
ities
. T
he m
auka
sid
e th
e pr
ojec
t ar
ea i
s bo
rder
ed b
y th
e H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Pa
rk a
nd e
xten
ds m
akai
to
the
Poh
ai N
ani
Ret
irem
ent
Com
mun
ity.
From
the
sou
th a
nd e
ast
it is
bou
nded
by
Kap
a‘a
ridg
e, a
nd to
the
nort
hwes
t by
a ho
usin
g de
velo
pmen
t and
Nam
oku
Stre
et.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
In
trod
uctio
n
Figu
re 4
. Ove
rlay
of
Soil
Surv
ey o
f th
e St
ate
of H
awai
‘i (
Foot
e et
al.
1972
), in
dica
ting
sedi
men
t ty
pes
with
in t
he p
etiti
on a
rea
(sou
rce:
Soi
ls S
urve
y G
eogr
aphi
c D
atab
ase
[SSU
GR
O]
2001
, U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f A
gric
ultu
re).
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
8
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
B
ackg
roun
d R
esea
rch
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
9
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Sect
ion
2M
etho
ds
2.1
Fie
ld M
etho
ds
The
Fie
ldw
ork
port
ion
of th
is A
rcha
eolo
gica
l Inv
ento
ry S
urve
y w
as c
arri
ed o
ut f
rom
Oct
ober
17
, 20
06 t
o D
ecem
ber
5, 2
006
and
from
Sep
tem
ber
20,
2007
to
Oct
ober
10,
200
7. T
he
alte
rnat
ing
CSH
fie
ld c
rew
con
sist
ed o
f D
avid
Shi
dele
r, M
.A.,
Dou
g B
orth
wic
k, B
.A.,
Tod
d D
. M
cCur
dy, M
.A.,
Mat
t Bel
l, B
.A.,
Jon
Tul
chin
, B.A
., N
ifae
Hun
kin,
B.A
., Se
an B
arns
, M.A
., L
isa
Gol
lin, P
h. D
, Kul
ani
Jone
s, B
.S.,
Jenn
ifer
Ols
on, B
.A.,
Sean
Nal
eim
aile
, B.A
., A
uli‘
i M
itche
ll,
B.A
., K
evin
Dal
ton,
B.A
., an
d K
elly
Uye
oka,
B.A
., un
der
the
gene
ral
supe
rvis
ion
of H
alle
tt H
. H
amm
att,
Ph.D
. T
he f
ield
req
uire
d 62
per
son-
days
to
com
plet
e. F
ield
wor
k co
nsis
ted
of a
100
%
cove
rage
ped
estr
ian
insp
ectio
n of
the
pro
ject
are
a an
d lim
ited
subs
urfa
ce t
estin
g at
sel
ect
arch
aeol
ogic
al s
ites
The
ped
estr
ian
insp
ectio
n of
the
pro
ject
are
a w
as a
ccom
plis
hed
thro
ugh
syst
emat
ic s
wee
ps
(tra
nsec
ts)
acro
ss t
he l
ands
cape
. T
he s
paci
ng i
nter
val
betw
een
arch
aeol
ogis
ts w
as 5
-10
met
ers.
A
ll hi
stor
ic
prop
ertie
s en
coun
tere
d w
ere
reco
rded
an
d do
cum
ente
d w
ith
a w
ritte
n fi
eld
desc
ript
ion,
si
te
map
, ph
otog
raph
s,
and
loca
ted
utili
zing
th
e G
loba
l Po
sitio
ning
Sy
stem
te
chno
logy
of
a G
arm
in G
PSm
ap76
S un
it or
a T
rim
ble
PRO
XR
GPS
.
Subs
urfa
ce
test
ing
cons
iste
d of
th
e pa
rtia
l ex
cava
tion,
by
ha
nd,
of
sele
cted
su
rfac
e ar
chae
olog
ical
fea
ture
s lo
cate
d du
ring
the
ped
estr
ian
surv
ey.
The
pur
pose
of
the
subs
urfa
ce
test
ing
was
to
aid
in d
eter
min
ing
the
func
tion
of l
ocat
ed s
urfa
ce s
ites,
as
wel
l as
to
poss
ibly
ob
tain
dat
able
mat
eria
ls f
or la
ter
radi
ocar
bon
datin
g. A
ll ex
cava
ted
mat
eria
l was
sif
ted
thro
ugh
a 1/
8 in
. w
ire
mes
h sc
reen
to
sepa
rate
out
the
soi
l m
atri
x; s
ubse
quen
tly a
ll cu
ltura
l m
ater
ial
was
co
llect
ed f
or a
naly
sis
in t
he l
ab.
Eac
h te
st e
xcav
atio
n w
as d
ocum
ente
d w
ith a
sca
le s
ectio
n pr
ofile
, ph
otog
raph
s,
and
sedi
men
t de
scri
ptio
ns.
Sedi
men
t de
scri
ptio
ns
incl
uded
ch
arac
teri
zatio
ns o
f M
unse
ll co
lor
desi
gnat
ions
, co
mpa
ctne
ss,
text
ure,
str
uctu
re,
incl
usio
ns,
cultu
ral m
ater
ial p
rese
nt, a
nd b
ound
ary
dist
inct
ness
and
topo
grap
hy.
2.2
Lab
orat
ory
Met
hods
L
abor
ator
y an
alys
es o
f m
ater
ial r
ecov
ered
fro
m li
mite
d su
bsur
face
test
ing
with
in th
e pr
ojec
t are
a in
clud
ed:
1.Id
entif
icat
ion
and
cata
logu
ing
of tr
aditi
onal
Haw
aiia
n ar
tifac
ts. A
ny a
rtif
acts
col
lect
ed
in s
itu
at t
he p
roje
ct a
rea
or c
onta
ined
with
in s
edim
ent
sam
ples
wer
e m
easu
red,
w
eigh
ed a
nd c
lass
ifie
d by
mat
eria
l ty
pe a
nd a
rtif
act
form
. T
he a
naly
sis
then
foc
used
on
dis
tingu
ishi
ng a
rtif
act f
unct
ion.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
B
ackg
roun
d R
esea
rch
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
10
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
2.3
Doc
umen
t Rev
iew
H
isto
ric
and
arch
ival
res
earc
h in
clud
ed i
nfor
mat
ion
obta
ined
fro
m t
he U
H H
amilt
on L
ibra
ry,
the
Stat
e H
isto
ric
Pres
erva
tion
Div
isio
n L
ibra
ry,
the
Haw
ai‘i
Sta
te A
rchi
ves,
the
Sta
te S
urve
y O
ffic
e, a
nd t
he A
rchi
ves
of t
he B
isho
p M
useu
m.
Prev
ious
arc
haeo
logi
cal
repo
rts
for
the
area
w
ere
revi
ewed
, as
wer
e hi
stor
ic m
aps
and
prim
ary
and
seco
ndar
y hi
stor
ical
sou
rces
. Inf
orm
atio
n on
Lan
d C
omm
issi
on A
war
ds w
as a
cces
sed
thro
ugh
Wai
hona
‘A
ina
Cor
pora
tion’
s M
�hel
e D
ata
Bas
e (<
ww
w.w
aiho
na.c
om>
).
2.4
Con
sult
atio
nA
rcha
eolo
gist
s fr
om C
SH h
ave
cons
ulte
d an
d vi
site
d th
e pr
ojec
t ar
ea a
t le
ast
two
times
with
kn
owle
dgea
ble
com
mun
ity
mem
bers
. O
n Ju
ne
23,
2007
, ar
chae
olog
ists
fr
om
CSH
, tw
o pr
inci
ples
of
the
Ko‘
olau
poko
Haw
aiia
n C
ivic
Clu
b (K
HC
C),
Don
na C
amve
l an
d M
ahea
lani
C
yphe
r, a
nd a
rep
rese
ntat
ive
of K
a‘A
ilehu
a, W
ali
Cam
vel,
visi
ted
four
of
the
hist
oric
pro
pert
ies
iden
tifie
d du
ring
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Inve
ntor
y Su
rvey
for
the
pro
pose
d H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Pa
rk
Exp
ansi
on p
roje
ct. A
dditi
onal
ly, C
SH a
rcha
eolo
gist
s co
nsul
ted
Mr.
Cha
rlie
Oga
ta, a
mem
ber
of
the
Que
en E
mm
a H
awai
ian
Civ
ic C
lub,
con
side
red
the
club
’s l
ongs
tand
ing
kia‘
i (c
aret
aker
) of
th
e K
awa‘
ewa‘
e H
eiau
. Thi
s in
clud
ed a
n on
site
tou
r le
d by
Mr.
Oga
ta w
ho p
oint
ed o
ut f
eatu
res
asso
ciat
ed w
ith th
e hi
stor
ic p
rope
rty.
Mr.
Oga
ta’s
com
plet
e te
stim
ony
is a
vaila
ble
in th
e C
ultu
ral
Impa
ct A
sses
smen
t pre
pare
d as
a c
ompa
nion
stu
dy to
this
wor
k (s
ee G
ollin
et a
l 200
8).
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
B
ackg
roun
d R
esea
rch
Sect
ion
3B
ackg
roun
d R
esea
rch
3.1
Tra
diti
onal
and
His
tori
cal B
ackg
roun
d
3.1.
1M
ytho
logi
cal a
nd T
radi
tion
al A
ccou
nts
The
re a
re s
ever
al m
yths
and
leg
ends
ass
ocia
ted
with
K�n
e‘oh
e. A
few
sto
ries
pro
vide
the
or
igin
of
the
nam
e of
the
ahu
pua‘
a of
K�n
e‘oh
e. T
he w
ord
“K�n
e” i
n K�n
e‘oh
e ha
s be
en
inte
rpre
ted
vari
ousl
y as
“hu
sban
d”, “
man
”, o
r as
a r
efer
ence
to th
e go
d K�n
e, th
e go
d of
cre
atio
n,
whi
le ‘
ohe
mea
ns “
bam
boo”
. O
ne a
ccou
nt a
ttrib
utes
the
nam
e to
a s
tory
abo
ut a
wom
an w
ho
com
pare
d he
r hu
sban
d’s
crue
lty t
o th
e cu
tting
edg
e of
a b
ambo
o kn
ife
(Puk
ui a
nd E
lber
t 19
86,
Cla
rk 2
002)
. K�n
e‘oh
em
ay a
lso
be d
eriv
ed f
rom
‘oh
e, w
hich
is
said
to
be o
ne o
f th
e ki
nola
u (b
ody
form
s) o
f th
e go
d K�n
e (A
bbot
t 199
2:15
). A
noth
er a
ccou
nt is
as
follo
ws:
In K
aneo
he p
rope
r, t
he p
eopl
e le
arne
d a
new
use
for
the
Ohe
…In
old
en t
imes
an
yone
who
did
not
con
form
to th
e w
ay o
f lif
e liv
ed s
o in
dust
riou
sly
by th
e sh
ore
peop
le,
was
ca
lled
E-e
pa,
or
non-
conf
orm
ist.
The
E
‘epa
w
ere
not
actu
ally
“t
ouch
ed in
the
head
”, o
r lo
-lo
[cra
zy],
but
just
dif
fere
nt. T
hey
liked
to w
ande
r of
f by
the
mse
lves
and
dw
ell
amon
g th
e m
yste
ries
of
the
upla
nd f
ores
ts w
here
the
y lis
tene
d to
the
mus
ic o
f N
atur
e, a
nd o
ften
bec
ame
poet
s or
mus
icia
ns.
Tho
se u
plan
d re
ache
s, a
ll un
expl
ored
terr
itory
and
sac
red
to th
e Sp
irits
or
Aku
a of
N
atur
e, w
here
ref
erre
d to
as
the
Wao
(up
land
for
est)
, or
pla
ces
of m
yste
ry.
In
orde
r to
kee
p ch
ildre
n fr
om w
ande
ring
to
the
upla
nds,
the
ir e
lder
s to
ld t
he l
ittle
on
es,
“Do
not
go u
p th
ere
or t
he B
ambo
o M
an m
ay k
eep
you.
We
wou
ld m
ourn
yo
ur a
bsen
ce in
lone
lines
s. R
emai
n at
hom
e an
d le
arn
your
use
ful d
utie
s.”
Han
o-ih
u…lo
nged
to
expl
ore.
Pu‘
ili…
long
ed t
o ac
com
pany
her
pla
ymat
e, H
ano-
ihu,
whe
n he
wan
dere
d fa
r. B
ut,
bein
g m
ore
timid
, sh
e co
nten
ded
hers
elf
duri
ng
the
boy’
s ab
senc
es a
nd k
ept h
is s
ecre
t of
thos
e up
land
trip
s he
enj
oyed
.
One
sad
day
, H
ano-
ihu
did
not
retu
rn.
The
peo
ple
sear
ched
and
cou
ld f
ind
no
trac
e of
the
dis
obed
ient
boy
. Fi
nally
, th
e vi
llage
rs d
ecid
ed t
he b
oy h
ad d
ied,
and
th
ey to
ld th
e ot
her
child
ren
that
the
Bam
boo
Man
had
take
n th
e bo
y-w
ande
rer.
Pu‘i
li…de
cide
d th
at h
e w
as n
ot d
ead
and
she
mus
t se
arch
for
him
. A
ctin
g up
on
the
thou
ght,
the
little
gir
l fo
llow
ed t
he d
irec
tion
ofte
n ta
ken
by t
he b
oy a
nd w
as
soon
alo
ne in
the
dark
rec
esse
s of
the
fore
st la
nds
of W
ao, t
he M
yste
riou
s.
She
saw
not
hing
to
fear
. R
athe
r, s
he d
elig
hted
in
the
beau
ty o
f th
e fo
rest
s, t
he
frag
ranc
e of
the
fern
s an
d bl
osso
ms
grow
ing
besi
des
sing
ing
rills
of
swee
t wat
ers,
an
d da
nced
alo
ng h
appi
ly t
o th
e w
hist
ling
of t
he W
ind
God
s in
the
tre
e to
ps
touc
hing
the
blue
sky
far
abo
ve.
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haeo
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nven
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Cul
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veys
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ai‘i
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AN
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ackg
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esea
rch
Arc
haeo
logi
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nven
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Sur
vey
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he H
awai
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Soon
she
rea
lized
the
whi
stlin
g w
as n
ot a
ctua
l the
Win
d, f
or it
had
a b
ird-
like
note
th
at r
epea
ted
itsel
f in
a g
entle
rhy
thm
. A
lso,
she
saw
the
bam
boo
mov
ing
in t
he
bree
ze a
nd h
eard
how
it
rattl
ed i
ts b
ranc
hes.
She
fou
nd t
wo
leng
ths
of a
bam
boo
bran
ch a
nd, o
ne i
n ea
ch h
and,
bea
t tim
e on
the
tw
o st
icks
whi
le s
he f
ollo
wed
the
pl
aint
ive
note
cal
ls.
Bef
ore
her…
she
saw
her
bel
oved
pla
ymat
e si
tting
on
the
bank
. Bes
ide
him
was
a
tall,
thi
n m
an w
hose
eye
s w
atch
ed t
he b
oy,
whi
le t
he c
hild
ble
w u
pon
a ba
mbo
o le
ngth
. The
man
’s l
ean
hand
s w
aved
to
the
rhyt
hm o
f th
e no
tes,
and
the
gir
l w
ent
danc
ing
tow
ard
the
pair
, kee
ping
tim
e w
ith h
er p
air
of b
ambo
o st
icks
.
Han
o-ih
u an
d th
e ta
ll m
an f
inis
hed
thei
r m
elod
y, t
hen
prai
sed
the
little
Pu‘
ili f
or
join
ing
them
….S
he s
at w
ith t
hem
and
lea
rned
tha
t th
e m
an w
as K
ane‘
ohe,
the
B
ambo
o M
an w
ho,
as a
chi
ld,
had
follo
wed
the
lur
e of
Wao
and
had
inv
ente
d a
bam
boo
flut
e. K
indl
y, t
he o
ld m
an e
xpla
ined
to
the
child
ren
how
the
art
of
crea
tivity
oft
en i
s lo
st u
nles
s th
ose
insp
ired
do
follo
w t
he c
all.
He
told
the
m,
“Now
we
shal
l ret
urn
to th
e vi
llage
, for
I h
ave
answ
ered
the
call
and
you
two
little
on
es w
ill b
e m
usic
ians
lik
e m
e. I
n ho
nor
of t
his
occa
sion
, I
shal
l na
me
the
flut
e af
ter
you,
my
boy.
..we
shal
l nam
e th
e tim
e-ke
epin
g st
icks
for
her
.”
Gai
ly,
the
thre
e w
ent
dow
n th
e fo
rest
tra
il of
Wao
the
Ins
piri
ng.
The
y w
ere
wel
com
ed w
ith f
east
ing
and
joy.
Tha
t is
how
we
have
the
...B
ambo
o, i
nstr
umen
ts
toda
y. T
he H
ano-
ihu
or N
ose
flut
e; a
nd th
e Pu
‘ili,
or
notc
hed
Bam
boo
stic
ks; a
nd
the
hula
nam
ed f
or th
ese
gift
s of
Kan
e‘oh
e, th
e B
ambo
o M
an. (
Paki
197
2:29
-30)
Win
dwar
d O
‘ahu
is
fam
ous
for
lege
nds
of K
amap
ua‘a
; th
e ha
lf m
an,
half
pig
dem
igod
re
now
n fo
r m
akin
g m
isch
ief
and
for
his
mas
terf
ul e
scap
es f
rom
ret
ribu
tion
for
his
chic
ken
and
taro
th
ieve
ry
as
wel
l as
ro
man
tic
esca
pade
s.
One
st
ory
cent
ers
on
Kam
apua
‘a
and
the
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘e
Hei
au.
Thr
um (
1906
) re
port
s th
at K
awa‘
ewa‘
e H
eiau
was
ere
cted
in
the
begi
nnin
g of
the
12th
cen
tury
by
the
high
chi
ef ‘
Olo
pana
(T
hrum
190
6:48
) an
d co
nstr
ucte
d by
men
ehun
e(l
egen
dary
rac
e of
sm
all
peop
le w
ho b
uilt
stru
ctur
es b
y ni
ght)
(Fo
rnan
der
1878
:23)
. In
the
ve
rsio
n of
the
sto
ry p
rese
nted
by
Kin
g D
avid
Kal
akau
a (1
990)
, K
amap
ua‘a
, em
bitte
red
by h
is
fath
er/u
ncle
(de
pend
ing
on w
hich
sto
ry i
s be
ing
told
) th
e ‘O
lopa
na’s
rej
ectio
n of
thi
s ho
g-ch
ild,
retr
eats
to
the
mou
ntai
ns w
here
he
attr
acts
a b
and
of l
ike-
min
ded
thie
ves
and
com
men
ces
to
“har
ass
the
esta
tes
of O
lopa
na”,
ste
alin
g ‘O
lopa
na’s
pig
s, f
owls
and
fru
its a
s w
ell
as t
akin
g pl
easu
re i
n br
eaki
ng h
is n
ets,
cut
ting
adri
ft h
is c
anoe
s an
d ro
bbin
g hi
s fi
sh-p
onds
(K
alak
aua
1990
:143
). E
nrag
ed b
y K
amap
ua‘a
’s p
illag
e an
d ac
ts o
f re
belli
on,
‘Olo
pana
ord
ers
his
capt
ure.
A
fter
sev
eral
bat
tles
and
faile
d at
tem
pts
to c
atch
Kam
apua
‘a,
‘Olo
pana
’s a
rmy
succ
eeds
in
deliv
erin
g K
amap
ua‘a
to
the
high
chi
ef t
o th
e “g
reat
joy
and
rel
ief
of t
he p
eopl
e of
Koo
lau”
(p
.145
). K
alak
aua
rela
tes
the
follo
win
g:
Olo
pana
had
ere
cted
a h
eiau
at
Kan
eohe
, L
onoa
ohi
offi
ciat
ed a
s hi
gh p
ries
t, an
d th
ither
he
reso
lved
to
take
his
reb
ellio
us s
on o
r ne
phew
, an
d of
fer
him
as
a sa
crif
ice
to
the
gods
. H
ina
[Kam
apua
‘a’s
m
othe
r]
plea
ded
for
the
life
of
Kam
apua
a, b
ut O
lopa
na c
ould
not
be
mov
ed. S
atis
fied
tha
t he
wou
ld l
iste
n to
no
appe
als
for
mer
cy,
she
dete
rmin
ed t
o sa
ve h
er s
on,
even
at
the
sacr
ific
e of
her
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tura
l Sur
veys
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husb
and,
and
to
that
end
sec
ured
the
ass
ista
nce
of t
he h
igh
prie
st, t
hrou
gh w
hose
tr
each
ery
to O
lopa
na th
e lif
e of
Kam
apua
a w
as s
aved
.
On
the
day
fixe
d fo
r th
e sa
crif
ice
Kam
apua
a…w
as ta
ken
to th
e he
iau,
fol
low
ed b
y O
lopa
na,
who
was
anx
ious
to
witn
ess
the
ghas
tly c
erem
onie
s, a
nd w
ith h
is o
wn
eyes
see
tha
t hi
s tr
oubl
esom
e en
emy
was
dul
y sl
ain
and
his
body
lai
d up
on t
he
alta
r. I
n of
feri
ng h
uman
sac
rifi
ces
the
vict
im w
as t
aken
with
out
the
wal
ls o
f th
e he
iau
and
slai
n w
ith c
lubs
by
the
assi
stan
ts o
f th
e hi
gh-p
ries
t. T
he b
ody
was
the
n br
ough
t in
and
pla
ced
upon
the
alta
r in
fro
nt o
f th
e en
tran
ce t
o th
e in
ner
cour
t, or
sa
nctu
ary,
w
hen
the
left
ey
e w
as
rem
oved
by
th
e of
fici
atin
g pr
iest
, an
d ha
nded
…to
the
chie
f w
ho h
ad o
rder
ed th
e sa
crif
ice…
.
Stan
ding
w
ith
thre
e or
fo
ur
atte
ndan
ts,
at
the
door
of
hi
s ta
booe
d re
trea
ted…
Olo
pana
saw
his
vic
tim p
relim
inar
ily l
ed t
o th
e pl
ace
of s
acri
fice
, and
a
few
min
utes
aft
er m
otio
n fo
r th
e ce
rem
onie
s to
beg
in.
Kam
apua
a w
as t
aken
w
ithou
t th
e w
alls
of
the
tem
ple
to b
e sl
ain…
.Pas
sing
bey
ond
the
oute
r w
all
the
part
y en
tere
d a
smal
l w
alle
d en
clos
ure
adjo
inin
g, a
nd t
he e
xecu
tione
r ra
ised
his
cl
ub a
nd b
roug
ht i
t do
wn
upon
the
hea
d of
his
vic
tim. K
amap
uaa
smile
d, b
ut d
id
not
mov
e. T
wic
e, t
hric
e w
ith m
ight
y sw
eep
the
club
des
cend
ed u
pon
the
head
of
Kam
aupu
a‘a,
but
sca
rcel
y be
nt th
e br
istly
hai
rs u
pon
his
crow
n.
With
a s
embl
ance
of
won
der
the
exec
utio
ner,
who
se t
ende
r bl
ows
wou
ld h
ave
scar
cely
mai
med
a m
ouse
, dro
pped
his
clu
b an
d sa
id:
“Thr
ee ti
mes
hav
e I
trie
d an
d fa
iled
to s
lay
him
! T
he g
ods
refu
se th
e sa
crif
ice!
”
“It i
s so
, it i
s so
, it i
s so
!” c
him
ed h
is c
ompa
nion
s….
The
refo
re,
inst
ead
of s
layi
ng K
amap
uaa,
the
ass
ista
nts,
as
they
had
bee
n se
cret
ly
inst
ruct
ed to
do
by th
e hi
gh-p
ries
t, re
mov
ed th
e co
rds
from
his
lim
bs, s
mea
red
his
hair
, fac
e an
d bo
dy w
ith th
e fr
esh
bloo
d of
a f
owl,
and
on th
eir
shou
lder
s bo
re h
im
back
and
pla
ced
him
upo
n th
e al
tar
as if
dea
d.
The
hig
h-pr
iest
app
roac
hed
the
appa
rent
ly l
ifel
ess
body
, an
d be
nt f
or a
mom
ent
over
the
fac
e, a
s if
to
rem
ove
the
left
eye
; th
en p
laci
ng o
n a
woo
den
tray
the
eye
of
a la
rge
hog,
whi
ch h
ad b
een
proc
ured
for
that
pur
pose
, he
sent
an
assi
stan
t with
it
to O
lopa
na, a
t th
e sa
me
time
retir
ing
with
in t
he i
nner
cou
rt, a
nd l
eavi
ng b
y th
e si
de o
f K
amap
uaa,
and
nea
r hi
s ri
ght
hand
, as
if
by a
ccid
ent,
the
shar
p iv
ory
paho
a, o
r da
gger
, with
whi
ch h
e ha
d, to
all
appe
aran
ce, b
een
oper
atin
g.
Giv
ing
but a
sin
gle
glan
ce a
t the
eye
pre
sent
ed to
him
by
the
assi
stan
t of
the
high
-pr
iest
, O
lopa
na p
asse
d it
to a
n at
tend
ant
with
out
the
cust
omar
y se
mbl
ance
of
eatin
g it,
and
app
roac
hed
the
alta
r al
one.
Kam
apua
a di
d no
t bre
athe
. His
fac
e w
as
stre
aked
with
blo
od,
his
eyel
ids
wer
e cl
osed
, an
d no
t a
sing
le m
uscl
e m
oved
to
indi
cate
life
.
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veys
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Olo
pana
loo
ked
at t
he h
ated
fac
e fo
r a
mom
ent,
and
then
tur
ned
to l
eave
the
he
iau…
.As
he d
id s
o K
amap
uaa
clut
ched
the
dag
ger
besi
des
his
hand
, an
d,
spri
ngin
g fr
om t
he a
ltar,
dro
ve t
he b
lade
int
o th
e ba
ck o
f O
lopa
na.
Aga
in a
nd
agai
n he
app
lied
the
wea
pon
until
the
chi
ef, w
ith a
gro
an o
f an
guis
h, f
ell
dead
at
the
feet
of
his
slay
er. (
Kal
akau
a 19
90:1
45-1
46)
Kal
akau
a go
es o
n to
des
crib
e ho
w K
amap
ua‘a
is r
elea
sed
from
cus
tody
by
the
high
-pri
est,
and
how
as
the
peop
le o
f th
e di
stri
ct h
ad, “
suff
ered
thr
ough
his
plu
nder
ing
visi
tatio
ns, a
nd h
undr
eds
of l
ives
had
bee
n sa
crif
iced
in
his
purs
uit
and
fina
l ca
ptur
e, t
he p
eopl
e ro
se a
lmos
t in
a b
ody
to
hunt
him
dow
n an
d de
stro
y hi
m”
(p.1
47).
Kam
apua
‘a a
nd h
is c
ohor
ts e
vent
ually
sai
l of
f O
‘ahu
fo
r th
e W
indw
ard
isla
nds
in s
earc
h of
ref
uge.
3.1.
2P
re-C
onta
ct P
erio
d
In p
re-c
onta
ct t
imes
, th
e ah
upua
‘a o
f K�n
e‘oh
e of
fere
d fr
esh
wat
er f
rom
mau
ka (
upla
nd)
spri
ngs
wat
erin
g ex
tens
ive
agri
cultu
ral
fiel
ds a
nd a
wel
l de
velo
ped
fish
pond
sys
tem
, m
akin
g it
both
an
agri
cultu
ral a
nd a
quac
ultu
ral c
ente
r on
O‘a
hu (
Dev
aney
197
6). H
andy
and
Han
dy (
1972
) de
scri
bed
K�n
e‘oh
e as
:
…an
are
a of
littl
e hi
lls w
ith m
any
smal
l str
eam
s be
twee
n th
em. I
n 19
35 it
was
stil
l on
e of
the
mos
t ac
tive
com
mun
ities
in
plan
ting
com
mer
cial
tar
o. A
goo
dly
prop
ortio
n of
its
low
land
lo‘i
, tuc
ked
away
in p
ocke
ts f
lank
ed a
nd o
ften
hid
den
by
low
hill
s or
nea
r th
e to
wn
itsel
f, w
as t
hen
still
pla
nted
in
taro
by
Haw
aiia
ns w
ho
owne
d th
e la
nd a
nd b
y O
rien
tals
who
lea
sed
land
or
wer
e hi
red
to c
ultiv
ate
it (H
andy
and
Han
dy 1
972:
455)
.
Pre-
cont
act
land
use
wou
ld h
ave
cons
iste
d m
ainl
y of
kal
o (w
etla
nd t
aro)
and
kul
a(d
ryla
nd)
culti
vatio
n of
hal
a -
pand
anus
(us
ed f
or m
akin
g ho
useh
old
furn
ishi
ngs
such
as
mat
s),
wau
ke –
pa
per
mul
berr
y (u
sed
for
mak
ing
tapa
/kap
acl
oth)
, ba
nana
s an
d sw
eet
pota
toes
(H
andy
and
H
andy
197
2:45
6).
