leesdossier engels: the hobbit and 3 more

8/19/2019 Leesdossier Engels: The Hobbit and 3 more.

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Leesdossier Engels

Naam: Daan Kulman Exnr: 370

Datum ingeleverd: 02-03-2016

Boekentitel s !ri"ver

1 #!e $o%%it &'('(' #olkien

2 #!e Bo) in t!e *tri+ed ,)"amas &o!n Bo)ne

3 #!e urious .n ident o/ t!e Dog in t!eNig!t-time'ark $addon

#!e ement arden .an E an

4

5it #ext%ook

1 1'4: )%ers+a e stalking

2 2'1: #!e Bermuda #riangle

3 2'3: 5nited 3

3'1: Bom%arded %) advertisements

4 '1: ! dear8 .9m a riminal

eigen teksten

1 ould drone-guided ro%ots re+la e re/use olle tors

2 #!e ;B. ants a %a kdoor onl) it an use < %ut anting it doesn9t make it+ossi%le

3 run ! time /or =++le as it +re+ares /or /a e-o> it! ;B.

$o eas) is it to !a k a !ome net ork

4 ?!) it /eels so good to s rat ! an it !

5it (eader

1 #!e anter%ur) #ales

2 #!e er !ant o/ @eni e

3 #!e #ell-#ale $eart

Boeken :


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Leesdossier Engels

The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien

SummaryBil%o Baggins lives a Auiet8 +ea e/ul li/e in !is om/orta%le !ole at Bag End' Bil%olives in a !ole %e ause !e is a !o%%it one o/ a ra e o/ small8 +lum+ +eo+lea%out !al/ t!e siCe o/ !umans8 it! /urr) toes and a great love o/ good /ood anddrink' Bil%o is Auite ontent at Bag End8 near t!e %ustling !o%%it village o/$o%%iton8 %ut one da) !is om/ort is s!attered %) t!e arrival o/ t!e old iCard

andal/8 !o +ersuades Bil%o to set out on an adventure it! a grou+ o/ t!irteenmilitant d arves' #!e d arves are em%arking on a great Auest to re laim t!eirtreasure /rom t!e marauding dragon *maug8 and Bil%o is to a t as t!eir

%urglar' #!e d arves are ver) ske+ti al a%out andal/9s !oi e /or a %urglar8and Bil%o is terriFed to leave !is om/orta%le li/e to seek adventure' But andal/assures %ot! Bil%o and t!e d arves t!at t!ere is more to t!e little !o%%it t!anmeets t!e e)e'

*!ortl) a/ter t!e grou+ sets out8 t!ree !ungr) trolls a+ture all o/ t!em ex e+t /orandal/' andal/ tri ks t!e trolls into remaining outside !en t!e sun omes u+8

and t!e sunlig!t turns t!e no turnal trolls to stone' #!e grou+ Fnds a great a !eo/ ea+ons in t!e trolls9 am+' andal/ and t!e d ar/ lord #!orin take magis ords8 and Bil%o takes a small s ord o/ !is o n'

#!e grou+ rests at t!e elFs! strong!old o/ (ivendell8 !ere t!e) re eive advi e/rom t!e great el/ lord Elrond8 t!en sets out to ross t!e ist) ountains' ?!ent!e) Fnd s!elter in a ave during a sno storm8 a grou+ o/ go%lins !o live in t!e

averns %eneat! t!e mountain take t!em +risoner' andal/ leads t!e d arves toa +assage out o/ t!e mountain8 %ut t!e) a identall) leave %e!ind Bil%o'