K�n
e‘oh
e B
ay,
with
abo
ut t
wo-
doze
n w
alle
d fi
shpo
nds,
was
a b
ount
iful
so
urce
of
fish
(D
evan
ey e
t al.
1976
:6).
3.1.
3E
arly
His
tori
c P
erio
d, 1
778-
1840
K�n
e‘oh
e ha
s lo
ng b
een
view
ed a
s a
“val
uabl
e” a
hupu
a‘a
both
in
term
s of
agr
icul
tura
l an
d fi
sher
y pr
oduc
tivity
. In
183
0 th
e ch
iefs
of
Haw
ai‘i
, M
aui,
and
O‘a
hu,
in a
cou
ncil
mee
ting
conc
erni
ng t
he “
late
doi
ngs
on O
ahu”
, re
ferr
ed t
o K�n
e‘oh
e as
the
“m
ost
valu
able
par
t” o
f th
e di
stri
ct o
f K
o‘ol
aupo
ko (
Kam
akau
199
2:30
3). K
�ne‘
ohe
held
a u
niqu
e po
sitio
n in
the
his
tory
of
‘aw
a (P
iper
met
hyst
icum
) cu
ltiva
tion.
The
rel
axan
t dr
ink
prep
ared
fro
m r
oots
tock
of
the
P.
met
hyst
icum
pla
nt w
as r
egar
ded
as i
mm
oral
by
mis
sion
arie
s w
ho s
ough
t to
res
tric
t co
nsum
ptio
n of
the
“int
oxic
ant”
bre
w. I
n 18
46 o
blig
ing
law
mak
ers
crea
ted
licen
sing
law
s an
d se
t up
a sy
stem
of
app
oint
ing
“‘aw
a ag
ents
” to
pla
nt a
nd s
ell ‘
awa
on t
he v
ario
us i
slan
ds. T
he a
rgum
ent
for
this
sy
stem
was
that
, alth
ough
‘aw
aw
as c
onsi
dere
d m
oral
ly h
azar
dous
, it h
ad m
edic
inal
val
ue.T
here
w
ere
2 ‘a
wa
agen
ts a
ssig
ned
to O
‘ahu
; on
e w
as W
illia
m H
arbo
ttle
who
was
aut
hori
zed
to g
row
‘a
wa
on 2
acr
es o
f la
nd in
K�n
e‘oh
e (G
reer
197
0:66
-67)
.
Des
crib
ing
the
earl
y hi
stor
ical
tim
es o
f H
awai
ian
ali‘
i(m
onar
chy)
in
K�n
e‘oh
e, D
evan
ey e
t al
. (19
76)
stat
e:
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…w
hen
Kah
anah
ana
rule
d O
‘ahu
[c
irca
17
73-1
783]
, he
so
met
imes
liv
ed
in
Kan
eohe
. Aft
er d
efea
ting
Kah
anah
ana
circ
a 17
83, M
aui
Chi
ef K
ahek
ili a
nd m
ost
of h
is f
amou
s w
arri
ors
lived
in
Koo
laup
oko
at K
ailu
a, K
aneo
he,
and
Hee
ia
(For
nand
er 1
969:
225;
Kam
akau
196
1:13
8). W
hen
Kam
aham
eha
I ap
port
ione
d th
e co
nque
red
O‘a
hu l
ands
in
1795
to
his
war
rior
chi
efs
and
coun
selo
rs (
Ii 1
959:
69-
70),
he
reta
ined
as
his
pers
onal
pro
pert
y th
e ah
upua
‘a o
f K
aneo
he…
Muc
h of
K
aneo
he a
nd a
ll of
Kah
aluu
and
Kua
loa
wer
e in
heri
ted
as p
erso
nal
land
s by
K
ameh
ameh
a’s
sons
L
ihol
iho
and
Kau
ikea
ouli,
K
ameh
ameh
a II
an
d II
I (I
ndic
es…
1920
:27-
28).
(D
evan
ey e
t al.
1976
:5)
Kam
eham
eha
III
(Kau
ikea
ouli)
pre
side
d ov
er t
he M
�hel
e, t
he d
ivis
ion
of l
ands
giv
en t
o H
awai
ian
roya
lty
and
com
mon
ers.
K
ameh
ameh
a II
I,
as
men
tione
d ab
ove,
ha
d in
heri
ted
K�n
e‘oh
e an
d re
tain
ed t
he b
ulk
of t
he a
hupu
a‘a
duri
ng t
he M
�hel
e. A
fter
his
dea
th,
his
wif
e,
Que
en K
alam
a (H
akal
elep
oni)
, ret
aine
d th
eir
port
ion
of K
�ne‘
ohe
(Bar
rère
199
4, K
ame‘
elei
hiw
a 19
92).
3.1.
4M
id 1
800s
– T
he M
�hel
e
The
Org
anic
Act
s of
184
5 an
d 18
46 i
nitia
ted
the
proc
ess
of t
he M
�hel
e–
the
divi
sion
of
the
Haw
aiia
n la
nds,
whi
ch i
ntro
duce
d pr
ivat
e pr
oper
ty i
nto
Haw
aiia
n so
ciet
y. I
n 18
48,
the
crow
n an
d th
e al
i‘i
(chi
efly
cla
ss)
rece
ived
thei
r la
nd t
itles
. The
com
mon
peo
ple
rece
ived
the
ir k
ulea
na(i
ndiv
idua
l par
cels
) in
185
0. T
he K
ulea
na A
ct o
f 18
50 a
llow
ed f
or p
riva
te o
wne
rshi
p of
land
s to
“c
omm
oner
s,”
the
pers
ons
or f
amili
es a
ctua
lly li
ving
and
wor
king
on
the
land
. As
a re
sult
of th
e K
ulea
na A
ct o
f 18
50,
a to
tal
of 2
42 l
and
clai
ms
wer
e m
ade
for
K�n
e‘oh
e A
hupu
a‘a,
but
onl
y a
bit
mor
e th
an h
alf
of t
hose
wer
e aw
arde
d (w
ww
.wai
hona
.com
). T
he a
vera
ge k
ulea
na a
war
d w
as
2.38
acr
es (
Kel
ly 1
976:
8). H
owev
er, t
hese
cla
ims
wer
e no
t onl
y fo
r co
mm
oner
s, a
s ch
iefs
and
/or
kono
hiki
wer
e al
so a
war
ded
lots
. T
he b
ulk
of K
�ne‘
ohe
Ahu
pua‘
a w
ent
to Q
ueen
Kal
ama,
11
kono
hiki
(ch
iefs
), a
nd 3
non
-kon
ohik
i (p
rivi
lege
d aw
arde
es w
ho r
ecei
ved
larg
e pa
rcel
s of
lan
d)
(Kel
ly 1
976:
7).
The
pri
mar
y ty
pe o
f la
nd c
laim
ed i
n K�n
e‘oh
e w
as t
aro
land
, id
entif
ied
in t
he
clai
ms,
tes
timon
y, a
nd a
war
ds a
s lo
‘i,
but
ther
e w
as a
lso
fish
pond
s an
d ku
la (
dryl
and
crop
s) a
s w
ell.
No
indi
vidu
al k
ulea
na (
LC
A’s
) w
ere
awar
ded
with
in t
he p
roje
ct a
rea
as i
t w
as a
sm
all
port
ion
of a
hupu
a‘a
and
gove
rnm
ent a
war
ds f
or K
�ne‘
ohe
Ahu
pua‘
a (F
igur
e 5)
.
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Figu
re 5
. Por
tion
of 1
874
Lyo
ns M
ap o
f K�n
e‘oh
e O
‘ahu
with
Wes
t Kai
lua
show
ing
loca
tions
of
LC
As
in th
e vi
cini
ty o
f th
e pe
titio
n ar
ea.
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tura
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ai‘i
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B
ackg
roun
d R
esea
rch
3.1.
518
60s
to 1
920,
Sug
ar a
nd R
ice
In t
he 1
860s
, bot
h co
mm
erci
al s
ugar
can
e an
d ri
ce c
ultiv
atio
n be
gan
in K
�ne‘
ohe.
One
of
the
earl
iest
sug
ar p
lant
atio
ns o
n O
‘ahu
was
ow
ned
by C
harl
es C
offi
n H
arri
s, w
ho c
ame
to H
awai
‘i in
18
50 w
ith a
pla
n to
pra
ctic
e la
w.
He
esta
blis
hed
the
Kan
eohe
Sug
ar P
lant
atio
n C
ompa
ny (
c.
1865
) on
7,0
00 a
cres
of
Que
en K
alam
a’s
land
with
Har
ris
as p
artn
er a
nd m
anag
er (
Dor
ranc
e an
d M
orga
n 20
00:4
1).
In 1
871,
C.
C.
Har
ris
boug
ht Q
ueen
Kal
ama’
s K
o‘ol
aupo
ko p
rope
rtie
s fr
om
her
heir
, C
harl
es K
anai
na,
as w
ell
as s
ome
land
in
Hon
olul
u fo
r $2
2,44
8. T
he s
ale
incl
uded
“…
lives
tock
, to
ol,
fish
pond
s, a
nd f
ishi
ng r
ight
s” (
Bur
. O
f C
onv.
Boo
k 34
:53;
in
Dev
aney
et
al.
1976
:29)
. C.C
. Har
ris’
s pl
anta
tion
shut
dow
n in
189
1, w
hen
the
yiel
d w
as n
ot e
noug
h to
sup
port
th
e op
erat
ion
(Dor
ranc
e an
d M
orga
n 20
00:4
1).
Judg
e C
.C.
Har
ris’
s da
ught
er a
nd h
eir,
Mrs
. D
avid
Ric
e, i
ncor
pora
ted
the
land
s as
Kan
eohe
Ran
ch a
nd c
onve
rted
it
to s
tock
far
min
g, t
o be
ev
entu
ally
pur
chas
ed b
y Ja
mes
B.
Cas
tle i
n 19
07 (
Mon
tgom
ery
1971
in
Dor
ranc
e an
d M
orga
n 20
00:4
2). H
arol
d K
.L. C
astle
, the
onl
y ch
ild o
f Ja
mes
B. C
astle
ow
ned
mos
t of
the
ahu
pua‘
a of
K�n
e‘oh
e in
the
ear
ly 1
900s
(ht
tp://
ww
w.k
aneo
hera
nch.
com
). E
vent
ually
he
purc
hase
d th
e re
mai
ning
land
fro
m H
arri
s’s
daug
hter
(H
enke
192
9:62
).
Ric
e cu
ltiva
tion
was
to
even
tual
ly s
uper
sede
tar
o an
d do
min
ate
the
low
land
s of
K�n
e‘oh
e.
Ric
e w
as c
ultiv
ated
mai
nly
by C
hine
se,
who
ren
ted
or l
ease
d th
e lo
‘i l
ands
fro
m t
he H
awai
ian
land
owne
rs. B
y th
e la
te 1
880s
, vir
tual
ly t
he e
ntir
e fl
oodp
lain
are
as o
f K�n
e‘oh
e w
ere
unde
r ri
ce
culti
vatio
n. I
n 18
90-9
2, th
e K�n
e‘oh
e R
ice
Mill
was
ere
cted
and
put
into
pro
duct
ion
on p
rope
rty
adjo
inin
g K�n
e‘oh
e St
ream
. T
he m
ill h
ad a
lon
g fl
ume
com
ing
to i
t fr
om f
urth
er u
p K�n
e‘oh
e St
ream
. It
als
o ha
d a
shor
t ra
ilway
lea
ding
to
a sm
all
land
ing
in K
�ne‘
ohe
Bay
, no
rth
of
K�n
e‘oh
e St
ream
.
Dur
ing
the
heig
ht o
f ri
ce c
ultiv
atio
n (c
irca
189
0-19
20),
Chi
nese
dom
inat
ed th
e bu
sine
ss. “
To
a gr
eat
exte
nt t
he r
ice
busi
ness
, gr
owin
g an
d m
illin
g w
as c
ontr
olle
d by
Chi
nese
hui
(fi
rms)
, w
hich
rec
ruite
d la
bore
rs f
rom
Chi
na,
hand
led
inve
stm
ent
capi
tal
from
ric
h ab
sent
ee l
andl
ords
, an
d ta
llied
pro
fits
” (D
evan
ey e
t al.
1976
:49)
.
At t
he s
ame
time
rice
pad
dies
wer
e di
spla
cing
the
taro
lo‘i
alo
ng th
e co
ast,
the
kula
(pa
stur
e)
land
s of
He‘
eia
wer
e ut
ilize
d fo
r gr
azin
g of
cat
tle a
nd o
ther
liv
esto
ck.
Thr
um’s
190
5 H
awai
ian
Ann
ual n
otes
a c
attle
ran
ch in
He‘
eia
man
aged
by
Geo
rge
W. R
owan
.
By
the
mid
-188
0s,
graz
ing
anim
als
(cat
tle,
shee
p, a
nd g
oats
) w
ere
havi
ng a
n im
pact
on
the
land
and
wat
er o
f [K
ane‘
ohe]
. U
nfen
ced,
the
ani
mal
s at
e th
e cr
ops
of t
he H
awai
ian
farm
ers,
fo
rcin
g m
any
to a
band
on th
eir
gard
en la
nds
[Hen
ry 1
993:
27].
By
the
1920
s, r
ice
had
grad
ually
dec
lined
in
impo
rtan
ce d
ue t
o a
num
ber
of f
acto
rs.
Tw
o of
th
e pr
imar
y re
ason
s fo
r th
is d
eclin
e in
clud
e th
e be
ginn
ing
of r
ice
prod
uctio
n in
Cal
ifor
nia
as w
ell
as t
he “
anne
xatio
n of
Haw
aii
by t
he U
nite
d St
ates
in
1898
res
ulte
d in
res
tric
tions
on
the
num
ber
of C
hine
se la
bore
rs a
rriv
ing
from
the
Far
Eas
t.” (
Dev
aney
et a
l. 19
76:5
3). H
owev
er, r
ice
as w
ell
as s
ome
taro
cul
tivat
ion
cont
inue
d up
to c
. 196
0.
3.1.
6R
anch
ing
In t
he m
id 1
9th
cent
ury,
ran
chin
g be
cam
e a
maj
or e
nter
pris
e. C
attle
and
she
ep h
ad b
een
left
on
O‘a
hu b
y V
anco
uver
in
1793
, an
d th
e fo
rmer
had
mul
tiplie
d in
to a
lar
ge h
erd
by t
he 1
840s
(D
evan
ey 1
976:
70).
By
the
mid
186
0s,
the
cattl
e w
ere
so n
umer
ous
as t
o ca
use
envi
ronm
enta
l
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
17
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
B
ackg
roun
d R
esea
rch
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
18
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
degr
adat
ion.
K�n
e‘oh
e R
anch
was
for
med
in
1876
, on
lan
ds o
rigi
nally
bel
ongi
ng t
o Q
ueen
K
alam
a. A
t its
pea
k, th
e ra
nch
incl
uded
12,
000
acre
s an
d 2,
000
head
of
cattl
e. A
lien
gras
ses
and
othe
r sp
ecie
s, s
uch
as p
igeo
n pe
as, w
ere
intr
oduc
ed to
the
area
as
cattl
e fo
dder
(H
enke
192
9:62
).
Muc
h of
the
land
mod
ific
atio
n in
the
upla
nd a
nd h
illy
port
ions
of
K�n
e‘oh
e m
ay b
e th
e re
sult
of
heav
y ca
ttle
graz
ing
over
a lo
ng p
erio
d of
tim
e.
3.1.
718
90s
to P
rese
nt
The
com
mer
cial
cul
tivat
ion
of p
inea
pple
beg
an in
the
1890
s an
d th
e fi
rst d
ecad
e of
the
1900
s in
K�n
e‘oh
e. F
rom
app
roxi
mat
ely
1910
to
1925
, pi
neap
ple
culti
vatio
n w
as a
maj
or i
ndus
try
in
this
are
a. I
n 19
11, t
he c
ompa
ny o
f L
ibby
, McN
eill
and
Lib
by b
uilt
a pi
neap
ple
cann
ery
in H
e‘ei
a.
At
its p
eak,
2,5
00 a
cres
wer
e un
der
pine
appl
e cu
ltiva
tion
on W
indw
ard
O‘a
hu (
Har
per
1972
) st
retc
hing
fro
m K
�ne‘
ohe
to K
ahal
u‘u.
A l
arge
per
cent
age
of t
his
acre
age
was
in
the
K�n
e‘oh
e B
ay r
egio
n, i
nclu
ding
He‘
eia.
A h
eiau
, K
aual
auki
Hei
au i
n H
e‘ei
a, w
as m
ostly
des
troy
ed b
y pi
neap
ple
fiel
d cl
eara
nce
duri
ng t
his
time
– a
likel
y fa
te o
f m
any
arch
aeol
ogic
al s
ites.
In
1919
, th
e K
aneo
he R
anch
Com
pany
and
He‘
eia
Agr
icul
tura
l C
o.,
Ltd
. le
ased
100
0 ac
res
of l
and
in
He‘
eia,
K�n
e‘oh
e, a
nd K
ailu
a, f
orm
erly
pla
nted
in
suga
r, t
o th
e L
ibby
com
pany
for
a t
erm
of
17
year
s. I
n 19
17,
Lib
by l
ease
d an
add
ition
al 6
00 a
cres
in
He’
eia
(Lib
by,
McN
eill
& L
ibby
Ms:
2,
cite
d in
Kaw
achi
199
0).
Whi
le t
he r
ice
fiel
ds t
hat
cove
red
old
taro
lan
ds w
ere
mai
nly
loca
ted
near
str
eam
s an
d ne
ar t
he c
oast
, th
e pi
neap
ple
fiel
ds w
ere
also
gro
wn
on t
he s
lope
s of
hig
her
land
s, u
sual
ly o
n la
nd s
uble
ased
to in
divi
dual
Jap
anes
e fa
rmer
s:
Pine
appl
es
wer
e pl
ante
d by
in
divi
dual
C
hine
se
and
Japa
nese
fa
rmer
s on
m
oder
atel
y sl
oped
hill
land
whe
re r
ice
and
taro
cou
ld n
ot b
e gr
own
. . .
thes
e ar
eas
incl
uded
the
dis
sect
ed a
lluvi
al t
erra
ces
and
the
low
er s
lope
s an
d sp
urs
of t
he
Ko‘
olau
ran
ge [
Miy
agi 1
963:
1151
].
The
cha
nge
to t
he w
indw
ard
land
scap
e du
e to
pin
eapp
le c
ultiv
atio
n is
illu
stra
ted
by t
he
follo
win
g pa
ssag
e:
At
last
we
reac
hed
the
foot
of
the
Pali.
. . .
Joe
and
I l
ooke
d ov
er t
he s
urro
undi
ng
hills
, bu
t lo
oked
in
vain
for
the
gre
at a
reas
of
guav
a th
roug
h w
hich
but
a f
ew
mon
ths
ago
we
had
foug
ht a
nd c
ut o
ur w
ay.
As
far
as t
he e
ye c
ould
rea
ch
pine
appl
e ha
d ta
ken
the
plac
e of
the
for
est
of w
ild g
uava
. The
new
est
indu
stry
in
Haw
aii w
as b
egin
ning
eve
n to
pre
ss u
pon
the
cane
fie
lds
of th
is s
ide
of th
e is
land
[A
lexa
nder
191
4:31
8, c
ited
in D
evan
ey e
t al.
1976
:62]
.
The
pin
eapp
le f
ield
s w
ere
aban
done
d w
hen
Mol
okai
and
L�n
a‘i
pine
appl
e cu
ltiva
tion
bega
n to
boo
m,
and
Lib
by p
ulle
d ou
t of
the
Ko‘
olau
poko
ent
erpr
ise
(Kel
ly 1
976:
47).
The
can
nery
cl
osed
in 1
923
(Dor
ranc
e 19
98:9
5). M
ost o
f [t
he f
orm
er p
inea
pple
] la
nd w
ent t
o gr
ass,
and
som
e of
it
was
use
d to
gra
ze c
attle
. M
any
of t
he s
mal
l fa
rmer
s re
turn
ed t
o ri
ce c
ultiv
atio
n. T
he a
rea
alon
g H
e‘ei
a st
ream
mau
ka o
f th
e vi
aduc
t con
tinue
d to
pro
duce
ric
e [K
elly
197
6:47
].
Ric
e cu
ltiva
tion
agai
n ex
tend
ed i
nto
form
er s
ugar
can
e la
nds
afte
r th
e de
mis
e of
the
He‘
eia
Agr
icul
tura
l C
ompa
ny. I
t fl
ouri
shed
unt
il ab
out
1920
, whe
n it
coul
d no
lon
ger
com
pete
with
the
pr
ice
of C
alif
orni
a gr
own
rice
(D
orra
nce
1998
:94)
. T
aro
mad
e a
com
ebac
k (c
a. 1
920s
- 1
940s
) co
inci
ding
with
the
dec
line
in r
ice;
and
muc
h of
the
for
mer
lo‘
i la
nd w
as r
etur
ned
to t
aro
prod
uctio
n.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
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ai‘i
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e: K
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ackg
roun
d R
esea
rch
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haeo
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cal I
nven
tory
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vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
19
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-05-
033:
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The
ext
ensi
ve s
alt
mar
shes
of
He‘
eia
inla
nd o
f th
e fi
shpo
nd (
loko
) w
ere
not
suita
ble
for
culti
vatio
n, b
ut f
ring
ing
them
to th
e so
uthw
ard,
fla
nkin
g bo
th s
ides
of
He‘
eia
Stre
am f
rom
whi
ch
they
are
irr
igat
ed,
lie t
he v
ast
terr
aced
low
land
fla
ts o
f th
is a
hupu
a‘a,
whi
ch w
ere
in 1
935
still
la
rgel
y pl
ante
d in
com
mer
cial
taro
[H
andy
and
Han
dy 1
972:
454-
55].
By
the
end
of W
orld
War
II,
ran
chin
g w
as n
o lo
nger
eco
nom
ical
ly v
iabl
e fo
r th
e K
aneo
he
Ran
ch,
and
the
ranc
h be
cam
e pr
imar
ily a
lan
dlor
d to
oth
er f
arm
ers
(ww
w.k
aneo
hera
nch.
com
).
Aft
er W
orld
War
II,
res
iden
tial
deve
lopm
ents
cha
nged
the
fac
e of
K�n
e‘oh
e A
hupu
a‘a.
The
op
enin
g of
the
Wils
on T
unne
l an
d th
e ex
pans
ion
of t
he P
ali
Hig
hway
in
the
1950
s an
d 60
s �
cr
eatin
g an
eas
ier
pass
age
from
Hon
olul
u th
ru th
e K
o‘ol
aua
mou
ntai
ns to
win
dwar
d co
mm
uniti
es
� l
ed t
he w
ay t
o a
deve
lopm
ent
boom
on
the
win
dwar
d si
de o
f O
‘ahu
. H
igh
tax
rate
s on
rea
l es
tate
sal
es f
orce
d m
any
old-
time
land
owne
rs t
o le
ase
thei
r la
nd t
o re
side
ntia
l de
velo
pers
rat
her
than
sel
l on
a fe
e-si
mpl
e ba
sis.
Kan
eohe
Ran
ch a
t one
tim
e le
ased
thei
r la
nd to
ove
r 5,
000
sing
le
fam
ily r
esid
entia
l lo
ts i
n K
ailu
a an
d K�n
e‘oh
e. T
he v
ast
maj
ority
of
the
leas
ehol
ds w
ere
sold
to
the
less
ees
(ww
w.k
aneo
hera
nch.
com
).
The
dai
ry i
ndus
try
rose
to
prom
inen
ce o
ver
beef
cat
tle r
anch
ing
in t
he p
ost-
war
yea
rs.
The
sh
orta
ge o
f av
aila
ble
land
due
to
urba
n ex
pans
ion,
the
sho
rtag
e of
fee
sim
ple
land
, and
the
hig
h pr
ice
of l
and
leas
es f
orce
d fa
rmer
s in
the
dai
ry d
istr
icts
nea
r H
onol
ulu
(e.g
., K
oko
Hea
d) t
o re
loca
te t
o m
ore
rem
ote
area
s of
O‘a
hu (
Dur
and
Jr.
1959
:241
). I
n th
e 19
50s
Kai
lua-
K�n
e‘oh
e w
as a
n im
port
ant
dair
y di
stri
ct o
f W
indw
ard
O‘a
hu.
Dai
ry f
arm
ing
was
dom
inat
ed b
y w
hite
s (C
auca
sian
s) p
artic
ular
ly o
f Po
rtug
uese
and
Spa
nish
anc
estr
y, a
nd s
econ
dari
ly J
apan
ese,
far
mer
s (D
uran
d Jr
. 19
59:2
35).
“A
mon
g th
e na
mes
of
isla
nd d
airy
men
, ill
ustr
atin
g th
e Po
rtug
uese
-Sp
anis
h-M
ainl
and
impo
rtan
ce…
are…
Bra
zil,
Car
los,
Cam
pos,
Cos
ta,
Ferr
eria
, Fo
ster
, Fr
eita
s,
Kno
wle
s, M
edei
ros,
Mon
iz,
Orn
ella
s, R
apoz
a, S
anto
s, T
oled
o, V
ause
and
Whi
te”
(Dur
and
Jr.
1959
:235
). H
owev
er,
this
per
iod
was
rel
ativ
ely
shor
t-liv
ed a
s th
e op
enin
g of
the
Pal
i ro
ute,
ex
orbi
tant
lan
d pr
ices
in
Hon
olul
u, a
nd m
ore
auto
mob
iles
on O
‘ahu
con
trib
uted
to
rapi
d ur
bani
zatio
n in
Kai
lua-
K�n
e‘oh
e (D
uran
d Jr
. 19
59:2
44-2
45).
Man
y la
ndow
ners
dec
ided
to
deve
lop
thei
r la
nd f
or s
ubur
ban
hous
ing
and
term
inat
ed le
ases
with
far
m le
aseh
olde
rs.
In 1
959
Haw
ai‘i
was
adm
itted
to th
e U
nion
mak
ing
it th
e 50
th s
tate
res
ultin
g in
a c
onst
ruct
ion
boom
and
rap
idly
gro
win
g ec
onom
y. H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Pa
rk o
pene
d in
196
1 w
ith a
lan
d ar
ea
of 6
acr
es. I
t ha
s gr
adua
lly e
xpan
ded
to i
ts c
urre
nt s
ize,
80
acre
s. T
he P
ikoi
loa
Subd
ivis
ion
lots
, w
hich
are
to th
e no
rthw
est o
f th
e pr
ojec
t are
a w
ere
crea
ted
by s
ubdi
visi
on a
ppro
vals
exe
cute
d in
19
64.
The
Pik
oilo
a T
ract
Uni
ts 9
and
10
tota
l 28
0 lo
ts.
Aro
und
the
sam
e tim
e, P
ohai
Nan
i w
as
open
ed in
196
4 an
d is
ope
rate
d by
the
Eva
ngel
ical
Lut
hera
n G
ood
Sam
arita
n So
ciet
y, th
e la
rges
t no
n-pr
ofit
oper
ator
of
seni
or c
omm
uniti
es in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
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tura
l Sur
veys
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ai‘i
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e: K
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3.2
Pre
viou
s Arc
haeo
logi
cal R
esea
rch
A n
umbe
r of
arc
haeo
logi
cal i
nves
tigat
ions
hav
e be
en c
ondu
cted
in K
�ne‘
ohe
Ahu
pua‘
a. T
his
sect
ion
prov
ides
a b
rief
ove
rvie
w o
f th
e re
sear
ch a
nd f
indi
ngs
of p
revi
ous
arch
aeol
ogy
in t
he
gene
ral
area
sur
roun
ding
the
pre
sent
pro
ject
fol
low
ed b
y a
mor
e de
taile
d su
mm
ary.
Pre
viou
s ar
chae
olog
ical
stu
dies
in th
e vi
cini
ty o
f th
e cu
rren
t pro
ject
are
a ar
e in
dica
ted
on F
igur
e 6
and
are
sum
mar
ized
in T
able
1.
3.2.
1P
revi
ous
Stud
ies
Adj
acen
t to
or I
nclu
ding
Por
tion
s of
the
Pro
ject
Are
a
3.2.
1.1
McA
llist
er
The
ear
liest
sys
tem
atic
arc
haeo
logi
cal
cove
rage
of
K�n
e‘oh
e w
as b
y J.
G.
McA
llist
er (
1933
) w
ho r
ecor
ded
maj
or s
ites
thro
ugho
ut O
‘ahu
in th
e ea
rly
1930
s. M
cAlli
ster
rec
orde
d a
num
ber
of
fish
pond
s an
d ot
her
site
s in
the
vic
inity
of
the
curr
ent
proj
ect
area
(Fi
gure
7).
The
fol
low
ing
are
brie
f de
scri
ptio
ns o
f si
tes
near
the
curr
ent p
roje
ct a
rea
(McA
llist
er 1
933
in S
terl
ing
and
Sum
mer
s 19
78:2
10-2
21):
Site
349
. W
aika
lua
Fish
pond
, ad
jace
nt t
o W
aika
lua,
Kan
eohe
. T
he r
ebui
ldin
g of
th
e po
nd h
as b
een
com
plet
ed. T
he w
all
was
142
0 fe
et l
ong
of w
ater
wor
n ba
salt
3 to
4 f
eet h
igh
but s
omew
hat w
ider
. The
pon
d co
vers
11
acre
s.
Site
350
. T
wo
pond
s, K
ailu
a si
de o
f W
aika
lua.
The
pon
d in
use
is
said
to
be
Kea
na w
ith a
n ar
ea o
f 3.
5 ac
res.
Acc
ordi
ng t
o B
ell,
the
nam
e of
the
oth
er i
s K
alok
ohan
ahou
. Its
wal
l is
brok
en. B
oth
wer
e bu
ilt o
f w
ater
wor
n ba
salt.
The
dir
t-fi
lled
wal
l of
Kea
na is
wid
e en
ough
for
tree
s to
gro
w o
n it.
Site
351
. T
hree
adj
acen
t po
nds,
loc
ated
off
the
lan
ds o
f M
ikio
la a
nd M
ahin
ui i
n K
aneo
he.
The
tw
o en
d po
nds
wer
e pr
obab
ly b
uilt
firs
t, th
e m
iddl
e po
nd b
eing
ad
ded
late
r so
as
to ta
ke a
dvan
tage
of
the
wal
ls o
f th
e ot
her
two.
The
pon
d on
the
east
is k
now
n as
Mah
inui
and
that
on
the
wes
t as
Mik
iola
. The
nam
e of
the
mid
dle
pond
is
Kal
uoa,
acc
ordi
ng t
o Jo
hn B
ell,
but
appe
ars
as K
apuu
on
a m
ap i
n th
e B
isho
p E
stat
e of
fice
. The
wal
l of
Mik
iola
is b
roke
n.
Site
352
. Ahu
kini
Hei
au, K
eana
, Kan
eohe
. A s
mal
l str
uctu
re, 7
0 by
127
fee
t, bu
ilt
on t
he t
op o
f an
ele
vatio
n 12
00 f
eet
from
the
sea
…T
he o
nly
feat
ures
rem
aini
ng
are
the
low
wal
ls,
unus
ual
beca
use
they
are
bui
lt of
sto
nes
a fe
w i
nche
s in
si
ze…
mos
t of
the
rem
ains
are
sca
ttere
d, f
or it
is v
ery
easy
for
the
cattl
e to
dis
turb
th
e sm
all
ston
es…
Whe
n th
e dr
ums
at t
his
heia
uw
ere
beat
en t
hey
coul
d be
hea
rd
over
Kan
eohe
, but
not
just
on
the
othe
r si
de o
f th
e lo
w r
idge
in K
ailu
a.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
B
ackg
roun
d R
esea
rch
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
21
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 6
. Por
tion
of U
S G
eolo
gica
l Sur
vey
K�n
e‘oh
e qu
ad m
ap s
how
ing
loca
tions
of
prev
ious
ar
chae
olog
ical
stu
dies
in th
e vi
cini
ty o
f th
e cu
rren
t pet
ition
are
a
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
B
ackg
roun
d R
esea
rch
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
22
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Tab
le 1
. Pre
viou
s A
rcha
eolo
gica
l Stu
dies
in th
e V
icin
ity o
f C
urre
nt P
roje
ct A
rea
Ref
eren
ceT
ype
of
Inve
stig
atio
n L
ocat
ion
Fin
ding
s
McA
llist
er
1933
Is
land
-wid
e su
rvey
Is
land
wid
e Id
entif
ied
9 si
tes
in th
e vi
cini
ty o
f th
e cu
rren
t pro
ject
are
a, 3
of
whi
ch
wer
e he
iau
Ster
ling
&
Sum
mer
s 19
78
Isla
nd-w
ide
surv
ey
Isla
nd w
ide
Sect
ion
conc
erni
ng K
�ne‘
ohe
incl
udes
lege
ndar
y re
fere
nces
to
the
nam
ing
of K
�ne‘
ohe
and
othe
r si
tes
and
the
desc
ript
ions
of
McA
llist
er’s
(19
33)
site
s
Ham
mat
t &
Bor
thw
ick
1989
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Surv
ey &
A
sses
smen
t
90-a
cre
Bay
Vie
w
Gol
f C
ours
e E
xpan
sion
Doc
umen
ts W
aika
lua-
loko
and
W
aika
lua
fish
pond
s
Ham
mat
t &
Shid
eler
19
89
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Surv
ey
Vet
eran
s C
emet
ery
90-a
cres
N
o si
gnif
ican
t fin
ds
Szab
ian
et
al. 1
989
Rec
onna
issa
nce
Surv
ey
N &
W f
acin
g sl
ope
of r
idge
se
para
ting
Kai
lua
and
K�n
e‘oh
e
Des
crib
es 1
1 si
tes
with
25
feat
ures
, fo
ur p
re-c
onta
ct, s
even
pos
t-co
ntac
t & K
awa‘
ewa‘
e H
eiau
Pfef
fer
and
Ham
mat
t 19
92
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Ass
essm
ent
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Cor
rido
r m
ostly
al
ong
Kam
eham
eha
Hw
y.
No
find
s
Stri
de e
t al.
1994
In
vent
ory
Surv
ey &
Su
bsur
face
Tes
ting
Wai
kalu
a R
oad
(TM
K 4
-5-0
5: 1
,2,
12-1
4) 3
.3 a
cres
at
shor
elin
e
No
sign
ific
ant
find
s in
ei
ght
back
hoe
tren
ches
Mee
ker
&
Mur
akam
i 19
95
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Mon
itori
ng a
nd D
ata
Rec
over
y In
vest
igat
ions
Ko‘
olau
Pa
li (T
MK
4-
5-42
:1
and
6)
Seve
ntee
n si
tes
inve
stig
ated
, of
th
ese,
fou
r w
ere
reco
mm
ende
d fo
r pr
eser
vatio
n. T
hey
incl
ude
one
set
of d
ryla
nd a
gric
ultu
ral t
erra
ces,
two
open
site
s w
ith li
thic
act
ivity
, and
a
sing
le
clus
ter
of
thre
e st
one
mou
nds.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
B
ackg
roun
d R
esea
rch
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
23
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 7
. Po
rtio
n of
195
9 B
isho
p M
useu
m m
ap s
how
ing
the
loca
tions
of
arch
aeol
ogic
al s
ites
iden
tifie
d by
McA
llist
er (
1933
) in
rel
atio
n to
the
cur
rent
pet
ition
are
a (a
dapt
ed f
rom
St
erlin
g an
d Su
mm
ers
1978
)
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
B
ackg
roun
d R
esea
rch
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
24
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Site
353
. A s
prin
g on
the
lan
d kn
own
as K
eana
, cal
led
Kin
ikai
lua-
Man
okan
eohe
, as
it
is s
aid
that
the
peo
ple
from
bot
h K
ailu
a an
d K
aneo
he d
ied
in g
reat
num
bers
fr
om d
rink
ing
its w
ater
s.
Site
354
. Kaw
a‘ew
a‘e
Hei
au, (
see
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
354
in S
ectio
n 4.
2)
Site
355
. Sm
all
roun
d hi
ll, t
he n
ame
of w
hich
is
not
rem
embe
red,
nea
r th
e m
ount
ain
side
of
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘e
Hei
au. S
aid
by J
ohn
Bel
l to
hav
e be
en t
he l
ocat
ion
of a
hol
ua. T
his
he s
aw d
estr
oyed
whe
n an
atte
mpt
was
mad
e to
pla
nt p
inea
pple
s in
thi
s se
ctio
n. W
ithou
t do
ubt
this
is
the
site
of
the
slid
e de
scri
bed
by B
ates
in
1853
.
Bef
ore
reac
hing
the
mis
sion
sta
tion
at K
aneo
he,
the
road
lea
ds t
hrou
gh a
nar
row
bu
t fe
rtile
rav
ine,
ten
ante
d by
a f
ew n
ativ
es.
In l
eavi
ng t
he r
avin
e, a
low
rou
nd
hill,
to
the
righ
t of
the
pat
h, i
s ra
ther
con
spic
uous
fro
m a
lon
g, n
arro
w d
epre
ssio
n or
cha
nnel
on
its s
ide.
It
was
an
indi
catio
n th
at o
ne o
f th
e fa
vori
te g
ames
of
the
old
Haw
aiia
ns h
ad b
een
play
ed t
here
. T
his
gam
e w
as c
alle
d th
e ho
lua,
and
was
on
e of
thei
r fa
vori
te g
ames
of
chan
ce…
Thi
s sa
me
site
was
see
n by
Bri
ggs
in 1
881:
”Dew
ight
poi
nted
out
to
me
a lo
ng
narr
ow d
epre
ssio
n on
som
e of
the
hill
s to
be
seen
fro
m o
ur p
ath,
whe
re o
ld
Haw
aiia
ns u
sed
to p
lay
one
of th
eir
favo
rite
gam
es o
f ch
ance
”.
Site
356
. Puu
mak
ani H
eiau
, Kal
apuh
i, W
aika
lua,
Kan
eohe
. Thi
s he
iau
was
on
the
ridg
e fa
cing
the
Nuu
anu
Pali,
but
the
ston
es w
ere
rem
oved
and
use
d fo
r bu
ildin
g a
cattl
e co
rral
far
ther
dow
n th
e sl
ope.
The
hei
au i
s sa
id t
o ha
ve b
een
built
by
Olo
pana
Site
357
. Kam
aiko
la a
cros
s fr
om t
he J
apan
ese
stor
e at
the
fir
st b
ridg
e be
yond
the
en
d of
Nuu
anu
Pali
desc
ent.
M
any
gene
ratio
ns a
go t
here
liv
ed a
t th
e fo
ot o
f th
e Pa
li a
Haw
aiia
n of
qu
estio
nabl
e ha
bits
. H
is n
ame
was
Pak
uanu
i an
d he
liv
ed o
n th
e la
nd k
now
n as
K
amai
kola
. H
ere
he h
ad h
is g
rass
hut
, th
e ro
ck f
ound
atio
n of
whi
ch w
as t
o be
fo
und
only
a f
ew y
ears
ago
. In
one
ver
sion
of
the
stor
y hi
s w
ife
used
to
b st
atio
ned
at t
he h
ead
of t
he P
ali
to s
igna
l to
her
hus
band
whe
n bu
t on
e or
tw
o tr
avel
ers
lade
n w
ith g
oods
des
cend
ed t
he t
rail.
Pak
uanu
i w
aite
d in
am
bush
, fe
ll ap
on th
em w
ith h
is s
pear
, dis
pose
d of
the
bodi
es a
nd a
ppro
pria
ted
the
good
s.
Acc
ordi
ng to
bac
kgro
und
rese
arch
and
his
tori
c m
aps,
Site
355
, the
hol
ua s
lide,
was
loca
ted
in
the
sout
hwes
tern
por
tion
of t
he p
roje
ct a
rea.
Site
354
, K
awa‘
ewa‘
e H
eiau
bor
ders
the
nor
ther
n bo
unda
ry a
nd S
ite 3
56, P
uum
akan
i Hei
au, w
as lo
cate
d ne
ar th
e so
uthe
rn b
ound
ary
of th
e pr
ojec
t ar
ea .
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
B
ackg
roun
d R
esea
rch
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
25
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
3.2.
1.2
Szab
ian
et a
l
From
May
25
to J
une
3, 1
989
Szab
ian
et a
l. co
nduc
ted
an a
rcha
eolo
gica
l re
conn
aiss
ance
su
rvey
for
the
prop
osed
Pik
oilo
a C
emet
ery.
In
addi
tion
to K
awa’
ewa’
a H
eiau
(SI
HP
-354
), li
sted
on
the
Nat
iona
l R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric
Plac
es s
ince
197
2, 1
1 si
tes
wer
e re
cord
ed w
ith a
t le
ast
25
asso
ciat
ed f
eatu
res.
Of
thes
e fo
ur w
ere
inte
rpre
ted
as p
re-c
onta
ct a
nd s
even
as
hist
oric
in n
atur
e.
On
the
fiel
d m
ap p
rovi
ded
by S
zabi
an e
t al.
(198
9:2)
it a
ppea
rs th
at s
ix o
f th
ese
site
s ar
e lo
cate
d w
ithin
the
cur
rent
pet
ition
are
a (F
igur
e 8)
. T
hey
incl
ude
SIH
P# -
4680
,- 4
681,
-46
82,
-468
3, -
4684
, and
468
6. S
ubse
quen
t to
the
inve
stig
atio
n co
nduc
ted
by S
zabi
an e
t al.
SIH
P#’s
-46
81 a
nd -
4682
wer
e de
term
ined
to b
e ou
tsid
e th
e cu
rren
t pet
ition
are
a (F
igur
e 10
). I
n ad
ditio
n SI
HP
# 50
-80
-10-
4682
was
det
erm
ined
to
be n
on-C
ultu
ral
(see
Sec
tion
4.1.
4).
All
of t
he s
ites
prev
ious
ly
reco
rded
by
Szab
ian
et a
l are
sum
mar
ized
(T
able
2).
3.2.
2B
ackg
roun
d Su
mm
ary
and
Pre
dict
ive
Mod
el
K�n
e‘oh
e A
hupu
a’a
was
inte
nsiv
ely
utili
zed
duri
ng th
e pr
e-C
onta
ct p
erio
d bo
th a
s an
agr
icul
tura
l an
d aq
uacu
ltura
l ce
nter
. A
dditi
onal
ly,
it w
as o
ne o
f th
e pr
imar
y po
pula
tion
cent
ers
on O
‘ahu
(D
evan
ey e
t al.
1976
:6).
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘a
Hei
au, l
ocat
ed in
the
vici
nity
of
the
proj
ect a
rea,
sug
gest
s th
e hi
stor
ical
and
arc
haeo
logi
cal i
mpo
rtan
ce o
f th
e ar
ea. A
dditi
onal
ly, t
he o
ral t
radi
tion
sugg
ests
that
the
area
has
had
a lo
ng im
port
ant h
isto
ry a
nd w
as w
ell k
now
n to
man
y of
the
indi
geno
us p
eopl
es.
K�n
e‘oh
e ha
s lo
ng b
een
view
ed a
s a
valu
able
ahu
pua‘
a bo
th i
n te
rms
of a
gric
ultu
ral
and
fish
ery
prod
uctiv
ity.
In 1
830
the
chie
fs o
f H
awai
‘i,
Mau
i, an
d O
‘ahu
, in
a c
ounc
il m
eetin
g co
ncer
ning
the
“la
te d
oing
s on
Oah
u”,
refe
rred
to
K�n
e‘oh
e as
the
“m
ost
valu
able
par
t” o
f th
e di
stri
ct o
f K
o‘ol
aupo
ko (
Kam
akau
197
2:30
3).
In t
he e
arly
190
0s,
K�n
e‘oh
e R
anch
cam
e to
do
min
ate
land
hol
ding
s in
the
Kai
lua
and
K�n
e‘oh
e ar
ea.
Incl
uded
with
in t
his
acre
age
is m
uch
ranc
h la
nd,
whi
ch h
ad b
een
boug
ht,
sold
, le
t, an
d us
ed a
s ra
nch
land
by
num
erou
s pa
rtie
s si
nce
the
mid
-185
0s.
Subs
eque
ntly
, th
e ra
nchi
ng a
nd f
arm
ing
area
s ha
ve b
een
repl
aced
by
resi
dent
ial
subd
ivis
ions
.
Prev
ious
arc
haeo
logi
cal
rese
arch
has
sup
port
ed t
hese
ind
icat
ions
with
the
doc
umen
tatio
n of
Pr
e-co
ntac
t ce
rem
onia
l, ha
bita
tiona
l, an
d ag
ricu
ltura
l re
mai
ns i
n th
e im
med
iate
vic
inity
of
the
proj
ect
area
(Sz
abia
n et
al
1989
). A
dditi
onal
ly,
hist
oric
bac
kgro
und
rese
arch
has
pla
ced
the
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial
Park
E
xpan
sion
pr
ojec
t w
ithin
an
ar
ea
empl
oyed
fo
r ca
ttle
ranc
hing
fo
llow
ing
indi
geno
us H
awai
ian
settl
emen
t. T
hus
as a
res
ult
of b
ackg
roun
d re
sear
ch,
expe
cted
fi
nds
duri
ng t
he a
rcha
eolo
gica
l in
vent
ory
surv
ey o
f th
e pr
ojec
t ar
ea c
ould
inc
lude
add
ition
al
evid
ence
of
indi
geno
us H
awai
ian
occu
patio
n an
d hi
stor
ic a
gric
ultu
re/r
anch
ing.
TM
K: [
1]
ultu
ral S
urve
ys H
awai
‘i J
ob C
ode:
KA
NE
O 2
Bac
kgro
und
Res
earc
h
Ar
26ch
aeol
ogic
al In
vent
ory
Surv
ey fo
r the
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on
4-0
5-03
3:00
1
Tab
le 2
. His
tori
c Pr
oper
ties
iden
tifie
d in
the
Szab
ian
et a
l. 19
89 A
rcha
eolo
gica
l Sur
vey
SIH
P #
(50-
80-1
0-)
# of
Fea
ture
s
For
mal
Sit
e T
ype
Pro
babl
eF
unct
ion
Est
imat
edA
geD
escr
ipti
on
His
tori
c P
rope
rtie
s L
ocat
ed W
ithi
n th
e C
urre
nt P
etit
ion
Are
a
-468
01
Ter
race
A
gric
ultu
ral/W
ater
con
trol
H
isto
ric
His
tori
c er
osio
n co
ntro
l and
wat
er d
iver
sion
terr
ace.
A
habi
tatio
n si
te
cons
istin
g of
se
vera
l c-
shap
ed
stru
ctur
es,
a te
rrac
e w
all
and
a ci
rcul
ar
rock
fe
atur
e si
tuat
ed o
n a
nort
h-fa
cing
slo
pe. T
his
hist
oric
pro
pert
y is
lo
cate
d ou
tsid
e of
the
petit
ion
area
.
* -4
681
5 C
ompl
ex-
Enc
losu
res
and
Ter
raci
ng
Agr
icul
tura
l/ H
abita
tion
Pre-
Con
tact
* -4
682
0 N
atur
al
terr
acin
g,
Plat
form
Nat
ural
N
on-
Cul
tura
l T
his
is a
ser
ies
of n
atur
al “
terr
aces
” fo
rmed
by
lava
ro
cks,
w
hich
ro
lled
dow
n sl
ope
and
wer
e ca
ught
by
ex
pose
d be
droc
k ou
tcro
ps.
-468
31
Pit f
eatu
re
Cha
rcoa
l kiln
H
isto
ric
Con
sist
s of
a r
ecta
ngul
ar p
it 3.
6 m
by
2.5
m a
nd s
ome
natu
ral
terr
acin
g. T
he w
alls
of
the
pit
show
evi
denc
e of
bu
rnin
g, l
ikel
y th
e re
mna
nts
of a
cha
rcoa
l ki
ln o
r so
me
sim
ilar
proc
essi
ng a
rea.
-468
47
Com
plex
-E
nclo
sure
, an
d T
erra
cing
Hab
itatio
n Pr
e-C
onta
ct
Hab
itatio
n si
te c
onsi
stin
g of
sev
eral
c-s
hape
d st
ruct
ures
, a
terr
ace
wal
l, a
circ
ular
roc
k fe
atur
e an
d se
vera
l ho
use
terr
aces
.
-468
61
Ston
e al
ignm
ent
Bou
ndar
y m
arke
r H
isto
ric
Thi
s si
te c
onsi
sts
of t
wo
feat
ures
. Fe
atur
e A
is
a ro
ck
alig
nmen
t co
nstr
ucte
d of
bo
ulde
rs
runn
ing
east
/wes
t pa
ralle
l to
a
larg
e st
ream
cu
t. Fe
atur
e B
, pr
evio
usly
de
scri
bed
as a
ser
ies
of s
tone
alig
nmen
ts, a
ppea
rs to
hav
e be
en b
adly
dis
turb
ed d
ue t
o la
ndsc
apin
g an
d ru
bbis
h pi
ling.
C
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
ultu
ral S
urve
ys H
awai
‘i J
ob C
ode:
KA
NE
O 2
Bac
kgro
und
Res
earc
h
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
27
SIH
P #
(50-
80-1
0-)
# of
Fea
ture
s
For
mal
Sit
e T
ype
Pro
babl
eF
unct
ion
Est
imat
edA
geD
escr
ipti
on
His
tori
c P
rope
rtie
s L
ocat
ed in
the
Vic
init
y of
the
Cur
rent
Pet
itio
n A
rea
4676
9 C
ompl
ex
of
wal
ls,
step
ped
terr
acin
g
Agr
icul
tura
l an
d ha
bita
tion
Pre-
Con
tact
A
site
com
plex
adj
acen
t to
KL
EI
radi
o to
wer
alo
ng a
tr
ibut
ary
to th
e K
awa
Stre
am.
4677
2 W
all
rem
nant
, ea
rthe
n m
ound
Agr
icul
tura
l H
isto
ric
Loc
ated
adj
acen
t to
the
Kaw
a St
ream
, it
cons
ists
of
a re
mna
nt s
tone
wal
l and
a la
rge
eart
hen
mou
nd.
4678
2
Wal
l re
mna
nt,
eart
hen
mou
nd
Agr
icul
tura
l or
ha
bita
tion
His
tori
c L
ocat
ed
appr
oxim
atel
y 70
m
no
rth
of
SIH
P 46
77.
Con
sist
s of
an
alig
nmen
t and
a la
rge
eart
hen
mou
nd.
4679
1 W
all
rem
nant
B
ound
ary
of
habi
tatio
n H
isto
ric
? L
ocat
ed a
t th
e ba
se o
f th
e sl
ope
belo
w K
LE
I ra
dio
tow
er
and
cons
istin
g of
an
L-s
hape
d al
ignm
ent
of w
eath
ered
ba
sal s
tone
s.
Loc
ated
on
a
ridg
e be
twee
n tw
o de
ep
stre
am
cuts
co
nsis
ting
of a
lev
el t
erra
ced
area
with
fac
ing
and
an
unde
term
ined
nu
mbe
r of
po
ssib
le
terr
ace
faci
ngs
dow
nstr
eam
.
4685
2+
Rem
nant
w
alls
, te
rrac
ing
Hab
itatio
n/
agri
cultu
ral
His
tori
c
* Su
bseq
uent
to th
e in
vest
igat
ion
cond
ucte
d by
Sza
bian
et a
l. SI
HP#
’s -
4681
and
-46
82 w
ere
dete
rmin
ed to
be
outs
ide
the
curr
ent p
etiti
on a
rea
(Fig
ure
10).
C
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
B
ackg
roun
d R
esea
rch
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
28
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 8
. Map
sho
win
g th
e cu
rren
t pet
ition
are
a (i
llust
rate
d in
red
) in
rel
atio
n to
that
of
Szab
ian
et a
l (19
89)
(ada
pted
fro
m S
zabi
an e
t al 1
989:
2).
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Res
ults
of F
ield
wor
k
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
29
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Sect
ion
4R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
4.1
Surv
ey F
indi
ngs
The
in
itial
pr
ojec
t ar
ea
cons
iste
d of
ap
prox
imat
ely
53
acre
s.
Follo
win
g th
e pe
dest
rian
in
spec
tion
the
boun
dari
es o
f th
e H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Pa
rk E
xpan
sion
pro
ject
are
a w
ere
adju
sted
to
inc
lude
buf
fer
zone
s fo
r se
lect
arc
haeo
logi
cal
reso
urce
s id
entif
ied
alon
g th
e pe
riph
ery
of t
he
proj
ect
area
. As
a re
sult,
an
addi
tiona
l 13
acr
es w
as a
dded
to
the
proj
ect
area
to
acco
unt
for
the
lost
acr
eage
. T
he p
etiti
on a
rea
defi
ned
for
this
rep
ort
is a
ppro
xim
atel
y 56
.6 a
cres
. A
tot
al o
f 11
hi
stor
ic p
rope
rtie
s w
ere
reco
rded
with
in o
r ne
ar th
e cu
rren
t pet
ition
are
a (F
igur
e 9)
. Of
thes
e, o
ne
was
pre
viou
sly
reco
rded
by
McA
llist
er (
1933
), S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-3
54,
and
five
wer
e pr
evio
usly
re
cord
ed b
y Sz
abia
n et
al
(198
9),
SIH
P# s
50-
80-1
0-46
80,
50-8
0-10
-468
1, 5
0-80
-10-
4683
, 50
-80
-10-
4684
, and
50-
80-1
0-46
86. T
he r
emai
ning
fiv
e ar
e ne
w d
isco
veri
es;
thes
e in
clud
e SI
HP
#s
50-8
0-10
-692
9, 5
0-80
-10-
6930
, 50-
80-1
0-69
31, 5
0-80
-10-
6932
, and
50-
80-1
0-69
33. F
our
of t
he
site
s (S
IHP-
354,
-46
81,
-692
9 an
d -6
931)
are
loc
ated
out
side
of
the
curr
ent
petit
ion
area
but
cl
ose
enou
gh f
or c
onsi
dera
tion.
Als
o, a
pre
viou
sly
unre
cord
ed f
eatu
re a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-35
4 w
as r
ecor
ded
and
a la
rge
grin
ding
sto
ne w
as d
isco
vere
d ap
prox
imat
ely
40 m
(13
1 ft
) so
uth
of S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
684.
In
addi
tion
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
2, p
revi
ousl
y re
cord
ed b
y Sz
abia
n et
al (
1989
) w
as d
eter
min
ed to
be
non-
Cul
tura
l and
is n
ot c
onsi
dere
d a
hist
oric
pro
pert
y.
In m
ost
inst
ance
s th
e hi
stor
ic p
rope
rtie
s pr
evio
usly
rec
orde
d by
Sza
bian
et
al (
1989
) w
ere
foun
d in
the
gene
ral a
rea
as s
how
n on
thei
r fi
eld
map
with
the
exce
ptio
n of
SIH
P #s
-46
83 a
nd -
4684
(Fi
gure
10)
. W
e w
ere
unab
le t
o lo
cate
any
thin
g re
sem
blin
g th
e si
te d
escr
iptio
ns i
n th
e in
dica
ted
area
s. C
SH d
id h
owev
er i
dent
ify
site
s si
mila
r to
the
des
crip
tions
els
ewhe
re w
ithin
the
pr
ojec
t ar
ea.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4683
was
rel
ocat
ed a
ppro
xim
atel
y 80
m n
orth
of
the
loca
tion
indi
cate
d on
the
Sza
bian
et
al (
1989
) m
ap. T
wo
site
s w
ere
loca
ted
rese
mbl
ing
the
desc
ript
ion
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
, in
this
cas
e th
e si
te c
lose
st to
the
orig
inal
loca
tion
plot
ted
by S
zabi
an e
t al
(198
9) w
as g
iven
thi
s de
sign
atio
n. T
he o
ther
, de
sign
ated
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-693
0 al
so c
onta
ins
attr
ibut
es s
imila
r to
the
site
des
crip
tion
reco
rded
by
Szab
ian
et a
l (19
89).
The
in
divi
dual
hi
stor
ic
prop
ertie
s ar
e de
taile
d in
th
e fo
llow
ing
sect
ions
. T
he
hist
oric
pr
oper
ties
with
in t
he c
urre
nt p
etiti
on a
rea
are
pres
ente
d fi
rst
follo
wed
by
the
hist
oric
pro
pert
ies
loca
ted
outs
ide
of t
he p
etiti
on a
rea
that
are
clo
se e
noug
h fo
r co
nsid
erat
ion.
The
pre
viou
sly
iden
tifie
d hi
stor
ic p
rope
rtie
s in
clud
e th
e or
igin
al d
escr
iptio
ns a
long
with
add
ition
al o
bser
vatio
ns
mad
e by
CSH
.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Res
ults
of F
ield
wor
k
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
30
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 9
. Por
tion
of a
USG
S m
ap s
how
ing
all s
ites
with
in th
e pr
evio
us a
nd c
urre
nt p
roje
ct a
reas
.
ultu
ral S
urve
ys H
awai
‘i J
ob C
ode:
KA
NE
O 2
Res
ults
of F
ield
wor
k
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
31
Tab
le 3
. Site
s id
entif
ied
with
in o
r ne
ar th
e pe
titio
n ar
ea.
SIH
P/C
SH#
(50-
80-1
0)
For
mal
Sit
e T
ype
Num
ber
of
Ass
ocia
ted
Fea
ture
s
Pro
babl
eF
unct
ion
Est
imat
ed A
ge
Des
crip
tion
His
tori
c P
rope
rtie
s L
ocat
ed W
ithi
n th
e C
urre
nt P
etit
ion
Are
a
-468
0T
erra
ce
1 A
gric
ultu
ral/
Wat
er c
ontr
ol
His
tori
c H
isto
ric
eros
ion
cont
rol a
nd w
ater
div
ersi
on
terr
ace.
-468
3Pi
t fea
ture
1
Cha
rcoa
l kiln
H
isto
ric
Con
sist
s of
a r
ecta
ngul
ar p
it 3.
6 m
by
2.5
m
and
som
e na
tura
l ter
raci
ng. T
he w
alls
of
the
pit s
how
evi
denc
e of
bur
ning
, lik
ely
the
rem
nant
s of
a c
harc
oal k
iln o
r so
me
sim
ilar
proc
essi
ng a
rea.
-468
4C
ompl
ex-
Enc
losu
re, a
nd
Ter
raci
ng
7 H
abita
tion
Pre-
cont
act
Hab
itatio
n si
te c
onsi
stin
g of
sev
eral
c-s
hape
d st
ruct
ures
, a te
rrac
e w
all,
a ci
rcul
ar r
ock
feat
ure
and
seve
ral h
ouse
terr
aces
.
-468
6St
one
alig
nmen
t 1
Bou
ndar
y m
arke
r H
isto
ric
Thi
s si
te c
onsi
sts
of tw
o fe
atur
es. F
eatu
re A
is
a ro
ck a
lignm
ent c
onst
ruct
ed o
f bo
ulde
rs
runn
ing
east
/wes
t par
alle
l to
a la
rge
stre
am
cut.
Feat
ure
B, p
revi
ousl
y de
scri
bed
as a
se
ries
of
ston
e al
ignm
ents
, app
ears
to h
ave
been
bad
ly d
istu
rbed
due
to la
ndsc
apin
g an
d ru
bbis
h pi
lling
fro
m th
e Po
hai N
ani
Ret
irem
ent C
omm
unity
C
ultu
ral S
urve
ys H
awai
‘i J
ob C
ode:
KA
NE
O 2
Res
ults
of F
ield
wor
k
TM
K: [
1]
Ar
32ch
aeol
ogic
al In
vent
ory
Surv
ey fo
r the
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial P
ark
Exp
ansi
on
4-0
5-03
3:00
1
-693
0St
one
encl
osur
e 1
Cer
emon
ial
Pre-
cont
act
Thi
s is
a r
ecta
ngul
ar s
hape
d st
one
encl
osur
e or
ient
ed n
orth
/sou
th w
ith a
n ir
regu
lar
notc
h on
the
east
wal
l. T
he d
imen
sion
s ar
e ap
prox
imat
ely
25 m
n/s
by
15 m
eter
s e/
w.
-693
2St
one
stor
age
feat
ure
1 St
orag
e H
isto
ric
Thi
s is
a s
tora
ge a
rea
dug
out b
enea
th a
bas
alt
boul
der
and
lined
with
sm
alle
r st
ones
. It i
s ad
jace
nt to
an
inde
term
inat
e dr
aina
ge.
-693
3Pi
t fea
ture
with
as
soci
ated
St
one
wal
l
2 C
harc
oal k
iln
His
tori
c T
his
is a
larg
e ci
rcul
ar p
it, a
ppro
xim
atel
y 4
m
in d
iam
eter
with
bur
ned
wal
ls, l
ikel
y th
e re
mna
nts
of a
cha
rcoa
l kiln
or
som
e si
mila
r pr
oces
sing
are
a. I
t is
cut i
nto
a na
tura
l ris
e in
th
e to
pogr
aphy
and
incl
udes
a f
aced
, tw
o to
th
ree
cour
se s
tone
wal
l fro
ntin
g it
on th
e no
rthe
ast s
ide.
His
tori
c P
rope
rtie
s L
ocat
ed in
the
Vic
init
y of
the
Cur
rent
Pet
itio
n A
rea
-354
Enc
losu
re,
Plat
form
s,
Ter
race
s
2+
Cer
emon
ial
Pre-
Con
tact
K
awa‘
ewa‘
e H
eiau
, thi
s is
on
top
of a
sm
all
knol
l and
con
sist
s of
one
larg
e en
clos
ure
120
by 2
53 f
eet w
ith a
sm
all t
erra
ce o
n th
e no
rth
side
that
fol
low
s th
e co
ntou
rs o
f th
e la
nd. T
he
wal
ls a
vera
ge a
bout
5 f
eet i
n w
idth
and
4 to
7
feet
in h
eigh
t acc
ordi
ng to
the
cont
ours
of
the
land
. Thi
s hi
stor
ic p
rope
rty
is lo
cate
d ou
tsid
e of
the
proj
ect a
rea.
-468
1C
ompl
ex-
Enc
losu
res
and
Ter
raci
ng
5 A
gric
ultu
ral/
Hab
itatio
n Pr
e-C
onta
ct
A h
abita
tion
site
con
sist
ing
of s
ever
al c
-sh
aped
str
uctu
res,
a te
rrac
e w
all a
nd a
ci
rcul
ar r
ock
feat
ure
situ
ated
on
a no
rth-
faci
ng s
lope
. Thi
s hi
stor
ic p
rope
rty
is lo
cate
d ou
tsid
e of
the
petit
ion
area
.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
33
-692
9Q
uarr
y 2
Raw
mat
eria
l co
llect
ion
Pre-
cont
act
Loc
ated
alo
ng a
n in
term
itten
t dra
inag
e, th
is
site
con
sist
s of
two
conc
entr
atio
ns o
f lit
hic
debi
tage
am
id a
n ab
unda
nce
of b
asal
t co
bble
s. T
his
hist
oric
pro
pert
y is
loca
ted
outs
ide
of th
e pe
titio
n ar
ea.
-693
1St
one
alig
nmen
ts
2+
Cer
emon
ial
Pre-
cont
act
Thi
s is
a p
ossi
ble
cere
mon
ial a
rea
loca
ted
on
a na
tura
l kno
ll be
twee
n tw
o in
term
itten
t dr
aina
ges
with
a s
erie
s of
sto
ne a
lignm
ents
on
the
slop
e. T
his
hist
oric
pro
pert
y is
loca
ted
outs
ide
of th
e pe
titio
n ar
ea.
Pre
viou
sly
Rec
orde
d H
isto
ric
Pro
pert
ies
Con
side
red
Non
-Cul
tura
l
Thi
s is
a s
erie
s of
nat
ural
“te
rrac
es”
form
ed
by la
va r
ocks
, whi
ch r
olle
d do
wn
slop
e an
d w
ere
caug
ht b
y ex
pose
d be
droc
k ou
tcro
ps.
-468
2N
atur
al
terr
acin
g,
Plat
form
0 N
atur
al
Non
-cul
tura
l
C
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
34
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 1
0. M
ap s
how
ing
the
curr
ent p
etiti
on a
rea
(illu
stra
ted
in r
ed)
and
site
loca
tions
in r
elat
ion
to th
e Sz
abia
n et
al f
ield
map
(ad
apte
d fr
om S
zabi
an e
t al 1
989:
2)
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
35
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
4.1.
1H
isto
ric
Pro
pert
ies
Loc
ated
Wit
hin
The
Cur
rent
Pet
itio
n A
rea.
4.1.
1.1
SIH
P #
50-
80-1
0-46
80
FO
RM
AL
TY
PE
:T
erra
ce
FU
NC
TIO
N:
Agr
icul
ture
/wat
er c
ontr
ol
AG
E:
H
isto
ric
# O
F F
EA
TU
RE
S:
1
DIM
EN
SIO
NS:
5 m
eter
s no
rth/
sout
h by
5 m
eter
s ea
st/w
est
CO
ND
ITIO
N:
Poor
UT
M:
GP
S P
oint
1
N. 2
3663
78 E
. 625
837
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
:
Szab
ian
et a
l (19
89)
desc
ribe
d SI
HP
50-8
0-10
-468
0 as
:
a ro
ck c
once
ntra
tion
cove
red
with
Chr
istm
as b
erry
app
roxi
mat
ely
5 m
lon
g an
d tu
mbl
ing
appr
oxim
atel
y 6
m d
own
slop
e” (
Szab
ian
et a
l 198
9: 1
1).
CSH
has
add
ed t
he f
ollo
win
g de
scri
ptiv
e at
trib
utes
to
SIH
P 50
-80-
10-4
680.
It
cons
ists
of
a ro
ck c
once
ntra
tion
form
ing
a cr
ude
terr
aced
str
uctu
re (
Figu
re 1
1 to
Fig
ure
13).
The
cru
de te
rrac
e re
tain
s a
larg
e am
ount
of
soil
runo
ff th
at a
ppea
rs to
hav
e bu
ried
a p
ortio
n of
the
site
. The
terr
ace
form
s th
e to
p of
the
hill
and
is a
djac
ent t
o a
wat
er-c
ut d
itch
that
dra
ins
into
the
larg
er d
rain
age
at
the
base
of
the
hill
SIH
P #
-468
0 is
con
stru
cted
of
angu
lar
basa
lt co
bble
s st
acke
d ag
ains
t a
stee
ply
slop
ing
hill.
T
he t
erra
ce w
all
is s
tack
ed 5
lev
els
high
(m
axim
um h
eigh
t 12
5 cm
) w
ith 2
0 cm
dia
met
er
cobb
les.
A c
rude
alig
nmen
t of
bou
lder
s (5
5 cm
dia
met
er)
exte
nds
east
app
roxi
mat
ely
2 m
eter
s fr
om th
e so
uthe
ast c
orne
r. T
he s
outh
east
end
is th
e be
st p
rese
rved
with
a p
oor
faci
ng e
xpos
ed.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 1
1. P
lan
view
dia
gram
of
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
0.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
36
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
37
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 1
2. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
680,
ove
rvie
w o
f ro
ck m
ound
, vie
w to
the
wes
t.
Figu
re 1
3. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
680,
clo
se-u
p of
roc
k m
ound
, vie
w to
wes
t.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
38
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
4.1.
1.2
SIH
P #
50-
80-1
0-46
83
FO
RM
AL
TY
PE
:Pi
t fea
ture
FU
NC
TIO
N:
Cha
rcoa
l kiln
AG
E:
H
isto
ric
# O
F F
EA
TU
RE
S:
1
DIM
EN
SIO
NS:
5 m
eter
s no
rth/
sout
h by
5m
eter
s ea
st/w
est
CO
ND
ITIO
N:
Poor
UT
M:
GP
S P
oint
1
N. 2
3664
55.3
E. 6
2602
0.7
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
:
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4683
whe
n fi
rst o
bser
ved
by S
zabi
an e
t al (
1989
) w
as d
escr
ibed
as:
Loc
ated
on
a fa
irly
lev
el a
rea
this
site
is
com
pris
ed o
f tw
o fe
atur
es:
Feat
ure
A i
s an
app
aren
t ex
cava
tion,
rec
tang
ular
in
shap
e m
easu
ring
3.6
m b
y 2.
5 m
and
ap
prox
imat
ely
0.7
m d
eep.
Fea
ture
B is
a s
erie
s of
terr
aces
of
unde
term
ined
ext
ent
(Sza
bian
et a
l 198
9:11
)
The
are
a sh
own
on t
he S
zabi
an f
ield
map
was
dev
oid
of a
nyth
ing
rese
mbl
ing
the
prev
ious
de
scri
ptio
n. H
owev
er d
urin
g th
e su
bseq
uent
sur
vey
wor
k a
rect
angu
lar
exca
vatio
n si
mila
r to
the
de
scri
ptio
n of
Fea
ture
A w
as o
bser
ved
appr
oxim
atel
y 80
m (
262
ft)
to t
he n
orth
(Fi
gure
14
and
Figu
re 1
5).
The
rec
tang
ular
pit
mea
suri
ng 3
.5 m
by
2.5
m a
nd 1
.5 m
dee
p, r
esem
bles
a
hist
oric
cha
rcoa
l kiln
. Eas
t of
the
rect
angu
lar
pit i
s co
ncen
trat
ed a
rea
of la
rge
ston
es a
nd b
ould
ers
sim
ilar
to th
e de
scri
ptio
n fo
r Fe
atur
e B
(Fi
gure
16)
. Ran
dom
par
tial a
lignm
ents
am
ong
them
may
su
gges
t man
-mad
e te
rrac
ing
but a
re m
ost l
ikel
y na
tura
l.
SIH
P#
50-8
0-10
-468
3 is
be
lieve
d to
be
a
hist
oric
si
te
as
char
coal
pr
oduc
tion
was
a
wid
espr
ead
indu
stry
in W
indw
ard
O‘a
hu d
urin
g th
e la
ter
part
of
the
19th
and
ear
ly p
art o
f th
e 20
th
cent
ury.
R
emna
nt
char
coal
ki
lns
have
be
en
exte
nsiv
ely
docu
men
ted
in
a nu
mbe
r of
ar
chae
olog
ical
inv
estig
atio
ns c
ondu
cted
in
K�n
e‘oh
e an
d H
e‘ei
a. F
or a
tho
roug
h di
scus
sion
of
thes
e ty
pes
of f
eatu
res
the
read
er i
s re
ferr
ed t
o M
eeke
r (1
995)
, D
ocka
ll (e
t al
. 20
03),
and
Alle
n (1
987)
.
The
fo
llow
ing
text
fr
om
Mee
ker
(199
5:98
-99)
de
scri
bes
the
cons
truc
tion
and
firi
ng
tech
niqu
es o
f ea
rth-
cove
red
pit
kiln
s fr
om d
evel
opin
g co
untr
ies
and
high
light
s th
e si
mila
ritie
s be
twee
n Fe
atur
e A
and
doc
umen
ted
non-
indu
stri
al c
harc
oal k
ilns:
The
ear
th-c
over
ed p
it ki
ln i
s an
othe
r tr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of c
harc
oal
mak
ing
still
pr
actic
ed
in
the
deve
lopi
ng
coun
trie
s.
Boo
th
(198
3:50
) de
scri
bes
it as
th
e “e
quiv
alen
t of
a m
ound
but
bel
ow g
roun
d le
vel.”
In
size
, it
coul
d ra
nge
from
an
exca
vate
d ho
le o
f ab
out 1
or
2 m
3 to a
hill
side
pit
mea
suri
ng 4
m in
dia
met
er. D
ug
into
the
slo
pe, t
he s
ide
and
rear
wal
ls o
f th
e pi
t ar
e fo
rmed
by
vert
ical
cut
s in
the
na
tura
l ear
th. S
omet
imes
the
wal
ls a
re r
einf
orce
d by
a b
rick
or
ston
e lin
ing.
The
re
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
39
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
may
be
an a
ir v
ent
or f
lue
cut
into
the
rea
r w
all.
Em
rich
(19
85:2
4) f
urth
er n
otes
th
at “
afte
r lo
adin
g, t
he p
it is
cov
ered
with
a l
ayer
of
leav
es n
orm
ally
20
cm t
hick
an
d on
top
with
a la
yer
of s
oil o
f th
e sa
me
thic
knes
s.”
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4683
is
loca
ted
in a
rel
ativ
ely
leve
l ar
ea c
urre
ntly
util
ized
by
unau
thor
ized
pa
intb
all e
nthu
sias
ts (
Figu
re 1
7). M
akes
hift
woo
den
barr
icad
es h
ave
been
con
stru
cted
; the
are
a is
lit
tere
d w
ith e
xpen
ded
air
cart
ridg
es a
nd c
olor
ful s
plat
ter
patte
rns
on th
e su
rrou
ndin
g ve
geta
tion.
Figu
re 1
4. P
lan
view
and
pro
file
of
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
3.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
40
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 1
5. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
83, r
ecta
ngul
ar e
xcav
atio
n vi
ewed
fro
m th
e ea
st.
Figu
re 1
6. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
83, n
atur
al te
rrac
ing
view
ed f
rom
the
east
.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
41
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 1
7. P
ictu
re s
how
ing
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4683
in r
elat
ion
to th
e un
auth
oriz
ed p
aint
ball
area
.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
42
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
4.1.
1.3
SIH
P #
50-
80-1
0-46
84
FO
RM
AL
TY
PE
:C
ompl
ex-
Enc
losu
res
& te
rrac
ing
FU
NC
TIO
N:
Hab
itatio
n
AG
E:
Pr
e-C
onta
ct
# O
F F
EA
TU
RE
S:
7
DIM
EN
SIO
NS:
33 m
eter
s no
rth/
sout
h by
56
met
ers
east
/wes
t
CO
ND
ITIO
N:
Goo
d
UT
M:
GP
S P
oint
1
N
. 236
6505
E. 6
2610
4.3
Gri
ndin
g St
one
N
. 236
6454
.4 E
. 626
104.
7
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
:
Szab
ian
et a
l (19
89)
desc
ribe
d th
is h
isto
ric
prop
erty
as:
Loc
ated
on
a
smal
l kn
oll
betw
een
stre
ambe
ds,
this
la
rge
mul
tiple
te
rrac
ed
stru
ctur
e is
top
ped
by a
sta
cked
fre
esta
ndin
g w
all
on t
hree
sid
es,
with
the
fou
rth
wal
l in
corp
orat
ed
into
th
e sl
ope.
T
he
over
all
size
of
th
e en
clos
ure
is
appr
oxim
atel
y 25
by
18 m
with
wal
ls a
vera
ging
slig
htly
ove
r 1
m w
ide
and
0.7
m
high
. T
he s
truc
ture
is
com
pris
ed o
f st
acke
d su
bang
ular
wea
ther
ed b
asal
t co
bble
s an
d bo
ulde
rs.
The
fac
ings
of
the
nort
h an
d w
est
wal
ls a
re i
ntac
t, w
ith t
he l
ower
te
rrac
e st
eps
colla
psed
. T
he l
evel
are
a w
ithin
the
enc
losu
re a
ppea
rs t
o be
soi
l fi
lled
and
no s
urfa
ce f
eatu
res
wer
e ev
iden
t. Po
ssib
le t
erra
ce s
truc
ture
s w
ere
enco
unte
red
dow
nslo
pe a
ppro
xim
atel
y 20
m to
the
wes
t.
As
men
tione
d pr
evio
usly
, th
e lo
catio
n de
pict
ed o
n th
e Sz
abia
n fi
eld
map
was
dev
oid
of
anyt
hing
res
embl
ing
the
prev
ious
des
crip
tion.
How
ever
dur
ing
the
subs
eque
nt s
urve
y a
site
was
ob
serv
ed a
ppro
xim
atel
y 15
0 m
nor
th th
at s
hare
d si
mila
r at
trib
utes
to th
e av
aila
ble
desc
ript
ion.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
is
a ha
bita
tion
site
con
sist
ing
of s
ever
al c
-sha
ped
stru
ctur
es,
a te
rrac
e w
all,
a ci
rcul
ar r
ock
feat
ure
and
seve
ral
hous
e te
rrac
es, s
even
fea
ture
s in
all
(Fig
ure
18).
To
the
east
, w
est
and
sout
h of
the
com
plex
is
a ba
dly
dist
urbe
d ar
ea.
The
site
is
situ
ated
on
a w
est-
faci
ng s
lope
with
veg
etat
ion
cons
istin
g of
den
se c
anop
y of
lar
ge t
rees
and
an
unde
rsto
ry o
f la
ua‘e
fer
n. A
n in
term
itten
t dra
inag
e bo
rder
s th
e si
te to
the
east
and
sou
th. T
wo
1x 1
m (
3.3
x 3.
3 ft
.) te
st u
nits
wer
e ex
cava
ted
in o
rder
to g
athe
r m
ore
info
rmat
ion
as to
the
func
tion
of th
is s
ite. A
de
taile
d su
mm
ary
is a
vaila
ble
in t
he f
ollo
win
g se
ctio
n. A
dditi
onal
ly, a
lar
ge g
rind
ing
ston
e w
as
disc
over
ed a
ppro
xim
atel
y 40
m s
outh
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
.
Feat
ure
A i
s an
enc
losu
re c
onsi
stin
g of
sta
cked
bas
alt
wal
ls, t
he e
aste
rn c
orne
r is
the
hig
hest
st
andi
ng a
ppro
xim
atel
y 45
cm
abo
ve th
e gr
ound
sur
face
. (Fi
gure
19)
. The
nor
th w
all m
easu
res
7 m
eter
s w
ith t
he d
istu
rbed
NW
cor
ner
havi
ng l
ittle
to
no h
eigh
t; th
e w
est
wal
l m
easu
res
4.2
met
ers,
and
is b
adly
dis
turb
ed w
ith n
o he
ight
. The
eas
t col
laps
ed w
all m
easu
res
7.5
met
ers
by 4
0 cm
hig
h, a
nd th
e so
uthe
rn w
all m
easu
res
7 by
3.5
met
ers.
The
inte
rior
of
the
encl
osur
e pr
ovid
es a
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
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ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
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2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
spac
e of
app
roxi
mat
ely
5 by
7 m
eter
s an
d is
mos
tly s
oil w
ith s
catte
red
rock
s. A
1 b
y 1
met
er te
st
unit
(TU
1) w
as p
lace
d in
side
Fea
ture
A in
the
east
ern
corn
er.
Feat
ure
B i
s a
stac
ked
basa
lt co
bble
/bou
lder
ter
race
wal
l lo
cate
d so
uthw
est
of F
eatu
re A
(F
igur
e 20
). I
t mea
sure
s 19
met
ers
long
run
ning
at 2
62 d
egre
es e
ast o
f no
rth
and
rang
es in
hei
ght
from
0 to
80
cm.
Feat
ure
C i
s a
stac
ked
basa
lt co
bble
and
bou
lder
wal
l fo
rmin
g an
“L
” sh
aped
ter
race
with
the
lo
ng s
egm
ent
mea
suri
ng 2
0 m
eter
s or
ient
ed a
t 33
3 de
gree
s an
d th
e sh
orte
r se
gmen
t m
easu
ring
7
met
ers
orie
nted
at 2
52 d
egre
es (
Figu
re 2
1). T
his
feat
ure
appe
ars
to b
e m
ostly
col
laps
ed, w
ith th
e hi
ghes
t por
tion
at 5
0 cm
. It e
nclo
ses
3 ap
pare
nt c
-sha
ped
feat
ures
and
a p
ossi
ble
hear
th.
Feat
ure
D i
s a
c-sh
aped
fea
ture
con
sist
ing
of b
asal
t bo
ulde
rs a
nd l
arge
cob
bles
(Fi
gure
22)
. It
mea
sure
s 4
by 3
.5 m
eter
s an
d op
ens
to th
e so
uthw
est.
Feat
ure
E i
s a
circ
ular
roc
k fe
atur
e, p
ossi
bly
a he
arth
, m
easu
ring
2.3
met
ers
in d
iam
eter
and
30
cm
in h
eigh
t (Fi
gure
23)
. It i
s lo
cate
d ne
ar th
e 3
c-sh
aped
hab
itatio
n st
ruct
ures
(Fe
atur
es D
, F
and
G).
Feat
ure
F is
a c
-sha
ped
feat
ure
cons
istin
g of
bas
alt
boul
ders
and
lar
ge c
obbl
es. I
t m
easu
res
4 by
4 m
eter
s an
d op
ens
to t
he s
outh
wes
t (F
igur
e 24
). C
ontig
uous
to
the
sout
hwes
t is
Fea
ture
C
and
abou
t 4.5
met
ers
to th
e no
rthw
est i
s Fe
atur
e E
. A 1
by
1 m
eter
test
uni
t (T
U2)
was
pla
ced
in
the
mid
dle
of F
eatu
re F
.
Feat
ure
G i
s a
high
ly e
rode
d c-
shap
ed f
eatu
re (
dam
aged
fro
m u
nkno
wn
proc
esse
s) c
onsi
stin
g of
bas
alt
boul
ders
and
lar
ge c
obbl
es (
Figu
re 2
5).
It i
s lo
cate
d ab
out
6 m
eter
s N
W o
f Fe
atur
e F,
ab
out 3
met
ers
nort
h of
Fea
ture
E. F
eatu
re G
mea
sure
s ap
prox
imat
ely
4 m
eter
s in
dia
met
er a
nd a
si
ngle
cou
rse
of c
obbl
es/b
ould
ers
is in
term
itten
tly p
rese
nt a
long
its
circ
umfe
renc
e.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
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k E
xpan
sion
43
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1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
44
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 1
8. P
lan
view
dia
gram
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
sho
win
g th
e lo
catio
n of
Tes
t Uni
ts 1
&2
as w
ell a
s a
grin
ding
sto
ne d
isco
vere
d so
uth
of th
e si
te p
rope
r.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
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EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 1
9. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
84 F
eatu
re A
, hou
se s
truc
ture
, vie
w to
the
nort
heas
t.
Figu
re 2
0. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
84 F
eatu
re B
, ba
salt
cobb
le/
rock
ter
race
wal
l, vi
ew t
o th
e no
rth.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
45
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
46
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 2
1. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
84 F
eatu
re C
, bas
alt b
ould
er a
nd c
obbl
e w
all,
view
to th
e no
rth.
Figu
re 2
2. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
84 F
eatu
re D
, c-
shap
ed r
ock
feat
ure,
vie
w t
o th
e so
uthw
est.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
47
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 2
3. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
84 F
eatu
re E
, cir
cula
r ro
ck f
eatu
re, p
ossi
ble
hear
th, v
iew
to e
ast.
Figu
re 2
4. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
84 F
eatu
re F
, c-
shap
ed r
ock
feat
ure,
vie
w t
o th
e no
rthe
ast.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
48
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 2
5. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
84 F
eatu
re G
, c-s
hape
d ro
ck f
eatu
re.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
49
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K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
4.1.
1.3.
1Te
st E
xcav
atio
ns F
indi
ngs
A t
otal
of
two
1 x
1 m
tes
t un
its w
ere
exca
vate
d at
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
. Tes
t U
nit
#1, w
as
exca
vate
d in
the
eas
tern
por
tion
of F
eatu
re A
. Tes
t U
nit
# 2
was
loc
ated
with
in F
eatu
re F
, alo
ng
the
sout
heas
tern
wal
l.
4.1.
1.3.
1.1
Test
Uni
t 1
The
tes
t ex
cava
tion
was
loc
ated
in
the
east
ern
corn
er o
f th
e en
clos
ure
(Fig
ure
26 t
o Fi
gure
30
). T
he t
est
unit
was
exc
avat
ed t
o a
term
inal
dep
th o
f 35
cm
bs (
13.7
in)
. A t
otal
of
thre
e st
rata
w
ere
obse
rved
, St
ratu
m I
was
ver
y da
rk b
row
n, c
lay
loam
sed
imen
t co
mpo
sed
of l
eaf
litte
r an
d hu
mus
acc
umul
ated
on
and
with
in t
he b
asal
t st
ones
, mix
ing
with
the
cla
y so
il be
low
. Str
atum
II
cons
iste
d of
a d
ark
redd
ish
brow
n si
lty c
lay
gene
rally
rep
rese
nted
soi
ls d
evel
oped
fro
m m
ater
ial
filte
ring
dow
n th
roug
h Fe
atur
e A
’s c
onst
ruct
ion.
Str
atum
III
was
dar
k re
d si
lty c
lay
cons
istin
g of
sa
prol
ite
deve
lope
d fr
om
the
deco
mpo
sitio
n of
th
e un
derl
ying
ba
salt
bedr
ock.
T
he
test
ex
cava
tion
term
inat
ed a
t ste
rile
Str
atum
III
sed
imen
ts.
A t
otal
of
four
art
ifac
ts w
ere
reco
vere
d fr
om t
he e
xcav
atio
n, t
hree
bas
alt
flak
es a
nd a
sm
all
piec
e of
bro
wn
bottl
e gl
ass.
Tw
o of
the
bas
alt
flak
es w
ere
reco
vere
d fr
om b
etw
een
10 a
nd 2
0 cm
bs (
4-8
in).
The
rem
aini
ng f
lake
and
a s
ingl
e pi
ece
of b
row
n bo
ttle
glas
s w
ere
reco
vere
d fr
om
20 to
30
cmbs
(8-
11.8
in).
All
artif
acts
wer
e re
cove
red
from
Str
atum
II.
4.1.
1.3.
1.2
Test
Uni
t 2
The
tes
t ex
cava
tion
was
pla
ced
with
in F
eatu
re F
, al
ong
the
sout
heas
tern
wal
l (F
igur
e 31
to
Fig
ure
35).
The
tes
t un
it w
as e
xcav
ated
to
a te
rmin
al d
epth
of
40 c
mbs
(15
.7 i
n).
The
st
ratig
raph
y w
as s
imila
r to
Tes
t U
nit
1. S
trat
um I
was
ver
y da
rk b
row
n, c
lay
loam
with
gre
ater
th
an f
ifty
per
cent
bas
alt
ston
e in
clus
ions
. Str
atum
II
cons
iste
d of
a d
ark
redd
ish
brow
n si
lty c
lay
and
Stra
tum
III
was
dar
k re
d si
lty c
lay.
The
tes
t ex
cava
tion
term
inat
ed a
t st
erile
Str
atum
III
se
dim
ents
. No
artif
acts
wer
e re
cove
red
from
this
exc
avat
ion.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
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ai‘i
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Cod
e: K
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2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
50
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 2
6. P
re-e
xcav
atio
n pi
ctur
e of
Tes
t Uni
t 1.
Figu
re 2
7. P
ost-
exca
vatio
n pi
ctur
e of
Tes
t Uni
t 1.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
51
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 2
8. P
ictu
re o
f th
e no
rthe
ast p
rofi
le, T
est U
nit 1
.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 2
9. D
raw
ing
of th
e no
rthe
ast p
rofi
le, T
est U
nit 1
.
Tab
le 4
. Soi
l des
crip
tion
of T
est U
nit 1
.
Stra
tum
I: 0
-14
cmbs
7.
5 Y
R 2
.5/3
ver
y da
rk b
row
n cl
ay lo
am w
ith a
str
ong,
fi
ne, b
lock
y st
ruct
ure.
Fir
m m
oist
con
sist
ency
, slig
htly
pl
astic
with
no
cem
enta
tion.
Ter
rest
rial
ori
gin
with
an
abru
pt b
ound
ary
and
smoo
th to
pogr
aphy
.
Stra
tum
II:
9-3
0 cm
bs
2.5
YR
3/6
dar
k re
d si
lty c
lay
with
a s
tron
g, f
ine,
blo
cky
stru
ctur
e. V
ery
firm
moi
st c
onsi
sten
cy, s
light
ly p
last
ic w
ith
no c
emen
tatio
n an
d te
rres
tria
l ori
gin.
Stra
tum
III
: 30-
35 c
mbs
2.
5 Y
R 3
/6-4
/6 d
ark
red
silty
cla
y w
ith a
ver
y fi
ne a
nd
med
ium
sub
angu
lar
bloc
ky s
truc
ture
. Har
d dr
y co
nsis
tenc
y,
plas
tic a
nd a
gra
dual
wav
y bo
unda
ry.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
52
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
53
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 3
0. P
ost e
xcav
atio
n pl
an v
iew
of
Tes
t Uni
t 1.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 3
1. P
re-e
xcav
atio
n pi
ctur
e of
Tes
t Uni
t 2.
Figu
re 3
2. P
ost-
exca
vatio
n pi
ctur
e of
Tes
t Uni
t 2
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
54
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 3
3. P
ictu
re o
f th
e so
uthe
ast p
rofi
le, T
est U
nit 2
.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
55
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
56
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 3
4. D
raw
ing
of th
e so
uthe
ast p
rofi
le, T
est U
nit 2
.
Tab
le 5
. Soi
l des
crip
tion
of T
est U
nit 2
.
Stra
tum
I: 0
-20
cmbs
7.
5 Y
R 2
.5/3
ver
y da
rk b
row
n cl
ay lo
am w
ith a
str
ong,
fi
ne, b
lock
y st
ruct
ure.
Fir
m m
oist
con
sist
ency
, slig
htly
pl
astic
with
no
cem
enta
tion.
Ter
rest
rial
ori
gin
with
an
abru
pt b
ound
ary
and
smoo
th to
pogr
aphy
.
Stra
tum
II:
14-
37 c
mbs
2.
5 Y
R 3
/6 d
ark
red
silty
cla
y w
ith a
str
ong,
fin
e, b
lock
y st
ruct
ure.
Ver
y fi
rm m
oist
con
sist
ency
, slig
htly
pla
stic
with
no
cem
enta
tion
and
terr
estr
ial o
rigi
n.
Stra
tum
III
: 35-
40 c
mbs
2.
5 Y
R 3
/6-4
/6 d
ark
red
silty
cla
y w
ith a
ver
y fi
ne a
nd
med
ium
sub
angu
lar
bloc
ky s
truc
ture
. Har
d dr
y co
nsis
tenc
y,
plas
tic a
nd a
gra
dual
wav
y bo
unda
ry.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
57
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 3
5. P
ost-
exca
vatio
n pl
an v
iew
of
Tes
t Uni
t 2
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
58
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
4.1.
1.3.
2G
rind
ing
Ston
e A
n is
olat
ed a
rtif
act
was
dis
cove
red
appr
oxim
atel
y 40
m s
outh
of
Feat
ure
B,
a la
rge
grin
ding
st
one
(Fig
ure
36 to
Fig
ure
38).
The
sto
ne is
60
x 45
cm
(24
x 1
8 in
) w
ith a
n ov
al 4
8 x
33 c
m (
19
x 13
in)
dep
ress
ion
appr
oxim
atel
y 2
cm d
eep
grou
nd i
nto
it. N
o ot
her
artif
acts
or
feat
ures
wer
e ob
serv
ed in
the
imm
edia
te v
icin
ity. I
t is
loca
ted
in a
n ar
ea w
ith a
bund
ant b
asal
t sto
ne a
nd n
atur
al
terr
acin
g.
Figu
re 3
6. P
ictu
re o
f th
e gr
indi
ng s
tone
ori
ente
d no
rthe
ast.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 3
7. P
ictu
re o
f th
e gr
indi
ng s
tone
ori
ente
d no
rthw
est.
Figu
re 3
8. P
ictu
re s
how
ing
the
grin
ding
sto
ne o
rien
ted
nort
h.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
59
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
4.1.
1.4
SIH
P #
50-
80-1
0-46
86
FO
RM
AL
TY
PE
:St
one
Alig
nmen
t
FU
NC
TIO
N:
Bou
ndar
y M
arke
r
AG
E:
H
isto
ric
# O
F F
EA
TU
RE
S:
2
DIM
EN
SIO
NS:
50 m
eter
s ea
st/w
est b
y ap
prox
. 1 m
eter
nor
th/s
outh
CO
ND
ITIO
N:
Fair
UT
M:
GP
S P
oint
1
N. 2
3667
41 E
. 626
185.
3
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
:
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4686
con
sist
s of
tw
o fe
atur
es (
Figu
re 3
9).
The
res
ourc
e w
as p
revi
ousl
y id
entif
ied
by S
zabi
an e
t al (
1989
) w
ho p
rovi
de th
e fo
llow
ing
desc
ript
ion:
Feat
ure
A i
s lo
cate
d ad
jace
nt t
o a
larg
e st
ream
and
dom
inat
ed b
y a
very
lar
ge
man
go t
ree.
Thi
s fe
atur
e co
ntai
ns m
any
alig
nmen
ts a
nd a
n ap
prox
imat
ely
50.0
m
long
col
laps
ed w
all o
f an
gula
r ba
salt.
The
re is
a m
oder
n ch
icke
n co
op to
the
nort
h (S
zabi
an e
t al 1
989:
13).
Feat
ure
B,
loca
ted
adja
cent
to
the
Poha
i N
ani
Car
e C
ente
r ha
s a
seri
es o
f al
ignm
ents
and
an
aban
done
d m
oder
n ch
icke
n co
op. T
here
are
lar
ge m
ango
tre
es
in th
e ar
ea a
nd a
gre
at d
eal o
f di
scar
ded
hist
oric
rub
bish
(Sz
abia
n et
al 1
989:
13).
SIH
P#
50-8
0-10
-468
6 Fe
atur
e A
is
co
nstr
ucte
d of
bo
ulde
rs
(app
roxi
mat
ely
60
cm
in
diam
eter
) ru
nnin
g ea
st/w
est
para
llel
to a
lar
ge s
trea
m c
ut (
Figu
re 4
0).
The
re a
re s
ever
al n
atur
al
alig
nmen
ts r
unni
ng a
cros
s th
e sl
ope,
whi
ch c
onsi
st o
f bo
ulde
rs r
angi
ng f
rom
60-
200
cm i
n di
amet
er.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4686
Fea
ture
B a
ppea
rs to
hav
e be
en b
adly
dis
turb
ed d
ue to
land
scap
ing
and
rubb
ish
pilin
g (F
igur
e 41
and
Fig
ure
42).
The
mod
ern
chic
ken
coop
and
lar
ge m
ango
tre
es
desc
ribe
d by
Sza
bian
et
al (
1989
:13)
wer
e lo
cate
d. T
he s
ite p
roba
bly
repr
esen
ts h
isto
ric
to
mod
ern
use
of th
e ar
ea b
y ne
arby
res
iden
ts.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
60
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f the
Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 3
9. P
lan
view
dia
gram
of
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
6 Fe
atur
e A
, roc
k al
ignm
ent.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
61
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f the
Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
62
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 4
0. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
86 F
eatu
re A
, bou
lder
alig
nmen
t, vi
ew to
the
sout
hwes
t
Figu
re 4
1. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
86 F
eatu
re B
, dis
turb
ed a
rea,
vie
w to
the
sout
h.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f the
Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
63
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 4
2. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-46
86 F
eatu
re B
, rub
bish
are
a, v
iew
to th
e no
rthw
est.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
4.1.
1.5
SIH
P #
50-
80-1
0-69
30
FO
RM
AL
TY
PE
:St
one
Enc
losu
re
FU
NC
TIO
N:
Cer
emon
ial
AG
E:
Pr
e-C
onta
ct
# O
F F
EA
TU
RE
S:
1
DIM
EN
SIO
NS:
App
roxi
mat
ely
22 m
nor
th /s
outh
and
14
m e
ast/w
est.
CO
ND
ITIO
N:
Goo
d
UT
M:
GP
S P
oint
1
N. 2
3664
57.2
E. 6
2628
1.3
GP
S P
oint
2
N. 2
3664
47.3
E. 6
2627
5.7
GP
S P
oint
3
N. 2
3664
40.1
E. 6
2627
5.2
GP
S P
oint
4
N. 2
3664
40.1
E. 6
2626
6.9
GP
S P
oint
5
N. 2
3664
61.7
E. 6
2627
5.7
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
:
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
is
a re
ctan
gula
r sh
aped
enc
losu
re w
ith a
n ir
regu
lar
notc
h on
the
eas
t si
de
of
the
stru
ctur
e th
at
give
s it
an
L
shap
ed
appe
aran
ce
(Fig
ure
43).
T
he
stru
ctur
e is
co
nstr
ucte
d on
the
eas
t as
pect
of
a sl
ope
with
an
inte
rmitt
ent
drai
nage
im
med
iate
ly t
o th
e so
uth
and
anot
her
appr
oxim
atel
y 20
m (
66 f
t) t
o th
e no
rth.
Alth
ough
tre
es a
nd e
rosi
on h
ave
caus
ed
som
e co
llaps
e (F
igur
e 44
), t
he i
nteg
rity
of
the
stru
ctur
e is
con
side
red
good
(Fi
gure
45)
. Wes
t of
th
e no
tch,
ins
ide
of t
he s
truc
ture
the
re a
re r
emna
nts
of a
pos
sibl
e pa
ved
surf
ace
(Fig
ure
46).
Se
vera
l sto
ne to
ols
wer
e ob
serv
ed in
the
gene
ral s
ite v
icin
ity (
Figu
re 4
7). T
he e
ffor
t exp
ende
d on
th
e co
nstr
uctio
n se
ems
exce
ssiv
e fo
r a
habi
tatio
n an
d is
mor
e co
nsis
tent
with
that
of
a ce
rem
onia
l st
ruct
ure.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
is
cons
truc
ted
of s
tack
ed b
asal
t co
bble
/bou
lder
s fo
ur t
o fi
ve c
ours
es
high
. The
enc
losu
re m
easu
res
appr
oxim
atel
y 14
m E
/W b
y 22
m N
/S w
ith a
tota
l are
a of
256
m²,
on th
e ou
tsid
e. T
he n
orth
, sou
th, a
nd w
est w
alls
are
sta
cked
fre
esta
ndin
g w
alls
. The
eas
tern
wal
l is
bui
lt in
to t
he s
lope
. T
he h
eigh
t of
the
out
side
wal
ls r
ange
s fr
om a
ppro
xim
atel
y 30
cm
in
the
NE
cor
ner
to 1
.54
m i
n th
e SW
cor
ner.
The
ins
ide
of t
he s
truc
ture
mea
sure
s ap
prox
imat
ely
10.5
m
E/W
and
15.
5 m
N/S
with
a to
tal a
rea
of 1
49 m
². T
he w
all h
eigh
t on
the
insi
de o
f th
e en
clos
ure
rang
es f
rom
72
cm a
t the
nor
th w
all t
o 96
cm
in th
e SE
cor
ner.
The
re is
a c
omm
andi
ng v
iew
to th
e no
rth
and
wes
t of
the
valle
y be
low
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
, no
w
dom
inat
ed
by
alie
n/in
trod
uced
ve
geta
tion
such
as
C
hris
tmas
be
rry
(Sch
inus
te
rebi
nthi
foliu
s), h
e‘e
- oc
topu
s tr
ee (
Sche
ffler
a ac
tinop
hylla
), J
ava
plum
(Sy
zygi
um c
umin
i) a
nd
lem
on a
nd s
traw
berr
y gu
ava
(Psi
dium
gua
java
, P
sidi
um c
attle
ianu
m).
In
the
abse
nce
of t
he
dens
e ve
geta
tion
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘a
Hei
au w
ould
be
visi
ble
as it
is o
nly
320
m (
1050
ft)
wes
t and
ove
r 50
m (
164
ft)
low
er in
ele
vatio
n.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k64
T
MK
: [1]
4-0
5-03
3:00
1
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Bas
ed o
n th
e di
men
sion
s an
d fe
atur
es S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
30 i
s m
ore
char
acte
rist
ic o
f a
cere
mon
ial
stru
ctur
e th
an a
hab
itatio
n. T
he i
nter
pret
ed f
unct
ion
of t
his
stru
ctur
e ca
n on
ly b
e in
ferr
ed. (
See
sum
mar
y, S
ectio
n 5,
for
det
aile
d di
scus
sion
).
Figu
re 4
3.Pl
an v
iew
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k65
T
MK
: [1]
4-0
5-03
3:00
1
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 4
4. T
he n
orth
wes
t cor
ner
of S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
30.
Figu
re 4
5. A
por
tion
of th
e w
est w
all o
f SI
HP#
50-
80-1
0-69
30.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k66
T
MK
: [1]
4-0
5-03
3:00
1
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 4
6. T
he a
rea
wes
t of
the
notc
h al
ong
the
east
wal
l.
Figu
re 4
7. A
n ex
ampl
e of
the
ston
e to
ols
obse
rved
in th
e ge
nera
l site
vic
inity
.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k67
T
MK
: [1]
4-0
5-03
3:00
1
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
4.1.
1.5.
1Te
st E
xcav
atio
n F
indi
ngs
A s
ingl
e ex
plor
ator
y 30
x 3
0 cm
(12
x 1
2 in
) te
st u
nit
was
exc
avat
ed i
nsid
e th
e en
clos
ure
agai
nst t
he s
outh
ern
wal
l to
dete
rmin
e its
ver
tical
bou
ndar
y an
d to
obt
ain
a so
il pr
ofile
.
4.1.
1.5.
1.1
Test
Uni
t 1
Tes
t U
nit
1 w
as e
xcav
ated
to
a de
pth
of 3
7 cm
bgs
(14.
5 in
). A
tot
al o
f th
ree
stra
ta w
ere
obse
rved
, St
ratu
m I
was
dar
k br
own,
cla
y lo
am s
edim
ent
com
pose
d of
lea
f lit
ter
and
hum
us.
Stra
tum
II
cons
iste
d of
a s
tron
g br
own
silty
cla
y an
d St
ratu
m I
II w
as y
ello
w r
ed c
lay
(Fig
ure
48
and
Figu
re 4
9).T
he w
all
of t
he e
nclo
sure
con
tinue
s at
leas
t on
e co
urse
, 20
cm (
7.9
in)
belo
w t
he
grou
nd s
urfa
ce. N
o ar
tifac
ts o
r cu
ltura
l fea
ture
s w
ere
obse
rved
dur
ing
this
exc
avat
ion.
Figu
re 4
8. A
pic
ture
of
the
sout
h w
all o
f T
est U
nit 1
, SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k68
T
MK
: [1]
4-0
5-03
3:00
1
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k69
T
MK
: [1]
4-0
5-03
3:00
1
Figu
re 4
9. A
pro
file
dra
win
g of
the
sout
h w
all o
f T
est U
nit 1
, SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
.
Tab
le 6
. Soi
l des
crip
tion
of T
est U
nit 1
.
Stra
tum
I: 0
-9 c
mbs
7.
5 Y
R 3
/2 d
ark
brow
n cl
ay lo
am w
ith a
mod
erat
e,
med
ium
, blo
cky
stru
ctur
e. F
irm
moi
st c
onsi
sten
cy, s
light
ly
plas
tic w
ith n
o ce
men
tatio
n. T
erre
stri
al o
rigi
n w
ith a
n ab
rupt
bou
ndar
y an
d sm
ooth
topo
grap
hy.
Stra
tum
II:
9-2
7 cm
bs
7.5
YR
4/6
str
ong
brow
n cl
ay lo
am w
ith a
mod
erat
e, f
ine,
bl
ocky
str
uctu
re. F
irm
moi
st c
onsi
sten
cy, s
light
ly p
last
ic
with
no
cem
enta
tion
and
terr
estr
ial o
rigi
n w
ith a
n ab
rupt
bo
unda
ry a
nd s
moo
th to
pogr
aphy
.
Stra
tum
III
: 27-
37 c
mbs
5
YR
4/6
yel
low
red
cla
y w
ith a
mod
erat
e, m
ediu
m, b
lock
y st
ruct
ure.
Har
d dr
y co
nsis
tenc
y, p
last
ic w
ith n
o ce
men
tatio
n. T
erre
stri
al o
rigi
n w
ith a
n ab
rupt
bou
ndar
y an
d sm
ooth
topo
grap
hy.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
4.1.
1.6
SIH
P #
50-
80-1
0-69
32
FO
RM
AL
TY
PE
:St
one
stor
age
feat
ure
FU
NC
TIO
N:
Stor
age
AG
E:
H
isto
ric
# O
F F
EA
TU
RE
S:
1
DIM
EN
SIO
NS:
App
roxi
mat
ely
4 m
nor
th /s
outh
and
4 m
eas
t/wes
t.
CO
ND
ITIO
N:
Goo
d
UT
M:
GP
S P
oint
1
N. 2
3664
81.6
E. 6
2622
29.2
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
:
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6932
is a
pos
sibl
e st
orag
e ar
ea b
enea
th a
bou
lder
(Fi
gure
50
and
Figu
re 5
1) 5
m
sou
thea
st o
f an
int
erm
itten
t dr
aina
ge.
The
flo
or i
nsid
e is
lin
ed w
ith s
mal
l ba
salt
cobb
les
and
the
rear
of
the
insi
de i
s bl
ocke
d of
f by
med
ium
siz
ed b
asal
t co
bble
s. T
his
site
is
appr
oxim
atel
y 33
m s
outh
wes
t of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-1-6
933,
a p
ost-
cont
act c
harc
oal k
iln.
A
sing
le
hist
oric
bo
ttle
was
ob
serv
ed
on
the
east
si
de
of
the
stor
age
feat
ure.
T
he
man
ufac
ture
rs m
ark,
A B
G M
Co.
, in
dica
tes
that
it
was
a p
rodu
ct o
f th
e A
dolp
hus
Bus
h G
lass
M
anuf
actu
ring
Co
circ
a 18
86 t
o 19
28.
The
bee
r bo
ttle
was
pro
duce
d in
Bel
levi
lle,
Illin
ois
betw
een
1886
and
190
7 or
St.
Lou
is M
isso
uri b
etw
een
1904
and
192
8 (T
oulo
use
1971
:26)
.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k70
T
MK
: [1]
4-0
5-03
3:00
1
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k71
T
MK
: [1]
4-0
5-03
3:00
1
Figu
re 5
0. P
lan
view
and
pro
file
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6932
.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 5
1. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
32 v
iew
ed f
rom
the
sout
h.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k72
T
MK
: [1]
4-0
5-03
3:00
1
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k73
T
MK
: [1]
4-0
5-03
3:00
1
4.1.
1.7
SIH
P #
50-
80-1
0-69
33
FO
RM
AL
TY
PE
:Pi
t fea
ture
with
ass
ocia
ted
ston
ewal
l
FU
NC
TIO
N:
Act
ivity
are
a
AG
E:
H
isto
ric(
unce
rtai
n)
# O
F F
EA
TU
RE
S:
2
DIM
EN
SIO
NS:
App
roxi
mat
ely
8 m
nor
th /s
outh
and
10
m e
ast/w
est.
CO
ND
ITIO
N:
Fair
UT
M:
GP
S P
oint
1
N. 2
3665
07.1
E. 6
2625
4.1
GP
S P
oint
2
N. 2
3665
03.8
E. 6
2625
6.3
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
:
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6933
is
a la
rge
circ
ular
pit,
app
roxi
mat
ely
4 m
in
diam
eter
with
bur
ned
wal
ls.
It i
s cu
t in
to a
nat
ural
ris
e in
the
top
ogra
phy
and
incl
udes
a f
aced
, tw
o to
thr
ee c
ours
e st
one
wal
l on
the
nort
heas
t sid
e (
to )
. Cur
rent
ly 1
.5 m
in d
epth
, the
max
imum
dep
th is
unk
now
n at
thi
s tim
e as
it
has
been
sub
ject
to
slum
ping
and
ero
sion
. Sim
ilar
to S
IHP
4683
thi
s ap
pear
s to
be
ano
ther
his
tori
c ch
arco
al k
iln.
The
fo
llow
ing
text
fr
om
Mee
ker
(199
5:98
-99)
de
scri
bes
the
cons
truc
tion
and
firi
ng
tech
niqu
es o
f ea
rth-
cove
red
pit
kiln
s fr
om d
evel
opin
g co
untr
ies
and
high
light
s th
e si
mila
ritie
s be
twee
n SI
HP#
50-
80-1
0-69
33 a
nd d
ocum
ente
d no
n-in
dust
rial
cha
rcoa
l kiln
s:
The
ear
th-c
over
ed p
it ki
ln i
s an
othe
r tr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of c
harc
oal
mak
ing
still
pr
actic
ed
in
the
deve
lopi
ng
coun
trie
s.
Boo
th
(198
3:50
) de
scri
bes
it as
th
e “e
quiv
alen
t of
a m
ound
but
bel
ow g
roun
d le
vel.”
In
size
, it
coul
d ra
nge
from
an
exca
vate
d ho
le o
f ab
out 1
or
2 m
3 to a
hill
side
pit
mea
suri
ng 4
m in
dia
met
er. D
ug
into
the
slo
pe, t
he s
ide
and
rear
wal
ls o
f th
e pi
t ar
e fo
rmed
by
vert
ical
cut
s in
the
na
tura
l ear
th. S
omet
imes
the
wal
ls a
re r
einf
orce
d by
a b
rick
or
ston
e lin
ing.
The
re
may
be
an a
ir v
ent
or f
lue
cut
into
the
rea
r w
all.
Em
rich
(19
85:2
4) f
urth
er n
otes
th
at “
afte
r lo
adin
g, t
he p
it is
cov
ered
with
a l
ayer
of
leav
es n
orm
ally
20
cm t
hick
an
d on
top
with
a la
yer
of s
oil o
f th
e sa
me
thic
knes
s.”
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
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ai‘i
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e: K
AN
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2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 5
2. P
lan
view
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6933
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k74
T
MK
: [1]
4-0
5-03
3:00
1
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 5
3. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
33 f
aced
sto
ne a
lignm
ent v
iew
ed f
rom
the
east
.
Figu
re 5
4. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
33 p
it fe
atur
e vi
ewed
fro
m th
e ea
st.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
75
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
4.1.
2H
isto
ric
Pro
pert
ies
Loc
ated
in th
e V
icin
ity
of th
e C
urre
nt P
etit
ion
Are
a.
4.1.
2.1
SIH
P #
50-
80-1
0-35
4 (K
awa‘
ewa‘
e H
eiau
)
FO
RM
AL
TY
PE
:E
nclo
sure
, pla
tfor
ms,
terr
ace.
FU
NC
TIO
N:
Cer
emon
ial
AG
E:
Pr
e-C
onta
ct
# O
F F
EA
TU
RE
S:
2+
DIM
EN
SIO
NS:
36.5
m N
/S b
y 77
m E
/W
CO
ND
ITIO
N:
Goo
d
UT
M:
SE C
orne
r N
. 236
6511
.9 E
. 625
951.
9
NE
Cor
ner
N. 2
3665
47.5
E. 6
2594
2.1
S C
orne
r N
. 236
6485
.4 E
. 625
892.
4
W C
orne
r N
. 236
6516
E
. 625
869.
5
Fea
ture
A
N. 2
3665
59.3
E. 6
2594
9.4
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
:
SIH
P 50
-80-
10-3
54,
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘a
Hei
au (
Figu
re 5
5),
is l
ocat
ed a
ppro
xim
atel
y 30
m (
100
ft)
wes
t of
the
curr
ent p
roje
ct a
rea
on th
e K
aneo
he s
ide
of th
e ri
dge
that
div
ides
Kan
eohe
and
Kai
lua
(One
awa
Hill
s).
It h
as b
een
on t
he N
atio
nal
Reg
iste
r of
His
tori
c Pl
aces
(N
HR
P) s
ince
197
2.
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘a
Hei
au is
a lu
akin
i typ
e he
iau,
com
mis
sion
ed b
y th
e ki
ng a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith h
uman
an
d an
imal
sac
rifi
ce (
Mal
o 18
98:1
59).
J.
G.
McA
llist
er (
1933
) re
cord
ed t
his
site
dur
ing
his
surv
ey o
f th
e m
ajor
site
s of
O‘a
hu in
the
1930
’s n
otin
g:
Thi
s is
one
of
the
five
hei
au s
aid
by J
ohn
Bel
l to
hav
e be
en e
rect
ed b
y O
lopa
na.
Ahu
kini
, Pah
ukin
i, H
olom
akan
i, an
d Pu
umak
ani a
re th
e ot
her
four
. It i
s on
top
of
a sm
all
knol
l an
d co
nsis
ts o
f on
e la
rge
encl
osur
e 12
0 by
253
fee
t (3
5.5
x 77
m)
with
a s
mal
l te
rrac
e on
the
nor
th s
ide
whi
ch f
ollo
ws
the
cont
ours
of
the
land
. A
s th
e st
ruct
ure
was
use
d as
a c
attle
pen
for
man
y ye
ars
any
trac
es o
f he
iau
feat
ures
ha
ve b
een
oblit
erat
ed,
and
it is
not
kno
wn
whe
re t
he o
peni
ng t
o th
e he
iau
was
si
tuat
ed.
The
wal
ls a
re m
assi
ve,
aver
agin
g ab
out
5 fe
et i
n w
idth
and
fro
m 4
to
7 fe
et in
hei
ght a
ccor
ding
to th
e co
ntou
rs o
f th
e la
nd. T
he in
side
cor
ners
of
the
wal
l ar
e ro
unde
d; th
e ou
tsid
e co
rner
s ap
pear
mor
e an
gula
r.
Thr
um n
otes
tha
t th
is h
eiau
was
“B
uilt
by O
lopa
na a
bout
the
ope
ning
of
the
12th
ce
ntur
y”.
It w
as m
entio
ned
as o
ne o
f th
e he
iaus
con
stru
cted
by
the
men
ehun
es.
Lon
oaoh
i is
said
to h
ave
offi
ciat
ed a
s hi
gh p
ries
t.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
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he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
76
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K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
77
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Thi
s is
the
hei
au t
o w
hich
Olo
pana
had
Kam
apua
a br
ough
t fo
r sa
crif
ice.
Thr
ough
tr
each
ery
Kam
apua
a is
sai
d to
hav
e ki
lled
Olo
pana
and
esc
aped
(M
cAlli
ster
19
33:1
79-1
80).
Figu
re 5
5. K
awa‘
ewa‘
e H
eiau
(ad
apte
d fr
om M
cCal
liste
r 19
33:1
80)
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
A l
ocal
inf
orm
ant,
Mr.
Cha
rlie
Oga
ta,
mem
ber
of t
he Q
ueen
Em
ma
Haw
aiia
n C
ivic
Clu
b,
men
tione
d a
ston
e st
ruct
ure
outs
ide
of t
he h
eiau
at
the
base
of
the
nort
hern
cor
ner
(Fig
ure
56).
T
he s
truc
ture
has
bee
n de
sign
ated
Fea
ture
A.
Thi
s is
rec
tang
ular
, st
acke
d st
one
stru
ctur
e th
at
mea
sure
s ap
prox
imat
ely
3 m
nor
th/s
outh
and
6 m
eas
t/wes
t (Fi
gure
57)
. The
re a
re th
ree
sepa
rate
se
ctio
ns w
ithin
the
str
uctu
re.
The
lar
gest
, de
sign
ated
sec
tion
1 (F
igur
e 58
), i
s ov
al i
n sh
ape
and
mak
es u
p th
e ea
ster
n si
de m
easu
ring
app
roxi
mat
ely
4 m
by
2.5
m.
Sect
ion
2 (F
igur
e 59
), m
ore
roun
d th
an o
val,
is a
ppro
xim
atel
y 1.
5 m
by
2.5
m a
nd m
akes
up
the
wes
tern
por
tion
of t
he
feat
ure.
Sec
tion
3 is
a s
mal
ler
C s
hape
d po
rtio
n al
ong
the
sout
hern
bou
ndar
y of
Sec
tion
1 m
easu
ring
app
roxi
mat
ely
1 m
by
0.4
m. T
he f
unct
ion
of th
is s
truc
ture
is in
dete
rmin
ate.
Ano
ther
con
cern
of
Mr.
Oga
ta w
as t
he p
rese
nce
of l
ua (
buri
al p
its)
in t
he v
icin
ity o
f K
awa‘
ewa‘
a H
eiau
as
it is
a l
uaki
ni t
ype
heia
u, c
omm
issi
oned
by
the
king
and
ass
ocia
ted
with
hu
man
and
ani
mal
sac
rifi
ce (
Mal
o 18
98:1
59).
The
com
plet
e te
stim
ony
of M
r. O
gata
is
avai
labl
e in
the
Cul
tura
l Im
pact
Ass
essm
ent (
Gol
lin e
t al 2
008)
that
acc
ompa
nies
this
rep
ort.
Figu
re 5
6 A
ske
tch
of K
awa‘
ewa‘
e H
eiau
sho
win
g th
e lo
catio
n of
Fea
ture
A.
(pro
vide
d by
Mr.
C
harl
ie O
gata
)
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
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sion
78
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-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
79
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 5
7. P
lan
view
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
354
Feat
ure
A.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
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ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
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2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 5
8. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-35
4 Fe
atur
e A
vie
wed
fro
m th
e ea
st, s
how
ing
Sect
ion
1.
Figu
re 5
9. S
IHP#
50-
80 1
0-35
4 Fe
atur
e A
sho
win
g Se
ctio
n 2,
fro
m th
e ea
st.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
80
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K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
4.1.
2.2
SIH
P #
50-
80-1
0-46
81
FO
RM
AL
TY
PE
:C
ompl
ex –
Enc
losu
res
& T
erra
cing
FU
NC
TIO
N:
Hab
itatio
n/ag
ricu
ltura
l
AG
E:
Pr
e-C
onta
ct
# O
F F
EA
TU
RE
S:
5
DIM
EN
SIO
NS:
43 m
eter
s no
rth/
sout
h by
45
met
ers
east
/wes
t
CO
ND
ITIO
N:
Fair
UT
M:
GP
S P
oint
1
N. 2
3630
9 E
. 625
966.
3
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
:
Szab
ian
et a
l (19
89)
prov
ide
the
follo
win
g de
scri
ptio
n of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4681
:
Loc
ated
in
the
Lip
alu
Stre
et d
rain
age
area
thi
s si
te i
s co
mpr
ised
of
at l
east
3
feat
ures
: Fea
ture
A is
a d
epre
ssio
n 3.
0 m
in d
iam
eter
and
0.5
m d
eep.
Fea
ture
B is
a
leve
l te
rrac
ed a
rea
appr
oxim
atel
y 6.
0 by
5.0
m w
ith l
arge
bou
lder
s fo
rmin
g th
e fa
cing
. Fe
atur
e C
is
a
seri
es
of
poss
ible
te
rrac
es
upsl
ope
of
Feat
ure
B
of
inde
term
inab
le e
xten
t (Sz
abia
n, e
t al 1
989:
11)
.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4681
is
loca
ted
appr
oxim
atel
y 15
m (
50 f
t) s
outh
wes
t of
the
cur
rent
pet
ition
ar
ea.
It i
s a
prob
able
pre
-Con
tact
hab
itatio
n si
te c
onsi
stin
g of
sev
eral
c-s
hape
d st
ruct
ures
, a
terr
ace
wal
l and
a c
ircu
lar
rock
fea
ture
, fiv
e fe
atur
es in
all.
(F
igur
e 60
). T
he s
ite is
situ
ated
on
a no
rth-
faci
ng s
lope
with
veg
etat
ion
cons
istin
g of
den
se c
anop
y, T
i lea
f an
d la
ua‘e
fer
n. A
lthou
gh
suff
icie
nt d
ata
was
obs
erve
d to
qua
lify
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4681
as
a si
te, t
he v
eget
atio
n, p
rim
arily
ha
u, in
the
area
was
too
dens
e to
def
initi
vely
est
ablis
h th
e si
te b
ound
arie
s.
Feat
ure
A i
s a
prob
able
c-s
hape
d ha
bita
tion
stru
ctur
e co
nsis
ting
prim
arily
of
stac
ked
basa
lt co
bble
s (F
igur
e 61
). F
eatu
re A
has
exp
erie
nced
som
e co
llaps
e an
d at
one
poi
nt m
ay h
ave
repr
esen
ted
two
sepa
rate
roo
ms
shar
ing
a co
mm
on w
all.
Feat
ure
A m
easu
res
7 m
eter
s E
/W b
y 5
met
ers
N/S
; the
sou
th w
all i
s 1
met
er w
ide,
the
wes
t wal
l is
35 c
m a
nd th
e ea
st w
all i
s 60
cm
.
Feat
ure
B is
com
pris
ed o
f a
ring
of
5 la
rge
cobb
les
with
a s
light
ope
ning
in th
e SE
end
(Fi
gure
62
). T
he r
ing
of s
tone
s an
d so
il in
the
mid
dle
of t
he f
eatu
re s
ugge
sts
a po
ssib
le h
eart
h fu
nctio
n.
Feat
ure
B m
easu
res
1.5
met
ers
in d
iam
eter
. Dow
n sl
ope
are
thre
e to
fou
r po
ssib
le t
erra
ced
wal
ls
loca
ted
NE
of
feat
ure
A (
i.e. F
eatu
res
C a
nd D
).
Feat
ure
C is
a te
rrac
e w
all c
onsi
stin
g of
bas
alt c
obbl
es w
hich
mea
sure
app
roxi
mat
ely
35 c
m in
di
amet
er. T
he te
rrac
e w
all i
s 12
.3 m
E/W
by
1.1
m w
ide
(Fig
ure
63).
Som
e co
nstr
ucte
d po
rtio
ns
have
col
laps
ed a
nd th
e he
ight
var
ies
from
30-
70 c
m.
Feat
ure
D is
a te
rrac
e w
all c
onst
ruct
ed o
f ba
salt
boul
ders
whi
ch m
easu
re a
ppro
xim
atel
y 50
cm
in
dia
met
er. T
he te
rrac
e w
all i
s 2-
4 co
urse
s hi
gh b
ut c
olla
psed
in s
ever
al p
lace
s (F
igur
e 64
). T
he
terr
ace
appe
ars
to b
e se
mi-
circ
ular
. Fea
ture
D is
loca
ted
just
dow
n sl
ope
from
Fea
ture
C.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
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-05-
033:
001
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tura
l Sur
veys
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ai‘i
Job
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e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Feat
ure
E i
s a
c-sh
aped
fea
ture
loc
ated
abo
ut 1
6 m
wes
t of
fea
ture
C (
Figu
re 6
5 an
d Fi
gure
66
). F
eatu
re E
mea
sure
s ap
prox
imat
ely
5 m
N/S
and
3 m
E/W
with
a m
axim
um w
all
heig
ht o
f ap
prox
imat
ely
50 c
m.
No
artif
acts
or
mid
den
wer
e ob
serv
ed a
t SI
HP#
50-
80-1
0-46
81,
how
ever
the
pos
sibl
e he
arth
(F
eatu
re
B)
and
the
C-s
hape
d st
ruct
ure
(Fea
ture
E
) su
gges
t a
tem
pora
ry
habi
tatio
n w
ith
asso
ciat
ed a
gric
ultu
re.
Figu
re 6
0. P
lan
view
dia
gram
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4681
enc
losu
res
and
terr
acin
g.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
82
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 6
1. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
681
Feat
ure
A,
over
view
of
c-sh
aped
hab
itatio
n fe
atur
e, v
iew
to
the
sout
h.
Figu
re 6
2. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
681
Feat
ure
B, c
ircu
lar
rock
fea
ture
, vie
w to
the
sout
h.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
83
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
84
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 6
3. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
681
Feat
ure
C, a
bas
alt c
obbl
e te
rrac
e w
all,
view
to th
e so
uth.
Figu
re 6
4. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
681
Feat
ure
D, t
erra
ce w
all,
view
to th
e w
est.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 6
5. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
681
Feat
ure
E,
over
view
of
c-sh
aped
roc
k fe
atur
e, v
iew
to
the
sout
heas
t.
Figu
re
66.
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
1 Fe
atur
e E
, cl
ose-
up
of
wal
l, vi
ew
to
the
sout
heas
t.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
85
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
4.1.
2.3
SIH
P #
50-
80-1
0-69
29
FO
RM
AL
TY
PE
:Q
uarr
y
FU
NC
TIO
N:
Raw
mat
eria
l col
lect
ion
AG
E:
Pr
e-C
onta
ct
# O
F F
EA
TU
RE
S:
2
DIM
EN
SIO
NS:
25 m
nor
thea
st/s
outh
wes
t and
20
m n
orth
wes
t/sou
thea
st
CO
ND
ITIO
N:
Poor
UT
M:
GP
S P
oint
1
N. 2
3667
52 E
. 626
260
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
:
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6929
con
sist
s of
tw
o co
ncen
trat
ions
of
lithi
c de
bita
ge a
long
an
inte
rmitt
ent
drai
nage
(Fi
gure
67
and
Figu
re 6
8) a
ppro
xim
atel
y 15
0 m
eter
s (4
92 f
t) s
outh
east
of
the
Poha
i N
ani
Goo
d Sa
mar
itan
Ret
irem
ent
Com
mun
ity.
The
re i
s an
abu
ndan
ce o
f ba
salt
cobb
les
and
boul
ders
in
this
are
a an
d m
any
larg
e pi
eces
of
debi
tage
(Fi
gure
69)
sca
ttere
d th
roug
hout
in
dica
tive
of a
raw
mat
eria
l pr
ocur
emen
t ar
ea (
quar
ry).
A n
atur
al d
ike
exte
nds
away
fro
m t
he
conc
entr
atio
ns to
the
sout
heas
t.
The
int
egri
ty o
f th
e si
te h
as b
een
impa
cted
by
unau
thor
ized
art
ifac
t co
llect
ion.
The
re w
as a
si
gnif
ican
t de
crea
se i
n ar
tifac
t de
nsity
bet
wee
n th
e tim
e of
dis
cove
ry a
nd d
ocum
enta
tion,
a
mat
ter
of m
onth
s, r
esul
ting
in a
dra
mat
ic d
ecre
ase
in th
e re
sear
ch p
oten
tial o
f th
is s
ite.
Thi
s si
te is
loca
ted
appr
oxim
atel
y 20
m (
66 f
t) e
ast o
f th
e pr
ojec
t are
a at
the
base
of
an e
aste
rn
tren
ding
do
wn
slop
e.
Alth
ough
th
e in
tegr
ity
has
been
co
mpr
omis
ed
this
ar
ea
shou
ld
be
cons
ider
ed i
n th
e ev
ent
of a
ny l
and
alte
ratio
n on
the
slo
pe n
ear
the
site
. Add
ition
al a
reas
of
raw
m
ater
ial
proc
urem
ent
wer
e ob
serv
ed t
o th
e so
uthe
ast
of S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
29 b
ut e
xten
ded
too
far
outs
ide
of th
e cu
rren
t pro
ject
are
a fo
r fu
rthe
r in
vest
igat
ion.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
86
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
87
ural
Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
esul
ts o
f Fie
ldw
ork
Figu
re 6
7. P
lan
view
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6929
.
Cul
t
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Res
ults
of F
ield
wor
k
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
88
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 6
8. V
iew
of
Con
cent
ratio
n B
fac
ing
east
.
Figu
re 6
9. E
xam
ple
of th
e ar
tifac
ts o
bser
ved
in th
e ar
ea.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Res
ults
of F
ield
wor
k
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
89
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
4.1.
2.4
SIH
P #
50-
80-1
0-69
31
FO
RM
AL
TY
PE
:St
one
alig
nmen
t
FU
NC
TIO
N:
Cer
emon
ial
AG
E:
Pr
e-C
onta
ct
# O
F F
EA
TU
RE
S:
3+
DIM
EN
SIO
NS:
55 m
eter
s no
rth/
sout
h an
d 40
met
ers
east
/wes
t.
CO
ND
ITIO
N:
Poor
UT
M:
GP
S P
oint
1
N. 2
3664
15.1
E. 6
2635
6
GP
S P
oint
2
N. 2
3664
33.1
E. 6
2635
1
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
:
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6931
is lo
cate
d ap
prox
imat
ely
15m
(50
ft)
sou
th o
f th
e cu
rren
t pet
ition
are
a.
Thi
s is
a
poss
ible
pr
e-C
onta
ct
cere
mon
ial
area
lo
cate
d on
a
natu
ral
knol
l be
twee
n tw
o in
term
itten
t dr
aina
ges
(Fig
ure
70).
The
site
con
sist
s of
fou
r fe
atur
es (
A-D
). F
eatu
res
A-C
are
a
seri
es o
f st
one
alig
nmen
ts/te
rrac
es o
n th
e so
uthe
rn s
lope
of
the
land
form
. Fea
ture
D is
a p
ossi
ble
cere
mon
ial
area
ato
p th
e la
ndfo
rm. F
eatu
re A
, loc
ated
at
the
base
of
the
slop
e is
a s
ingl
e co
urse
st
one
alig
nmen
t or
ient
ed E
/W a
ppro
xim
atel
y 6
m (
20 f
t) i
n le
ngth
(Fi
gure
71)
. Fe
atur
e B
bas
ed
on i
ts l
ocat
ion
may
be
a co
llaps
ed t
erra
ce/a
lignm
ent
the
resu
lt of
nat
ural
cir
cum
stan
ces.
Fea
ture
C
(Fi
gure
72)
is a
one
to tw
o co
urse
sto
ne a
lignm
ent o
rien
ted
E/W
and
app
roxi
mat
ely
3 m
(10
ft)
in
len
gth.
Fea
ture
D i
s a
clea
red/
leve
led
area
ato
p th
e la
ndfo
rm (
Figu
re 7
3).
The
re i
s a
basa
lt bo
ulde
r at
the
wes
tern
bou
ndar
y of
the
clea
ring
with
kuk
ui n
ut f
ragm
ents
at i
ts b
ase.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6931
is a
ppro
xim
atel
y 75
m (
246
ft)
east
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
and
25
m
(82
ft)
upsl
ope.
The
inte
rmitt
ent d
rain
ages
that
bor
der
-693
1 to
the
nort
h an
d so
uth
also
bor
der
-69
30. C
lear
of
the
dens
e, in
trod
uced
veg
etat
ion
ther
e w
ould
be
a co
mm
andi
ng v
iew
of
-693
0 an
d K
awa‘
ewa‘
a H
eiau
fro
m F
eatu
re D
.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Res
ults
of F
ield
wor
k
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
90
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 7
0. P
lan
view
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6931
.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Res
ults
of F
ield
wor
k
Figu
re 7
1. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
31, F
eatu
re A
vie
wed
fac
ing
wes
t.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
91
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Res
ults
of F
ield
wor
k
Figu
re 7
2. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
31, F
eatu
re C
fac
ing
nort
h.
Figu
re 7
3. S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
31, F
eatu
re D
vie
wed
fac
ing
east
.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
92
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Res
ults
of F
ield
wor
k
4.1.
3Si
te 3
55 (T
he H
olua
Slid
e)
A s
ubst
antia
l ef
fort
was
mad
e to
rel
ocat
e Si
te 3
55,
the
holu
a sl
ide
duri
ng t
he i
nitia
l su
rvey
w
ith l
ittle
suc
cess
. A
dditi
onal
ly,
Hal
lett
H.
Ham
mat
t, Ph
D.
visi
ted
the
proj
ect
area
on
July
21,
20
07 s
peci
fica
lly lo
okin
g fo
r an
y re
mna
nts
or in
dica
tions
of
the
holu
a sl
ide
stat
ing:
We
wal
ked
all
the
way
up
to t
he t
op m
ost
rise
whe
re t
he s
lide
was
pre
viou
sly
repo
rted
. We
wer
e sp
read
apa
rt 1
to 2
0 fe
et a
nd s
aw n
o in
dica
tion
on th
e la
nd o
f a
form
er s
lide
such
as
rock
alig
nmen
ts o
r de
pres
sion
s in
the
gro
und.
The
soi
l is
red
cl
ay la
teri
te w
hich
is c
lear
ly v
ery
slip
pery
whe
n w
et. T
he c
onfi
gura
tion
of th
e hi
ll
with
alte
rnat
ing
stee
p an
d m
ore
grad
ual
grad
ient
s an
d an
eve
nly
shap
ed c
onto
ur
seem
s lik
e th
e id
eal
sym
met
rica
l co
nfig
urat
ion
for
a ho
lua.
We
wal
ked
agai
n to
th
e ve
ry b
ase
of t
he s
lope
to
the
iron
woo
d gr
ove
follo
win
g th
e cr
est
of t
he s
lope
an
d ag
ain
saw
no
alig
nmen
ts o
r de
pres
sion
s or
rid
ges
in t
he s
lope
whi
ch w
ould
in
dica
te t
he p
rese
nce
of a
Hol
ua. I
sus
pect
the
hill
cou
ld b
e us
ed f
or t
hat
purp
ose
in a
ncie
nt t
imes
with
the
min
imum
of
mod
ific
atio
n w
hich
may
exp
lain
the
ab
senc
e of
any
sig
n of
the
for
mer
slid
e. I
dou
bt i
f th
is s
lope
was
use
d fo
r pi
neap
ple
culti
vatio
n gi
ven
its s
teep
ness
but
it m
ay h
ave
been
cle
ared
or
mod
ifie
d as
par
t of
the
plan
tatio
n ac
tiviti
es.
Acc
ordi
ng to
Ste
rlin
g an
d St
erlin
g (1
978:
219)
J. G
. McA
llist
er w
as a
lso
unab
le to
rel
ocat
e th
e ho
lua
slid
e in
193
3. A
ddin
g th
at J
ohn
Bel
l ha
d se
en t
he h
olua
slid
e de
stro
yed
whe
n an
atte
mpt
w
as m
ade
to p
lant
pin
eapp
les
in th
is s
ectio
n.
4.1.
4P
revi
ousl
y R
ecor
ded
His
tori
c P
rope
rtie
s C
onsi
dere
d N
on-C
ultu
ral
4.1.
4.1
SIH
P #
50-
80-1
0-46
82
FO
RM
AL
TY
PE
:N
atur
al
FU
NC
TIO
N:
Non
Cul
tura
l
AG
E:
# O
F F
EA
TU
RE
S:
0
DIM
EN
SIO
NS:
CO
ND
ITIO
N:
UT
M:
GP
S P
oint
1
N. 2
3662
81 E
. 626
965
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
:
Szab
ian
et a
l (19
89)
prov
ide
the
follo
win
g de
scri
ptio
n:
Thi
s si
te c
onta
ins
two
feat
ures
: Fe
atur
e A
is
a po
ssib
le p
latf
orm
str
uctu
re f
orm
ed
of l
arge
wea
ther
ed b
asal
t bo
ulde
rs;
Feat
ure
B i
s a
poss
ible
ser
ies
of t
erra
ces
of
unde
term
ined
ext
ent,
this
are
a is
cov
ered
in
dens
e la
ua‘e
fer
n (S
zabi
an e
t al
19
89:1
1).
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
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TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Res
ults
of F
ield
wor
k
Bas
ed o
n ob
serv
atio
ns m
ade
by C
SH, S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
682
is n
ot a
cul
tura
l site
, but
a s
erie
s of
nat
ural
“te
rrac
es”
form
ed b
y la
va r
ocks
, whi
ch r
olle
d do
wn
slop
e an
d w
ere
caug
ht b
y ex
pose
d be
droc
k ou
tcro
ps (
Fig
ure
74 a
nd F
igur
e 75
). S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
682
is l
ocat
ed j
ust
mau
ka o
f a
thic
k ha
u ju
ngle
at
the
base
of
a st
eep
slop
e co
vere
d w
ith f
erns
. N
one
of t
he t
hree
nat
ural
“t
erra
ces”
ret
ain
a si
gnif
ican
t am
ount
of
soil.
Figu
re 7
4. S
HIP
# 5
0-80
-10-
4682
Nat
ural
terr
acin
g, v
iew
to th
e so
uthe
ast.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
94
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Res
ults
of F
ield
wor
k
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
95
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Figu
re 7
5. S
HIP
# 5
0-80
-10-
4682
Nat
ural
terr
acin
g, v
iew
to th
e so
uthw
est.
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Su
mm
ary
and
Inte
rpre
tatio
n
Sect
ion
5Su
mm
ary
and
Inte
rpre
tatio
n
In c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith a
nd t
o fu
lfill
app
licab
le H
awai
‘i s
tate
his
tori
c pr
eser
vatio
n la
ws,
CSH
co
mpl
eted
an
arch
aeol
ogic
al in
vent
ory
surv
ey in
vest
igat
ion
for
the
prop
osed
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial
Park
exp
ansi
on.
Min
imal
ly,
the
land
alte
ratio
n w
ould
inc
lude
sur
face
gru
bbin
g an
d gr
adin
g ex
cava
tions
ass
ocia
ted
with
the
ins
talla
tion
of s
ub-s
urfa
ce u
tiliti
es,
hous
ing
cons
truc
tion
and
land
scap
ing.
The
pet
ition
are
a m
easu
res
appr
oxim
atel
y 56
.6 a
cres
.
In c
onsu
ltatio
n w
ith t
he H
awai
‘i S
tate
His
tori
c Pr
eser
vatio
n D
ivis
ion
(SH
PD),
the
inv
ento
ry
surv
ey i
nves
tigat
ion
was
des
igne
d to
ful
fill
Stat
e re
quir
emen
ts f
or a
n ar
chae
olog
ical
inv
ento
ry
surv
ey p
er H
AR
Cha
pter
13-
13-2
76 a
nd C
hapt
er 1
3-13
-284
.
K�n
e‘oh
e A
hupu
a’a
was
inte
nsiv
ely
utili
zed
duri
ng th
e pr
e-C
onta
ct p
erio
d bo
th a
s an
agr
icul
tura
l an
d aq
uacu
ltura
l ce
nter
. A
dditi
onal
ly,
it w
as o
ne o
f th
e pr
imar
y po
pula
tion
cent
ers
on O
‘ahu
(D
evan
ey e
t al.
1976
:6).
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘a
Hei
au, l
ocat
ed in
the
vici
nity
of
the
proj
ect a
rea,
sug
gest
s th
e hi
stor
ical
and
arc
haeo
logi
cal
impo
rtan
ce o
f th
e ar
ea.
In t
he e
arly
190
0s,
K�n
e‘oh
e R
anch
cam
e to
do
min
ate
land
hol
ding
s in
the
Kai
lua
and
K�n
e‘oh
e ar
ea.
Incl
uded
with
in t
his
acre
age
wer
e la
rge
trac
ts o
f ra
nch
land
, whi
ch h
ad b
een
boug
ht, s
old,
let,
and
used
as
past
ure
by n
umer
ous
part
ies
sinc
e th
e m
id-1
850s
. Su
bseq
uent
ly,
mos
t of
the
ran
chin
g an
d fa
rmin
g ar
eas
have
bee
n re
plac
ed b
y re
side
ntia
l su
bdiv
isio
ns.
Prev
ious
ar
chae
olog
ical
re
sear
ch
has
been
co
nsis
tent
w
ith
the
docu
men
tatio
n of
Pre
-con
tact
and
his
tori
c ce
rem
onia
l, ha
bita
tiona
l, an
d ag
ricu
ltura
l re
mai
ns i
n th
e im
med
iate
vic
inity
of
the
proj
ect a
rea
(Sza
bian
et a
l 198
9). E
xpec
ted
find
s du
ring
the
arch
aeol
ogic
al
inve
ntor
y su
rvey
of
the
proj
ect a
rea
incl
uded
add
ition
al e
vide
nce
of in
dige
nous
Haw
aiia
n oc
cupa
tion
and
hist
oric
agr
icul
ture
/ran
chin
g.
As
part
of
the
inve
ntor
y su
rvey
eff
ort
CSH
con
duct
ed s
yste
mat
ic i
nspe
ctio
n of
the
pro
ject
ar
ea a
nd li
mite
d te
st u
nit e
xcav
atio
ns. A
tota
l of
11 a
rcha
eolo
gica
l site
s w
ere
obse
rved
with
in o
r ne
ar t
he c
urre
nt p
etiti
on
area
. Si
x of
the
se w
ere
prev
ious
ly r
ecor
ded,
the
y in
clud
e SI
HP
#s 5
0-80
-10-
354,
50-
80-1
0-46
80,
50-8
0-10
-468
1, 5
0-80
-10-
4683
, 50
-80-
10-4
684
and
50-8
0-10
-468
6.
The
rem
aini
ng f
ive
are
new
dis
cove
ries
, SI
HP
#s 5
0-80
-10-
6929
, 50
-80-
10-6
930,
50-
80-1
0-69
31, 5
0-80
-10-
6932
, and
50-
80-1
0-69
33.
Seve
n of
the
his
tori
c pr
oper
ties
are
with
in t
he p
etiti
on a
rea;
the
se i
nclu
de S
IHP
#s 5
0-80
-10-
4680
, -4
683,
-46
84,
-468
6, -
6930
, -6
932,
and
-69
33.
Of
thes
e, t
wo
are
cons
ider
ed p
re-c
onta
ct
and
five
are
con
side
red
hist
oric
(T
able
7).
Fou
r of
the
site
s (S
IHP-
354
, -46
81,-
6929
and
-69
31)
are
loca
ted
just
out
side
of
the
curr
ent p
roje
ct a
rea
but c
lose
eno
ugh
for
cons
ider
atio
n.
One
of
the
conc
erns
of
know
ledg
eabl
e co
mm
unity
mem
bers
was
the
pres
ence
of
lua,
or
buri
al
pits
, as
soci
ated
with
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘a
Hei
au.
Thi
s w
as c
onsi
dere
d th
roug
hout
the
dur
atio
n of
the
su
rvey
. Alth
ough
no
lua
wer
e ob
serv
ed th
ere
is s
till a
pot
entia
l for
sub
surf
ace
cultu
ral r
esou
rces
. T
he h
isto
ric
prop
ertie
s w
ithin
the
pet
ition
are
a w
ill b
e di
scus
sed
initi
ally
fol
low
ed b
y th
ose
in
thos
e ne
ar th
e pe
titio
n ar
ea.
5.1
His
tori
c P
rope
rtie
s L
ocat
ed W
ithi
n th
e C
urre
nt P
etit
ion
Are
a SI
HP
50-8
0-10
-468
0 is
a h
isto
ric
agri
cultu
ral/w
ater
con
trol
fea
ture
con
sist
ing
of a
roc
k co
ncen
trat
ion
form
ing
a cr
ude
terr
aced
str
uctu
re. T
he c
rude
terr
ace
reta
ins
a la
rge
amou
nt o
f so
il
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
96
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Su
mm
ary
and
Inte
rpre
tatio
n
runo
ff th
at a
ppea
rs to
hav
e bu
ried
a p
ortio
n of
the
site
. The
terr
ace
form
s th
e to
p of
the
hill
and
is
adja
cent
to a
wat
er-c
ut d
itch
that
dra
ins
into
the
larg
er d
rain
age
at th
e ba
se o
f th
e hi
ll
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4683
is a
his
tori
c ch
arco
al k
iln. I
t con
sist
s of
a r
ecta
ngul
ar p
it m
easu
ring
3.5
m
(11
.5 f
t) b
y 2.
5 m
(8
ft)
with
cha
rred
wal
ls. C
harc
oal p
rodu
ctio
n w
as a
wid
espr
ead
indu
stry
in
Win
dwar
d O
‘ahu
dur
ing
the
late
r pa
rt o
f th
e ni
nete
enth
and
ear
ly p
art o
f th
e tw
entie
th c
entu
ry.
SIH
P#
50-8
0-10
-468
4 is
a
pre-
Con
tact
ha
bita
tion
site
co
nsis
ting
of
seve
ral
c-sh
aped
st
ruct
ures
, a t
erra
ce w
all,
a ci
rcul
ar r
ock
feat
ure
and
seve
ral
hous
e te
rrac
es, s
even
fea
ture
s to
tal.
To
the
east
, w
est
and
sout
h of
the
mai
n fe
atur
e co
mpl
ex i
s a
badl
y di
stur
bed
area
with
pos
sibl
e te
rrac
es.
The
site
is
situ
ated
on
a w
est-
faci
ng s
lope
with
veg
etat
ion
cons
istin
g of
den
se c
anop
y,
larg
e tr
ees
and
laua
‘e f
ern.
An
inte
rmitt
ent d
rain
age
bord
ers
the
site
to th
e ea
st a
nd s
outh
. SIH
P#
50-8
0-10
-468
4 is
app
roxi
mat
ely
150
m (
492
ft)
east
of
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘a
Hei
au. A
dditi
onal
ly, a
larg
e gr
indi
ng s
tone
was
dis
cove
red
appr
oxim
atel
y 40
m s
outh
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4686
whe
n pr
evio
usly
ide
ntif
ied
by S
zabi
an e
t al
(19
89)
cons
iste
d of
tw
o hi
stor
ic f
eatu
res.
Fea
ture
A is
con
stru
cted
of
boul
ders
(ap
prox
imat
ely
60 c
m in
dia
met
er)
runn
ing
east
/wes
t pa
ralle
l to
a l
arge
str
eam
cut
. Fe
atur
e B
, a
seri
es o
f al
ignm
ents
, ap
pear
s to
hav
e be
en
badl
y di
stur
bed
due
to l
ands
capi
ng a
nd r
ubbi
sh p
illin
g. T
he m
oder
n ch
icke
n co
op a
nd l
arge
m
ango
tre
es d
escr
ibed
by
Szab
ian
et a
l (1
989:
13)
wer
e lo
cate
d; h
owev
er,
a gr
eat
deal
of
dist
urba
nce
has
take
n pl
ace
in th
e ar
ea.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
is
a pr
e-C
onta
ct,
rect
angu
lar
shap
ed e
nclo
sure
with
an
irre
gula
r no
tch
on t
he e
ast
side
of
the
stru
ctur
e th
at g
ives
it
an a
lmos
t L
sha
ped
appe
aran
ce.
Mea
suri
ng
appr
oxim
atel
y 22
m n
orth
/sou
th a
nd 1
4 m
eas
t/wes
t, it
is c
onst
ruct
ed o
n th
e ea
st a
spec
t of
a sl
ope
with
an
inte
rmitt
ent d
rain
age
imm
edia
tely
to th
e so
uth
and
anot
her
appr
oxim
atel
y 20
m (
66 f
t) to
th
e no
rth.
Alth
ough
tree
s an
d er
osio
n ha
ve c
ause
d so
me
colla
pse,
the
inte
grity
of
the
stru
ctur
e is
co
nsid
ered
goo
d. W
est o
f th
e no
tch,
insi
de o
f th
e st
ruct
ure
ther
e ar
e re
mna
nts
of a
pav
ed s
urfa
ce.
Seve
ral
ston
e to
ols
wer
e ob
serv
ed i
n th
e ge
nera
l si
te v
icin
ity.
The
eff
ort
expe
nded
on
the
cons
truc
tion
seem
s ex
cess
ive
for
a ha
bita
tion
and
is m
ore
cons
iste
nt w
ith t
hat
of a
cer
emon
ial
stru
ctur
e. T
here
is
a co
mm
andi
ng v
iew
to
the
nort
h an
d w
est
of t
he v
alle
y be
low
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10
-693
0, n
ow d
omin
ated
by
alie
n/in
trod
uced
veg
etat
ion
such
as
Chr
istm
as b
erry
(Sc
hinu
s te
rebi
nthi
foliu
s), h
e‘e
- oc
topu
s tr
ee (
Sche
ffler
a ac
tinop
hylla
), J
ava
plum
(Sy
zygi
um c
umin
i) a
nd
lem
on a
nd s
traw
berr
y gu
ava
(Psi
dium
gua
java
, P
sidi
um c
attle
ianu
m).
In
the
abse
nce
of t
he
dens
e ve
geta
tion
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘a
Hei
au w
ould
be
visi
ble
as it
is o
nly
320
m (
1050
ft)
wes
t and
ove
r 50
m (
164
ft)
low
er in
ele
vatio
n.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6932
is
a po
ssib
le s
tora
ge a
rea
bene
ath
a bo
ulde
r ap
prox
imat
ely
five
m
sout
heas
t of
an
inte
rmitt
ent
drai
nage
. M
easu
ring
app
roxi
mat
ely
4 m
nor
th/s
outh
and
4 m
eas
t /w
est,
the
floo
r in
side
is li
ned
with
sm
all b
asal
t cob
bles
. Thi
s si
te is
app
roxi
mat
ely
33 m
(10
8 ft
) so
uthw
est
of S
IHP#
50-
80-1
-693
3, a
pos
t-co
ntac
t ch
arco
al k
iln,
and
pote
ntia
lly a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
it. A
sin
gle
hist
oric
bot
tle w
as o
bser
ved
on th
e ea
st s
ide
of th
e st
orag
e fe
atur
e. T
he m
anuf
actu
rers
m
ark,
A B
G M
Co.
, ind
icat
es t
hat
it w
as a
pro
duct
of
the
Ado
lphu
s B
ush
Gla
ss M
anuf
actu
ring
C
o ci
rca
1886
to
1928
. T
he b
eer
bottl
e w
as p
rodu
ced
in B
elle
ville
, Il
linoi
s be
twee
n 18
86 a
nd
1907
or
St. L
ouis
Mis
sour
i bet
wee
n 19
04 a
nd 1
928
(Tou
lous
e 19
71:2
6).
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6933
is
a la
rge
circ
ular
pit,
app
roxi
mat
ely
4 m
(13
ft)
in
diam
eter
with
bu
rned
wal
ls.
It i
s cu
t in
to a
nat
ural
ris
e in
the
top
ogra
phy
and
incl
udes
a f
aced
, tw
o to
thr
ee
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
97
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Su
mm
ary
and
Inte
rpre
tatio
n
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
98
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
cour
se s
tone
wal
l on
the
nor
thea
st s
ide.
The
pit
is c
urre
ntly
1.5
m (
5 ft
) in
dep
th, t
he m
axim
um
dept
h is
unk
now
n as
it
has
been
sub
ject
to
slum
ping
and
ero
sion
. Si
mila
r to
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4683
this
app
ears
to b
e an
othe
r hi
stor
ic c
harc
oal k
iln.
5.2
His
tori
c P
rope
rtie
s L
ocat
ed N
ear
the
Cur
rent
Pet
itio
n A
rea
SIH
P 50
-80-
10-3
54, K
awa‘
ewa‘
e H
eiau
, is
loca
ted
appr
oxim
atel
y 30
m (
100
ft)
wes
t, ou
tsid
e of
the
cur
rent
pet
ition
are
a on
the
Kan
eohe
sid
e of
the
rid
ge t
hat
divi
des
Kan
eohe
and
Kai
lua
(One
awa
Hill
s).
It h
as b
een
on t
he N
atio
nal
Reg
iste
r of
His
tori
c Pl
aces
(N
HR
P) s
ince
197
2.
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘a
Hei
au is
a lu
akin
i typ
e he
iau.
Thi
s ty
pe is
com
mis
sion
ed b
y th
e ki
ng a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith h
uman
and
ani
mal
sac
rifi
ce (
Mal
o 19
90:1
59).
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘a
Hei
au i
s lo
cate
d at
op a
sm
all
knol
l and
con
sist
s of
a la
rge
encl
osur
e 12
0 by
253
fee
t (35
.5 x
77
m)
with
a s
mal
l ter
race
on
the
nort
h si
de w
hich
fol
low
s th
e co
ntou
rs o
f th
e la
nd.
It i
s sa
id t
o ha
ve b
een
one
of t
he f
ive
heia
u er
ecte
d by
Olo
pana
in
the
begi
nnin
g of
the
tw
elft
h ce
ntur
y an
d th
e lo
catio
n of
his
sub
sequ
ent
dem
ise
(McA
llist
er
1933
:179
-180
).
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘a
Hei
au
is
pres
ently
m
aint
aine
d by
se
vera
l co
ncer
ned
grou
ps.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4681
is
loca
ted
appr
oxim
atel
y 15
m (
50 f
t) s
outh
wes
t of
the
cur
rent
pet
ition
ar
ea.
It i
s a
prob
able
pre
-Con
tact
hab
itatio
n si
te c
onsi
stin
g of
sev
eral
c-s
hape
d st
ruct
ures
, a
terr
ace
wal
l an
d a
circ
ular
roc
k fe
atur
e, f
ive
feat
ures
tot
al. T
he s
ite i
s si
tuat
ed o
n a
nort
h-fa
cing
sl
ope
with
veg
etat
ion
cons
istin
g of
den
se c
anop
y, T
i le
af a
nd l
aua‘
e fe
rn.
Alth
ough
suf
fici
ent
data
was
obs
erve
d to
qua
lify
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4681
as
a si
te, t
he v
eget
atio
n, p
rim
arily
hau
, in
the
area
was
too
dens
e to
def
initi
vely
est
ablis
h th
e si
te b
ound
arie
s.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6929
is a
pre
-Con
tact
site
con
sist
ing
of tw
o co
ncen
trat
ions
of
lithi
c de
bita
ge
alon
g an
int
erm
itten
t dr
aina
ge a
ppro
xim
atel
y 20
m (
66 f
t) e
ast
of t
he p
etiti
on a
rea.
The
re i
s an
ab
unda
nce
of b
asal
t cob
bles
and
bou
lder
s in
this
are
a an
d m
any
larg
e pi
eces
of
debi
tage
sca
ttere
d th
roug
hout
ind
icat
ive
of a
raw
mat
eria
l pr
ocur
emen
t ar
ea (
quar
ry).
A n
atur
al d
ike
exte
nds
away
fr
om t
he c
once
ntra
tions
to
the
sout
heas
t. A
lthou
gh t
his
site
is
outs
ide
of t
he c
urre
nt p
roje
ct a
rea
it sh
ould
be
cons
ider
ed in
the
even
t of
any
land
alte
ratio
n on
the
slop
e ne
ar th
e si
te.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6931
is lo
cate
d ap
prox
imat
ely
15m
(50
ft)
sou
th o
f th
e cu
rren
t pet
ition
are
a.
Thi
s is
a
poss
ible
pr
e-C
onta
ct
cere
mon
ial
area
lo
cate
d on
a
natu
ral
knol
l be
twee
n tw
o in
term
itten
t dra
inag
es. T
he s
ite c
onsi
sts
of f
our
feat
ures
(A
-D).
Fea
ture
s A
-C a
re a
ser
ies
of s
tone
al
ignm
ents
/terr
aces
on
the
sout
hern
slo
pe o
f th
e la
ndfo
rm.
Feat
ure
D i
s a
poss
ible
cer
emon
ial
area
ato
p th
e la
ndfo
rm. T
here
is a
bas
alt b
ould
er a
t the
wes
tern
bou
ndar
y of
Fea
ture
D w
ith k
ukui
nu
t fr
agm
ents
at
its b
ase.
In
addi
tion
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
is
appr
oxim
atel
y 75
m (
246
ft)
east
of
the
enc
losu
re a
t SI
HP#
50-
80-1
0-69
30 a
nd 2
5 m
(82
ft)
ups
lope
. T
he i
nter
mitt
ent
drai
nage
s th
at b
orde
r -6
931
to t
he n
orth
and
sou
th a
lso
bord
er -
6930
. C
lear
of
the
dens
e in
trod
uced
ve
geta
tion
ther
e w
ould
be
a co
mm
andi
ng v
iew
of
-693
0 an
d K
awa‘
ewa‘
a H
eiau
.
5.3
Dis
cuss
ion
Dat
a co
llect
ed
duri
ng
this
in
vest
igat
ion
is
cons
iste
nt
with
ex
pect
atio
ns
base
d on
th
e ba
ckgr
ound
re
sear
ch.
Add
ition
ally
, it
has
prov
ided
fu
rthe
r in
sigh
t to
th
e im
port
ance
an
d ut
iliza
tion
of th
is a
rea
in p
re-C
onta
ct a
nd h
isto
ric
times
. For
ins
tanc
e, th
e ef
fort
exp
ende
d on
the
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Su
mm
ary
and
Inte
rpre
tatio
n
cons
truc
tion
of S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
30 s
eem
s ex
cess
ive
for
a ha
bita
tion
and
is m
ore
cons
iste
nt
with
that
of
a pr
e-C
onta
ct c
erem
onia
l str
uctu
re, p
ossi
bly
a he
iau.
The
gen
eral
con
sens
us r
egar
ding
hei
au (
e.g.
Ben
nett1
930,
Kol
b 19
91,
and
Stok
es a
nd D
ye
1991
) is
tha
t th
ey a
re “
extr
aord
inar
ily d
iver
se”
(Kol
b 19
91:1
08)
and
“fou
nd i
n a
bew
ilder
ing
vari
ety
of f
orm
s, s
izes
, and
loca
tions
thro
ugho
ut th
e is
land
s” (
Kir
ch 1
985:
257)
.
The
193
0 di
sser
tatio
n of
W.C
. B
enne
tt re
mai
ns “
the
mos
t co
mpr
ehen
sive
sur
vey
of h
eiau
to
date
” (K
olb
1991
:108
) B
enne
tt am
ong
othe
rs,
have
atte
mpt
ed t
o pr
ovid
e di
agno
stic
attr
ibut
es
from
whi
ch h
eiau
cou
ld b
e id
entif
ied
and
clas
sifi
ed.
The
se i
nclu
de s
ize,
upr
ight
s, d
epre
ssio
ns,
alta
r, p
avin
g, ti
ers/
terr
aces
, cor
al, h
isto
rica
l ref
eren
ce, l
ocat
ion,
and
fun
ctio
n.
Size
ref
ers
to t
he s
urfa
ce a
rea
(i.e
. m
.²) o
f th
e st
ruct
ure.
Ini
tially
, W
. C
. B
enne
tt de
sign
ated
tw
o si
ze c
lass
ific
atio
ns f
or h
eiau
, sm
all a
nd la
rge.
The
div
idin
g lin
e be
twee
n th
em w
as a
rbitr
arily
se
t at
50
feet
“th
ough
thi
s fi
gure
is
not
abso
lute
ly f
ixed
” (B
enne
tt 19
30:4
). O
ver
the
year
s th
is
has
been
ref
ined
to
incl
ude
thre
e ge
nera
l si
ze r
ange
s, s
mal
l be
ing
less
tha
n 20
0 m
.², “
mid
-siz
ed”
(Kir
ch 1
985:
261)
ran
ging
fro
m 2
00 t
o 40
0 m
.² an
d la
rge
bein
g gr
eate
r th
an 4
00 m
.². B
ased
on
thes
e sp
ecif
icat
ions
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
, (2
56 m
.²),
fits
int
o th
e m
id-s
ize
rang
e. I
n ge
nera
l, m
id-s
ize
stru
ctur
es a
nd l
arge
r ha
ve b
een
inte
rpre
ted
as r
elig
ious
str
uctu
res
(Ham
mat
t et
al
1997
:181
).
Attr
ibut
es i
nclu
ding
alta
rs a
nd p
avin
g, g
ener
ally
ref
er t
o in
tern
al f
eatu
res
of t
he s
truc
ture
s (H
amm
att
et a
l 19
97:1
76-1
77).
Alta
r in
thi
s ca
se i
s em
ploy
ed t
o de
scri
be a
slig
htly
ele
vate
d or
ra
ised
sto
ne f
ound
atio
n w
ithin
the
str
uctu
re.
W.C
. B
enne
tt de
sign
ated
alta
rs a
s on
e of
the
hei
au
feat
ures
foc
usin
g pr
imar
ily o
n et
hnog
raph
ic e
vide
nce
rela
ted
to “
lele
” w
hich
he
desc
ribe
d a
“a
sort
of
scaf
fold
ing
supp
orte
d by
pos
ts o
n w
hich
off
erin
gs w
ere
laid
and
lef
t to
mou
lder
aw
ay”
(Ben
nett
1930
:39)
.
Acc
ordi
ng to
Dav
id M
alo
(190
3):
In f
ront
of
the
lele
was
a p
avem
ent o
f pe
bble
s (o
r fr
amew
ork)
on
whi
ch o
ffer
ings
w
ere
depo
site
d un
til t
hey
wer
e of
fere
d up
, whe
n th
ey w
ere
laid
on
the
lele
(M
alo
1990
:213
-214
).
The
ter
m p
avin
g is
em
ploy
ed r
efer
ring
to
wel
l co
nstr
ucte
d su
rfac
e la
yer(
s) o
f a
spec
ific
st
ruct
ure.
A
lthou
gh
a co
mm
on
stru
ctur
al
com
pone
nt,
pavi
ng
is
sugg
estiv
e of
a
“gre
ater
co
nstr
uctio
n ef
fort
” (H
amm
att
et a
l 19
97:1
85).
The
re i
s po
ssib
le p
avin
g on
the
ins
ide
of S
IHP#
50
-80-
10-6
930.
It
is l
ocat
ed a
long
the
not
ch i
n th
e ea
st w
all
amid
som
e co
llaps
e. B
eyon
d cl
eari
ng t
he v
eget
atio
n no
thin
g el
se w
as d
istu
rbed
at
the
site
. A
s th
ere
has
been
a s
ubst
antia
l am
ount
of
co
llaps
e th
ere
may
be
ad
ditio
nal,
less
ob
viou
s,
asso
ciat
ed
feat
ures
in
side
th
e en
clos
ure.
Loc
atio
n re
fers
to
our
perc
eptio
n of
pro
min
ent
plac
emen
t of
spe
cifi
c st
ruct
ures
in
term
s of
vi
ew p
lane
s fr
om a
nd t
o th
e pa
rtic
ular
str
uctu
res
(Ham
mat
t et
al
1997
:189
). T
he i
mpo
rtan
ce o
f he
iau
loca
tion
has
been
wel
l do
cum
ente
d (B
enne
tt 19
30:3
41;
Buc
k 19
64:5
16;
Stok
es a
nd D
ye
1991
:21;
and
Kol
b 19
91:8
0-83
)
Whe
n co
nsid
erin
g lo
catio
n (K
olb
1991
):
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
99
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Su
mm
ary
and
Inte
rpre
tatio
n
…lo
cal
topo
grap
hy o
f a
tem
ple
was
int
imat
ely
tied
to t
he c
once
pt o
f re
ligio
us
“san
ctity
”. L
arge
hei
au w
ere
gene
rally
situ
ated
upo
n pr
omin
ent
loca
tions
suc
h as
hi
ll to
ps, b
luff
s, o
r kn
olls
. Thi
s hi
gher
gro
und
affi
rms
the
divi
ne a
nd i
nacc
essi
ble
natu
re o
f hi
gh-r
anki
ng a
li‘i,
whi
le a
ffor
ding
an
exce
llent
vie
w o
f th
e su
rrou
ndin
g co
untr
ysid
e an
d co
ast.
Smal
ler
heia
u, o
n th
e ot
her
hand
wer
e us
ually
pla
ced
with
in v
illag
es,
upon
mou
ntai
n sl
opes
, in
upl
and
valle
ys,
alon
g th
e co
ast,
or i
n an
y ot
her
loca
tion
that
wou
ld b
est
serv
e th
e pe
ople
(B
enne
tt 19
31:3
5). S
him
izu’
s (1
980)
ana
lysi
s of
hei
au t
opog
raph
y fo
und
that
hei
au o
n O
‘ahu
wer
e co
nsis
tent
ly
loca
ted
on th
e ph
ysio
grap
hic
divi
sion
s be
twee
n th
e fe
rtile
pla
ins
and
upla
nd a
reas
ra
ther
than
on
land
use
d fo
r ag
ricu
lture
or
resi
denc
e.
The
inc
orpo
ratio
n of
the
loc
al t
opog
raph
y m
akes
any
cur
sory
ana
lysi
s of
hei
au
form
sus
pect
in
two
way
s (H
omm
on 1
987:
24-5
). F
irst
, th
e pl
acem
ent
of h
eiau
ar
chite
ctur
al e
lem
ents
tend
s to
be
infl
uenc
ed m
ore
by th
e co
ntou
r of
the
land
scap
e th
an b
y th
e ab
stra
ct p
lan
impo
sed
upon
the
site
by
the
arch
itect
. Thi
s su
gges
ts th
at
the
loca
tion
of a
hei
au p
laye
d a
muc
h m
ore
impo
rtan
t ro
le i
n its
des
ign
than
pr
evio
usly
tho
ught
, an
d m
ay p
artia
lly e
xpla
in t
he l
arge
am
ount
of
vari
abili
ty
pres
ent
in h
eiau
for
m.
Eac
h pr
omon
tory
var
ies
in i
ts s
ize,
sha
pe,
and
orie
ntat
ion
of n
atur
al r
ock
outc
rops
….
Seco
nd, s
ome
plat
form
s an
d te
rrac
es th
at a
ppea
r to
be
solid
arc
hite
ctur
al e
lem
ents
ar
e ac
tual
ly m
ason
ry v
enee
rs,
and
thus
are
dec
eptiv
e as
to
the
amou
nt o
f la
bor
used
in th
eir
cons
truc
tion.
(K
olb
1991
:82-
83).
The
re is
a c
omm
andi
ng v
iew
to th
e no
rth
and
wes
t of
the
valle
y be
low
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
, no
w d
omin
ated
by
alie
n/in
trod
uced
spe
cies
suc
h as
Chr
istm
as b
erry
(Sc
hinu
s te
rebi
nthi
foliu
s),
he‘e
- o
ctop
us t
ree
(Sch
effle
ra a
ctin
ophy
lla),
Jav
a pl
um (
Syzy
gium
cum
ini)
and
lem
on a
nd
stra
wbe
rry
guav
a (P
sidi
um
guaj
ava,
P
sidi
um
cattl
eian
um).
In
th
e ab
senc
e of
th
e de
nse
vege
tatio
n K
awa‘
ewa‘
a H
eiau
wou
ld s
urel
y be
vis
ible
as
it is
onl
y 32
0 m
(10
50 f
t) w
est a
nd o
ver
50 m
(16
4 ft
) lo
wer
in e
leva
tion.
The
re is
littl
e to
see
fro
m th
e en
clos
ure
look
ing
east
bes
ides
the
hill
side
. It
was
not
cle
ar a
t th
e tim
e of
the
inv
estig
atio
n if
the
not
ch i
n th
e ea
st w
all
was
in
tent
iona
l or
a re
sult
of th
e na
tura
l top
ogra
phy
as it
app
ears
to b
e cu
t int
o th
e hi
llsid
e.
Bas
ed o
n th
e di
men
sion
s an
d fe
atur
es S
IHP#
50-
80-1
0-69
30 t
he p
ossi
bilit
y th
at i
t is
a h
eiau
sh
ould
be
cons
ider
ed. T
he i
nter
pret
ed f
unct
ion
of t
his
stru
ctur
e ca
n on
ly b
e in
ferr
ed. I
t ha
s be
en
sugg
este
d th
at h
eiau
loc
ated
inl
and
amid
agr
icul
tura
l fi
elds
are
rel
ated
to
wha
t P.
V. K
irch
ref
ers
to a
s “a
lar
ge g
roup
of
mid
-siz
ed t
empl
es t
hat
incl
uded
man
y fu
nctio
nal
subt
ypes
(suc
h as
m�p
ale,
wai
hau
ipu
o Lo
no, H
ale
o Lo
no, u
nu o
Lon
o, a
nd h
eiau
Ho‘
o�lu
‘ai)
all
dire
cted
to
the
gods
of
fert
ility
(es
peci
ally
Lon
o)”(
Kir
ch 1
985:
261-
261)
.
The
pre
senc
e of
tw
o ch
arco
al k
ilns,
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10
4683
and
-69
33 a
re i
ndic
ativ
e of
ch
arco
al p
rodu
ctio
n th
at w
as a
wid
espr
ead
indu
stry
in
Win
dwar
d O
‘ahu
dur
ing
the
late
r pa
rt o
f th
e 19
th a
nd e
arly
par
t of
the
20th
cen
tury
. The
maj
ority
of
the
hist
oric
pro
pert
ies
that
rem
ain
are
loca
ted
in th
e ro
ckie
st m
ost i
nacc
essi
ble
area
s su
gges
ting
prio
r la
nd a
ltera
tion
(i.e
. pin
eapp
le a
nd
ranc
hing
) in
the
area
.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
10
0
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Su
mm
ary
and
Inte
rpre
tatio
n
The
cur
rent
pro
ject
are
a ha
s be
en h
as b
een
utili
zed
from
as
earl
y as
the
tw
elft
h ce
ntur
y up
un
til t
he m
iddl
e of
the
tw
entie
th c
entu
ry f
or a
var
iety
of
purp
oses
. K�n
e‘oh
e A
hupu
a’a
was
an
activ
e ar
ea d
urin
g th
e pr
e-C
onta
ct p
erio
d ca
pabl
e of
sup
port
ing
a la
rge
popu
latio
n w
ith i
ts
abun
dant
nat
ural
res
ourc
es. I
n po
st-c
onta
ct y
ears
, K�n
e‘oh
e w
as e
mpl
oyed
for
the
cul
tivat
ion
of
rice
, su
gar
and
pine
appl
e, a
nd e
vent
ually
cat
tle r
anch
ing
and
dair
y fa
rmin
g. S
ubse
quen
tly,
the
ranc
hing
and
far
min
g ar
eas
wer
e re
plac
ed b
y re
side
ntia
l sub
divi
sion
s. T
he c
ontin
uous
occ
upat
ion
and
utili
zatio
n of
the
are
a is
als
o de
mon
stra
ted
in t
he a
rcha
eolo
gica
l re
cord
with
the
pre
senc
e of
pr
e-C
onta
ct a
nd h
isto
ric
reso
urce
s.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
10
1
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Si
gnif
ican
ce A
sses
smen
ts A
nd R
ecom
men
datio
ns
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
10
2
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Sect
ion
6Si
gnifi
canc
e A
sses
smen
ts
Eac
h hi
stor
ic p
rope
rty
iden
tifie
d by
the
curr
ent s
tudy
was
eva
luat
ed f
or s
igni
fica
nce
acco
rdin
g to
the
cri
teri
a es
tabl
ishe
d fo
r th
e H
awai
‘i R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric
Plac
es (
Tab
le 7
). T
he h
isto
ric
prop
ertie
s w
ithin
the
petit
ion
area
are
add
ress
ed in
itial
ly f
ollo
wed
by
the
hist
oric
pro
pert
ies
near
th
e pe
titio
n ar
ea. T
he f
ive
crite
ria
are:
A
A
ssoc
iate
d w
ith e
vent
s th
at h
ave
mad
e an
im
port
ant
cont
ribu
tion
to t
he b
road
pa
ttern
s of
our
his
tory
;
B
Ass
ocia
ted
with
the
lives
of
pers
ons
impo
rtan
t in
our
past
;
C
Em
bodi
es
the
dist
inct
ive
char
acte
rist
ics
of
a ty
pe,
peri
od,
or
met
hod
of
cons
truc
tion,
rep
rese
nts
the
wor
k of
a m
aste
r, o
r po
sses
ses
high
art
istic
val
ue;
D
Hav
e yi
elde
d,
or
is
likel
y to
yi
eld
info
rmat
ion
impo
rtan
t fo
r re
sear
ch
on
preh
isto
ry o
r hi
stor
y;
E
Hav
e an
impo
rtan
t val
ue to
the
nativ
e H
awai
ian
peop
le o
r to
ano
ther
eth
nic
grou
p of
the
sta
te d
ue t
o as
soci
atio
ns w
ith c
ultu
ral
prac
tices
onc
e ca
rrie
d ou
t, or
stil
l ca
rrie
d ou
t, at
the
pro
pert
y, o
r du
e to
ass
ocia
tions
with
tra
ditio
nal
belie
fs,
even
ts
or o
ral h
isto
ry a
ccou
nts
– th
ese
asso
ciat
ions
bei
ng im
port
ant t
o th
e gr
oup’
s hi
stor
y an
d cu
ltura
l ide
ntity
.
6.1
His
tori
c P
rope
rtie
s L
ocat
ed W
ithi
n th
e C
urre
nt P
etit
ion
Are
a SI
HP
50-8
0-10
-468
0 is
a h
isto
ric
agri
cultu
ral/w
ater
con
trol
str
uctu
re c
onsi
stin
g of
a r
ock
conc
entr
atio
n fo
rmin
g a
crud
e te
rrac
ed s
truc
ture
. Thi
s st
ruct
ure
may
yie
ld in
form
atio
n im
port
ant
for
rese
arch
abo
ut t
he h
isto
ric
utili
zatio
n of
thi
s ar
ea. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
680
has
been
eva
luat
ed
as s
igni
fica
nt u
nder
Cri
teri
on D
of
the
Haw
ai‘i
Reg
iste
r of
His
tori
c Pl
aces
.
SIH
P# s
50-
80-1
0-46
83 a
nd -
6933
are
his
tori
c ch
arco
al k
ilns.
The
se s
truc
ture
s m
ay y
ield
in
form
atio
n im
port
ant
for
rese
arch
abo
ut t
he h
isto
ric
utili
zatio
n of
thi
s ar
ea.
SIH
P# s
50-
80-1
0-46
83 a
nd -
6933
hav
e be
en e
valu
ated
as
sign
ific
ant
unde
r C
rite
rion
D o
f th
e H
awai
‘i R
egis
ter
of
His
tori
c Pl
aces
.
SIH
P#
50-8
0-10
-468
4 is
a
pre-
Con
tact
ha
bita
tion
site
co
nsis
ting
of
seve
ral
c-sh
aped
st
ruct
ures
, a t
erra
ce w
all,
a ci
rcul
ar r
ock
feat
ure
and
seve
ral
hous
e te
rrac
es, s
even
fea
ture
s to
tal.
Thi
s hi
stor
ic p
rope
rty
has
the
pote
ntia
l to
yie
ld a
dditi
onal
inf
orm
atio
n co
ncer
ning
pre
-Con
tact
ha
bita
tions
in th
e ah
upua
‘aof
K�n
e‘oh
e. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
684
is e
valu
ated
as
sign
ific
ant u
nder
C
rite
rion
D o
f th
e H
awai
‘i R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric
Plac
es.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4686
is
a bo
unda
ry m
arke
r co
nstr
ucte
d of
bou
lder
s or
ient
ed e
ast/w
est
para
llel
to a
lar
ge s
trea
m c
ut.
Thi
s st
ruct
ure
has
the
pote
ntia
l to
yie
ld i
nfor
mat
ion
impo
rtan
t fo
r re
sear
ch o
n hi
stor
ic b
ound
arie
s in
thi
s ar
ea.
SIH
P# s
50-
80-1
0-46
86 h
as b
een
eval
uate
d as
si
gnif
ican
t und
er C
rite
rion
D o
f th
e H
awai
‘i R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric
Plac
es.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
is
a pr
e-C
onta
ct,
rect
angu
lar
shap
ed e
nclo
sure
with
an
irre
gula
r no
tch
on th
e ea
st s
ide
of th
e st
ruct
ure
that
giv
es it
an
alm
ost L
sha
ped
appe
aran
ce. T
he e
ffor
t exp
ende
d on
the
con
stru
ctio
n se
ems
exce
ssiv
e fo
r a
habi
tatio
n an
d is
mor
e co
nsis
tent
with
tha
t of
a
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Si
gnif
ican
ce A
sses
smen
ts A
nd R
ecom
men
datio
ns
cere
mon
ial
stru
ctur
e. T
his
hist
oric
pro
pert
y ha
s th
e po
tent
ial
to y
ield
add
ition
al i
nfor
mat
ion
conc
erni
ng p
re-C
onta
ct c
erem
onia
l st
ruct
ures
in
the
ahup
ua‘a
of K
�ne‘
ohe.
Add
ition
ally
, th
is
stru
ctur
e m
ay h
ave
an i
mpo
rtan
t va
lue
to t
he n
ativ
e H
awai
ian
peop
le o
r to
ano
ther
eth
nic
grou
p of
the
sta
te d
ue t
o as
soci
atio
ns w
ith c
ultu
ral
prac
tices
onc
e ca
rrie
d ou
t, or
stil
l ca
rrie
d ou
t, at
the
pr
oper
ty. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-6
930
has
been
eva
luat
ed a
s si
gnif
ican
t un
der
both
Cri
teri
on D
and
E
of th
e H
awai
‘i R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric
Plac
es.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6932
is
a po
ssib
le s
tora
ge a
rea
bene
ath
a bo
ulde
r ap
prox
imat
ely
5 m
so
uthe
ast
of a
n in
term
itten
t dr
aina
ge. P
rese
nce
of t
his
stru
ctur
e m
ay y
ield
inf
orm
atio
n im
port
ant
for
rese
arch
in
dete
rmin
ing
hist
oric
act
iviti
es w
ithin
thi
s ar
ea.
SIH
P# s
50-
80-1
0-69
32 h
as b
een
eval
uate
d as
sig
nifi
cant
und
er C
rite
rion
D o
f th
e H
awai
‘i R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric
Plac
es.
6.2
His
tori
c P
rope
rtie
s L
ocat
ed N
ear
the
Cur
rent
Pet
itio
n A
rea
SIH
P 50
-80-
10-3
54, K
awa‘
ewa‘
e H
eiau
, is
loca
ted
appr
oxim
atel
y 30
m (
100
ft)
wes
t, ou
tsid
e of
the
cur
rent
pro
ject
are
a on
the
Kan
eohe
sid
e of
the
rid
ge t
hat
divi
des
Kan
eohe
and
Kai
lua
(One
awa
Hill
s). I
t has
bee
n on
the
Nat
iona
l Reg
iste
r of
His
tori
c Pl
aces
(N
HR
P) s
ince
197
2.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4681
is
loca
ted
appr
oxim
atel
y 15
m (
50 f
t) s
outh
wes
t of
the
cur
rent
pet
ition
ar
ea.
It i
s a
prob
able
pre
-Con
tact
hab
itatio
n si
te c
onsi
stin
g of
sev
eral
c-s
hape
d st
ruct
ures
, a
terr
ace
wal
l and
a c
ircu
lar
rock
fea
ture
, fiv
e fe
atur
es to
tal.
Alth
ough
suf
fici
ent d
ata
was
obs
erve
d to
qua
lify
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4681
as
a si
te,
the
vege
tatio
n, p
rim
arily
hau
, in
the
are
a w
as t
oo
dens
e to
def
initi
vely
est
ablis
h th
e si
te b
ound
arie
s. T
his
hist
oric
pro
pert
y ha
s th
e po
tent
ial t
o yi
eld
addi
tiona
l in
form
atio
n co
ncer
ning
pre
-Con
tact
hab
itatio
ns i
n th
e ah
upua
‘aof
K�n
e‘oh
e. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-4
681
has
been
eva
luat
ed a
s si
gnif
ican
t un
der
Cri
teri
on D
of
the
Haw
ai‘i
Reg
iste
r of
H
isto
ric
Plac
es.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6929
is a
pre
-Con
tact
site
con
sist
ing
of tw
o co
ncen
trat
ions
of
lithi
c de
bita
ge
alon
g an
int
erm
itten
t dr
aina
ge a
ppro
xim
atel
y 20
m (
66 f
t) e
ast
of t
he p
etiti
on a
rea.
Thi
s hi
stor
ic
prop
erty
has
the
pot
entia
l to
yie
ld a
dditi
onal
inf
orm
atio
n co
ncer
ning
pre
-Con
tact
res
ourc
e pr
ocur
emen
t an
d st
one
tool
man
ufac
turi
ng i
n th
e ah
upua
‘aof
K�n
e‘oh
e. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-6
929
has
been
eva
luat
ed a
s si
gnif
ican
t und
er C
rite
rion
D o
f th
e H
awai
‘i R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric
Plac
es.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6931
is lo
cate
d ap
prox
imat
ely
15m
(50
ft)
sou
th o
f th
e cu
rren
t pet
ition
are
a.
Thi
s is
a
poss
ible
pr
e-C
onta
ct
cere
mon
ial
area
lo
cate
d on
a
natu
ral
knol
l be
twee
n tw
o in
term
itten
t dr
aina
ges.
Thi
s hi
stor
ic p
rope
rty
has
the
pote
ntia
l to
yie
ld a
dditi
onal
inf
orm
atio
n co
ncer
ning
pre
-Con
tact
cer
emon
ial a
reas
in th
e ah
upua
‘aof
K�n
e‘oh
e. A
dditi
onal
ly, t
his
hist
oric
pr
oper
ty m
ay h
ave
an i
mpo
rtan
t va
lue
to t
he n
ativ
e H
awai
ian
peop
le o
r to
ano
ther
eth
nic
grou
p of
the
sta
te d
ue t
o as
soci
atio
ns w
ith c
ultu
ral
prac
tices
onc
e ca
rrie
d ou
t, or
stil
l ca
rrie
d ou
t, at
the
pr
oper
ty. S
IHP
# 50
-80-
10-6
931
has
been
eva
luat
ed a
s si
gnif
ican
t un
der
both
Cri
teri
on D
and
E
of th
e H
awai
‘i R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric
Plac
es.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
10
3
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
ultu
ral S
urve
ys H
awai
‘i J
ob C
ode:
KA
NE
O 2
Sign
ific
ance
Ass
essm
ents
And
Rec
omm
enda
tions
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
10
4
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Tab
le 7
. Sig
nifi
canc
e as
sess
men
ts f
or s
ites
loca
ted
with
in th
e pr
ojec
t are
a.
SIH
P#
(50-
80-1
0)
For
mal
Sit
e T
ype
Fea
ture
s P
roba
ble
Fun
ctio
nA
geC
rite
ria
Mit
igat
ion
Rec
omm
enda
tion
His
tori
c P
rope
rtie
s L
ocat
ed W
ithi
n th
e C
urre
nt P
etit
ion
Are
a
-468
0T
erra
ce
1 A
gric
ultu
ral/w
ater
co
ntro
l H
isto
ric
D
No
furt
her
wor
k
-468
3Pi
t fea
ture
1
Cha
rcoa
l Kiln
H
isto
ric
D
No
furt
her
wor
k
-468
4C
ompl
ex-
encl
osur
es a
nd
terr
acin
g
7 H
abita
tion
Pre-
Con
tact
D
Pr
eser
vatio
n, in
the
form
of
avo
idan
ce
-468
6St
one
alig
nmen
t 1
Bou
ndar
y m
arke
r H
isto
ric
D
No
furt
her
wor
k
-693
0St
one
encl
osur
e 1
Cer
emon
ial
Pre-
Con
tact
D
, E
Pres
erva
tion,
in th
e fo
rm
of a
void
ance
-693
2St
one
stor
age
feat
ure
1 St
orag
e H
isto
ric
D
N
o fu
rthe
r w
ork
-693
3Pi
t fea
ture
with
as
soci
ated
st
onew
all
2 C
harc
oal k
iln
His
tori
c D
N
o fu
rthe
r w
ork
CC
ultu
ral S
urve
ys H
awai
‘i J
ob C
ode:
KA
NE
O 2
Sign
ific
ance
Ass
essm
ents
And
Rec
omm
enda
tions
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
10
5
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
His
tori
c P
rope
rtie
s L
ocat
ed in
the
Vic
init
y of
the
Cur
rent
Pet
itio
n A
rea
-354
Enc
losu
re,
Plat
form
s,
Ter
race
s
2+
Cer
emon
ial
Pre-
Con
tact
A
, B, C
, D,
E
Pres
erva
tion,
in th
e fo
rm
of a
void
ance
-468
1C
ompl
ex-
Enc
losu
res
and
terr
acin
g
5 H
abita
tion/
Agr
icul
tura
l Pr
e-C
onta
ct
D
Pres
erva
tion,
in th
e fo
rm
of a
void
ance
-692
9Q
uarr
y 2
Raw
Mat
eria
l C
olle
ctio
n Pr
e-C
onta
ct
D
Pres
erva
tion,
in th
e fo
rm
of a
void
ance
-693
1St
one
Alig
nmen
t 2+
C
erem
onia
l Pr
e-C
onta
ct
D,E
Pr
eser
vatio
n, in
the
form
of
avo
idan
ce
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Pr
ojec
t Eff
ect a
nd M
itiga
tion
Rec
omm
enda
tions
Sect
ion
7P
roje
ct E
ffec
t and
Miti
gatio
n R
ecom
men
datio
ns
The
fol
low
ing
proj
ect
effe
ct d
iscu
ssio
n an
d cu
ltura
l re
sour
ce m
anag
emen
t re
com
men
datio
ns
are
inte
nded
to f
acili
tate
pro
ject
pla
nnin
g an
d su
ppor
t the
pro
ject
’s r
equi
red
hist
oric
pre
serv
atio
n co
nsul
tatio
n. T
his
disc
ussi
on i
s ba
sed
on t
he r
esul
ts o
f th
is a
rcha
eolo
gica
l in
vent
ory
surv
ey
inve
stig
atio
n an
d C
SH’s
com
mun
icat
ion
with
age
nts
for
the
proj
ect
prop
onen
ts r
egar
ding
the
pr
ojec
t’s
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s to
the
his
tori
c pr
oper
ties
desc
ribe
d in
the
Res
ults
of
Fiel
dwor
k se
ctio
n.
7.1
Pro
ject
Eff
ect
Cul
tura
l Su
rvey
s H
awai
‘i,
Inc.
(C
SH)
cond
ucte
d an
arc
haeo
logi
cal
inve
ntor
y su
rvey
of
appr
oxim
atel
y 66
-acr
es o
f St
ate
Con
serv
atio
n la
nd o
wne
d by
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial
Lif
e Pl
an
LT
D.
The
ini
tial
proj
ect
area
con
sist
ed o
f ap
prox
imat
ely
53 a
cres
. Fo
llow
ing
the
pede
stri
an
insp
ectio
n of
the
pro
ject
are
a, t
he b
ound
arie
s of
the
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial
Park
Exp
ansi
on p
roje
ct
area
wer
e ad
just
ed to
incl
ude
buff
er z
ones
for
sel
ect a
rcha
eolo
gica
l res
ourc
es id
entif
ied
alon
g th
e pe
riph
ery
of t
he p
roje
ct a
rea.
As
a re
sult,
an
addi
tiona
l 13
acr
es w
as a
dded
to
the
proj
ect
area
to
acco
unt f
or th
e lo
st a
crea
ge. T
he p
etiti
on a
rea
defi
ned
for
this
rep
ort i
s ap
prox
imat
ely
56.6
acr
es
The
pro
pose
d de
velo
pmen
t as
soci
ated
with
the
Haw
aiia
n M
emor
ial
Park
Exp
ansi
on p
roje
ct
incl
udes
bui
ldin
g ro
ads,
mau
sole
ums
and
som
e si
ngle
-fam
ily l
ots
on a
n ap
prox
imat
ely
4-ac
re
part
of
the
prop
erty
on
land
adj
acen
t to
the
Poh
ai N
ani
Ret
irem
ent
Hom
e. M
inim
ally
, th
e la
nd
alte
ratio
n w
ould
in
clud
e su
rfac
e gr
ubbi
ng
and
grad
ing
exca
vatio
ns
asso
ciat
ed
with
th
e in
stal
latio
n of
sub
-sur
face
util
ities
, hou
sing
con
stru
ctio
n an
d la
ndsc
apin
g.
7.2
Mit
igat
ion
Rec
omm
enda
tion
s T
o re
duce
the
prop
osed
pro
ject
’s p
oten
tial a
dver
se e
ffec
t on
sign
ific
ant h
isto
ric
prop
ertie
s, th
e fo
llow
ing
miti
gatio
n m
easu
res
are
reco
mm
ende
d. T
hese
rec
omm
enda
tions
are
als
o su
mm
ariz
ed
in (
Tab
le 7
). T
he m
itiga
tion
mea
sure
s sh
ould
be
com
plet
ed p
rior
to a
ny la
nd d
istu
rbin
g ac
tiviti
es
with
in t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Pa
rk E
xpan
sion
pet
ition
are
a. N
o fu
rthe
r w
ork
is r
ecom
men
ded
for
SIH
P #
s 50
-80-
10-4
680,
-46
83,
-468
6, -
6932
, an
d -6
933.
Pre
serv
atio
n, i
n th
e fo
rm o
f av
oida
nce
is r
ecom
men
ded
for
SIH
P #
s 50
-80-
10-4
681,
-46
84,
-692
9, -
6930
, an
d 69
31.
The
hi
stor
ic p
rope
rtie
s w
ithin
the
pet
ition
are
a ar
e ad
dres
sed
initi
ally
fol
low
ed b
y th
e hi
stor
ic
prop
ertie
s ne
ar th
e pe
titio
n ar
ea.
7.2.
1H
isto
ric
Pro
pert
ies
Loc
ated
Wit
hin
the
Cur
rent
Pet
itio
n A
rea
SIH
P# s
50-
80-1
0-46
80,
4686
and
-69
32 h
ave
been
tho
roug
hly
docu
men
ted
with
wri
tten
desc
ript
ions
, pho
togr
aphs
, sca
le d
raw
ings
, and
rec
orde
d w
ith G
PS s
urve
y eq
uipm
ent.
No
furt
her
wor
k is
rec
omm
ende
d fo
r th
ese
as s
uffi
cien
t in
form
atio
n re
gard
ing
loca
tion,
fun
ctio
n, a
ge,
and
cons
truc
tion
met
hods
of
thes
e hi
stor
ic p
rope
rtie
s ha
s be
en g
ener
ated
by
the
curr
ent
inve
ntor
y su
rvey
inve
stig
atio
n to
miti
gate
any
adv
erse
eff
ect c
ause
d by
pro
pose
d de
velo
pmen
t act
iviti
es.
SIH
P# s
50-
80-1
0-46
83 a
nd -
6933
are
his
tori
c ch
arco
al k
ilns
that
hav
e be
en d
ocum
ente
d w
ith
wri
tten
desc
ript
ions
, ph
otog
raph
s, s
cale
dra
win
gs,
and
accu
rate
ly l
ocat
ed w
ith G
PS s
urve
y eq
uipm
ent.
No
furt
her
wor
k is
re
com
men
ded
for
thes
e hi
stor
ic
prop
ertie
s as
su
ffic
ient
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
10
6
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Pr
ojec
t Eff
ect a
nd M
itiga
tion
Rec
omm
enda
tions
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
10
7
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
info
rmat
ion
rega
rdin
g th
e lo
catio
n, f
unct
ion,
age
, an
d co
nstr
uctio
n m
etho
ds o
f th
ese
hist
oric
pr
oper
ties
has
been
gen
erat
ed b
y th
e cu
rren
t in
vent
ory
surv
ey a
nd o
ther
inv
estig
atio
ns (
Mee
ker
1995
, D
ocka
ll et
al.
2003
, an
d A
llen
1987
), t
o m
itiga
te a
ny a
dver
se e
ffec
t ca
used
by
prop
osed
de
velo
pmen
t act
iviti
es.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
, a p
re-C
onta
ct h
abita
tion
site
con
sist
ing
of s
ever
al c
-sha
ped
stru
ctur
es,
a te
rrac
e w
all,
a ci
rcul
ar r
ock
feat
ure
and
seve
ral
hous
e te
rrac
es,
was
doc
umen
ted
with
wri
tten
desc
ript
ions
, ph
otog
raph
s, s
cale
dra
win
gs,
and
accu
rate
ly l
ocat
ed w
ith G
PS s
urve
y eq
uipm
ent.
Lim
ited
subs
urfa
ce t
estin
g w
as a
lso
cond
ucte
d w
ithin
the
Fea
ture
s A
and
F. P
rese
rvat
ion,
in
the
form
of
avoi
danc
e an
d pr
otec
tion,
is
reco
mm
ende
d fo
r th
e SI
HP
# 50
-80-
10-4
684.
Add
ition
ally
, a
larg
e gr
indi
ng s
tone
was
dis
cove
red
appr
oxim
atel
y 40
m s
outh
of
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
. In
the
abse
nce
of a
ny o
ther
cul
tura
l m
ater
ial
and
cons
ider
ing
that
it
is a
goo
d ex
ampl
e of
its
typ
e,
mov
ing
it w
ithin
the
pres
erva
tion
boun
dary
for
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4684
is r
ecom
men
ded.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6930
, a
pre-
Con
tact
enc
losu
re/c
erem
onia
l st
ruct
ure
was
doc
umen
ted
with
w
ritte
n de
scri
ptio
ns,
phot
ogra
phs,
sca
le d
raw
ings
, an
d re
cord
ed w
ith G
PS s
urve
y eq
uipm
ent.
Lim
ited
subs
urfa
ce te
stin
g w
as a
lso
cond
ucte
d w
ithin
the
encl
osur
e. P
rese
rvat
ion,
in th
e fo
rm o
f av
oida
nce
and
prot
ectio
n, is
rec
omm
ende
d fo
r th
e SI
HP
# 50
-80-
10-6
930.
7.2.
2H
isto
ric
Pro
pert
ies
Loc
ated
Nea
r th
e C
urre
nt P
etit
ion
Are
a
SIH
P 50
-80-
10-3
54,
Kaw
a‘ew
a‘a
Hei
a, i
s lo
cate
d ap
prox
imat
ely
30 m
(10
0 ft
) w
est,
outs
ide
of t
he c
urre
nt p
etiti
on a
rea
on t
he K
aneo
he s
ide
of t
he r
idge
tha
t di
vide
s K
aneo
he a
nd K
ailu
a (O
neaw
a H
ills)
. It
has
been
on
the
Nat
iona
l R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric
Plac
es (
NH
RP)
sin
ce 1
972
and
is m
aint
aine
d by
sev
eral
con
cern
ed g
roup
s. T
he c
lient
has
est
ablis
hed
a 10
0 ft
. buf
fer
arou
nd th
is
hist
oric
pro
pert
y an
d co
ntin
ues
to w
ork
with
con
cern
ed “
care
take
r” g
roup
s.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
4681
is
loca
ted
appr
oxim
atel
y 15
m (
50 f
t) s
outh
wes
t of
the
cur
rent
pet
ition
ar
ea.
It i
s a
prob
able
pre
-Con
tact
hab
itatio
n si
te c
onsi
stin
g of
sev
eral
c-s
hape
d st
ruct
ures
, a
terr
ace
wal
l and
a c
ircu
lar
rock
fea
ture
, fiv
e fe
atur
es to
tal.
The
his
tori
c pr
oper
ty w
as d
ocum
ente
d w
ith w
ritte
n de
scri
ptio
ns,
phot
ogra
phs,
sca
le d
raw
ings
, an
d G
PS s
urve
y eq
uipm
ent.
Alth
ough
su
ffic
ient
dat
a w
as o
bser
ved
to q
ualif
y SI
HP#
50-
80-1
0-46
81 a
s a
site
, the
veg
etat
ion,
pri
mar
ily
hau,
in
the
area
was
too
den
se t
o de
fini
tivel
y es
tabl
ish
the
site
bou
ndar
ies.
Pre
serv
atio
n, i
n th
e fo
rm
of
avoi
danc
e an
d pr
otec
tion,
is
re
com
men
ded
for
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-468
1 w
ith
the
unde
rsta
ndin
g th
at th
e si
te b
ound
arie
s be
fir
mly
est
ablis
hed
prio
r to
inte
rim
pro
tect
ion
mea
sure
s.
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6929
is
a pr
e-C
onta
ct q
uarr
y si
te c
onsi
stin
g of
tw
o co
ncen
trat
ions
of
lithi
c de
bita
ge a
long
an
inte
rmitt
ent
drai
nage
app
roxi
mat
ely
20 m
(66
ft)
eas
t of
the
pet
ition
are
a. A
na
tura
l di
ke e
xten
ds a
way
fro
m t
he c
once
ntra
tions
to
the
sout
heas
t. Pr
eser
vatio
n, i
n th
e fo
rm o
f av
oida
nce
and
prot
ectio
n, is
rec
omm
ende
d fo
r SI
HP
# 50
-80-
10-6
929
SIH
P# 5
0-80
-10-
6931
, is
loca
ted
appr
oxim
atel
y 15
m (
50 f
t) s
outh
of
the
curr
ent p
etiti
on a
rea.
T
his
is a
pos
sibl
e pr
e-C
onta
ct c
erem
onia
l ar
ea w
as d
ocum
ente
d w
ith w
ritte
n de
scri
ptio
ns,
phot
ogra
phs,
sca
le d
raw
ings
, and
rec
orde
d w
ith G
PS s
urve
y eq
uipm
ent.
Pres
erva
tion,
in th
e fo
rm
of a
void
ance
and
pro
tect
ion,
is r
ecom
men
ded
for
SIH
P #
50-8
0-10
-693
1.
An
arch
aeol
ogic
al m
onito
ring
pro
gram
is r
ecom
men
ded
to a
ddre
ss th
e po
tent
ial o
f pr
ojec
t re
late
d ex
cava
tions
impa
ctin
g su
bsur
face
cul
tura
l mat
eria
l. Sh
ould
SH
PD r
equi
re a
rcha
eolo
gica
l
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
Pr
ojec
t Eff
ect a
nd M
itiga
tion
Rec
omm
enda
tions
mon
itori
ng f
or th
e H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
Pro
ject
, an
arch
aeol
ogic
al m
onito
ring
pl
an, w
ritte
n to
ful
fill
the
requ
irem
ents
of
Haw
ai‘i
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Rul
es C
hapt
er 1
3-27
9, w
ill
need
to b
e re
view
ed a
nd a
ppro
ved
by S
HPD
pri
or to
any
land
dis
turb
ing
activ
ities
with
in th
e pr
ojec
t are
a.
Add
ition
ally
, it i
s re
com
men
ded
that
a c
ultu
ral r
esou
rce
pres
erva
tion
plan
be
prep
ared
for
the
prop
osed
H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Pa
rk
Exp
ansi
on
proj
ect,
in
acco
rdan
ce
with
H
awai
‘i
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Rul
es (
HA
R)
13-2
77-3
, to
add
ress
buf
fer
zone
s an
d pr
otec
tive
mea
sure
s fo
r al
l hi
stor
ic
prop
ertie
s re
com
men
ded
for
pres
erva
tion
with
in
and
near
th
e pe
titio
n ar
ea.
Thi
s pr
eser
vatio
n pl
an s
houl
d de
tail
the
shor
t and
long
term
pre
serv
atio
n m
easu
res
that
will
saf
egua
rd
the
hist
oric
pro
pert
y du
ring
pro
ject
con
stru
ctio
n an
d su
bseq
uent
use
of
the
petit
ion
area
.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
awai
ian
Mem
oria
l Par
k E
xpan
sion
10
8
TM
K: [
1] 4
-05-
033:
001
Cul
tura
l Sur
veys
Haw
ai‘i
Job
Cod
e: K
AN
EO
2
R
efer
ence
s C
ited
Sect
ion
8R
efer
ence
s C
ited
Abb
ott,
Isa
bella
A.
1992
La
‘au
Lapa
‘au
Haw
ai‘i
: Tr
aditi
onal
Haw
aiia
n U
ses
of P
lant
s.
Bis
hop
Mus
eum
Pr
ess,
Hon
olul
u, H
I.
Ale
xand
er H
. F.
1914
C
yclin
g A
roun
d O
ahu.
Mid
-Pac
ific
Mag
azin
e (O
ct.)
8(4
):31
7-32
3.
Alle
n, J
ane,
Mar
y R
ifor
d, T
heci
a M
. Ben
nett
, Gai
l Mur
akam
i, an
d M
ario
n K
elly
19
87
Fiv
e U
plan
d ‘I
li: A
rcha
eolo
gica
l an
d H
isto
rica
l In
vest
igat
ions
in
the
Kan�‘
ohe
Inte
rcha
nge,
Int
erst
ate
Hig
hway
H-3
, Is
land
of
O‘a
hu.
Dep
artm
enta
l R
epor
t Se
ries
B
7-1.
D
epar
tmen
t. of
A
nthr
opol
ogy,
B
erni
ce
P.
Bis
hop
Mus
eum
, H
onol
ulu.
Bar
rère
, Dor
othy
B.
1994
The
Kin
g’s
Mae
hele
: Th
e A
war
dees
and
The
ir L
ands
. C
ompi
led
by D
orot
hy B
. B
arrè
re, V
olca
no, H
I.
Ben
nett
, Wen
dell
C.
1930
H
awai
ian
Hei
au, P
h.D
. Dis
sert
atio
n, ,
Uni
vers
ity o
f C
hica
go, C
hica
go, I
L.
Boo
th, H
. E.
1983
C
harc
oal i
n th
e A
sia
and
Paci
fic
Reg
ion
– Pr
oble
ms
and
Poss
ibili
ties.
In
Cha
rcoa
lP
rodu
ctio
n an
d Te
chno
logy
, U
nite
d N
atio
ns
Dev
elop
men
t Pr
ogra
mm
e an
d E
cono
mic
and
Soc
ial C
omm
isio
n fo
r A
sia
and
the
Paci
fic,
pp.
23-
58. R
epor
t on
a FA
O/E
SCA
P re
gion
al
wor
ksho
p an
d st
udy
tour
, Fo
od
and
Agr
icul
ture
O
rgan
izat
ion
of th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns. R
ome.
Bor
thw
ick,
Dou
glas
F.
1989
A
rcha
eolo
gica
l R
econ
nais
sanc
e Su
rvey
and
Lite
ratu
re S
earc
h: H
e‘ei
a M
arsh
O;
For
Pro
pose
d P
unaw
ai T
runk
Sew
er.
Cul
tura
l Su
rvey
s H
awai
‘i,.
Inc.
, K
ailu
a,
Haw
ai‘i
.
Buc
k, P
eter
H. (
Te
Ran
gi H
iroa
) 19
64
Art
s an
d C
rafts
of H
awai
i II:
Hou
ses
, Ber
nice
P. B
isho
p M
useu
m
Cla
rk, J
ohn
R.K
. 20
02
Haw
aii P
lace
Nam
es. U
nive
rsity
of
Haw
ai‘i
Pre
ss, H
onol
ulu,
HI.
Cla
rk, S
teph
an D
ane
and
Mar
y R
ifor
d 19
86
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Salv
age
Exc
avat
ions
at
Si
te
50-O
a-G
5-10
1,
Wai
kalu
a-Lo
ko,
K�n
e‘oh
e,
Ko‘
olau
poko
, O
‘ahu
Is
land
H
awai
‘i
Bis
hop
Mus
eum
D
ept
of
Ant
hrop
olog
y
Dev
aney
, Den
nis,
Mar
ion
Kel
ly, P
olly
Jae
Lee
, and
Lee
S. M
otte
ler
1976
K�n
e‘oh
e: A
His
tory
of
Cha
nge
(177
8-19
50).
Ber
nice
. P.
Bis
hop
Mus
eum
. T
he
Bes
s Pr
ess,
Hon
olul
u.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal I
nven
tory
Sur
vey
for t
he H
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9T
MK
: [1]
4-0
5-03
3:00
1
Cul
tura
l Sur
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Haw
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Job
Cod
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AN
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5-03
3:00
1
Cul
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Haw
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