?andering t!roug! t!e tunnels8 Bil%o Fnds a strange golden ring l)ing on t!eground' $e takes t!e ring and +uts it in !is +o ket' *oon !e en ounters ollum8 a!issing8 !ining reature !o lives in a +ool in t!e averns and !unts Fs! andgo%lins' ollum ants to eat Bil%o8 and t!e t o !ave a ontest o/ riddles todetermine Bil%o9s /ate' Bil%o ins %) asking t!e du%ious riddle8 ?!at !ave . gotin m) +o ket

ollum ants to eat Bil%o an) a)8 and !e disa++ears to /et ! !is magi ring8!i ! turns its earer invisi%le' #!e ring8 !o ever8 is t!e same one Bil%o !as

alread) /ound8 and Bil%o uses it to es a+e /rom ollum and Gee t!e go%lins' $eFnds a tunnel leading u+ out o/ t!e mountain and dis overs t!at t!e d arves and

andal/ !ave alread) es a+ed' Evil olves kno n as ?args +ursue t!em8 %utBil%o and !is omrades are !el+ed to sa/et) %) a grou+ o/ great eagles and %)Beorn8 a reature !o an !ange s!a+e /rom a man into a %ear'

#!e om+an) enters t!e dark /orest o/ irk ood8 and8 making matters orse8andal/ a%andons t!em to see to some ot!er urgent %usiness' .n t!e /orest8 t!e

d arves are aug!t in t!e e%s o/ some giant s+iders8 and Bil%o must res uet!em it! !is s ord and magi ring' =/ter sla)ing !is Frst s+ider8 Bil%o names !is


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s ord *ting' *!ortl) a/ter es a+ing t!e s+iders8 t!e unlu k) d arves area+tured %) a grou+ o/ ood elves !o live near t!e river t!at runs t!roug!irk ood' Bil%o uses !is ring to !el+ t!e om+an) es a+e and sli+s t!e d arves

a a) /rom t!e elves %) !iding t!em inside %arrels8 !i ! !e t!en Goats do n t!eriver' #!e d arves arrive at Lake #o n8 a !uman settlement near t!e Lonel)

ountain8 under !i ! t!e great dragon slee+s it! #!orin9s treasure'

=/ter sneaking into t!e mountain8 Bil%o talks to t!e sl) dragon *maug8 !oun ittingl) reveals t!at !is armorlike s ales !ave a eak s+ot near !is !eart'?!en Bil%o steals a golden u+ /rom t!e dragon9s !oard8 *maug is /urious andGies out o/ t!e mountain to %urn Lake #o n in !is rage' Bard8 a !eroi ar !er8 !aslearned t!e se ret a%out *maug9s eakness /rom a t!rus!8 and !e Fres an arrointo t!e dragon9s !eart8 killing !im' Be/ore *maug dies8 !o ever8 !e %urns Lake

#o n to t!e ground'

#!e !umans o/ Lake #o n and t!e elves o/ irk ood mar ! to t!e Lonel)ountain to seek a s!are o/ t!e treasure as om+ensation /or t!eir losses and

aid8 %ut #!orin greedil) re/uses8 and t!e !umans and elves %esiege t!emountain8 tra++ing t!e d arves and t!e !o%%it inside' Bil%o sneaks out to "oint!e !umans in an attem+t to %ring +ea e' ?!en #!orin learns !at Bil%o !asdone8 !e is livid8 %ut andal/ suddenl) rea++ears and saves Bil%o /rom t!e d ar/lord9s rat!'

=t t!is moment8 an arm) o/ go%lins and ?args mar !es on t!e mountain8 and t!e

!umans8 elves8 and d arves are /or ed to %and toget!er to de/eat t!em' #!ego%lins nearl) in8 %ut t!e arrival o/ Beorn and t!e eagles !el+s t!e good armies

in t!e %attle'

=/ter t!e %attle8 Bil%o and andal/ return to $o%%iton8 !ere Bil%o ontinues tolive' $e is no longer a e+ted %) res+e ta%le !o%%it so iet)8 %ut !e does not

are' Bil%o no +re/ers to talk to elves and iCards8 and !e is dee+l) ontent to%e %a k among t!e /amiliar om/orts o/ !ome a/ter !is grand and !arro ingadventures'

Opinion. t!ink it as a great %ook8 it as ver) ex iting and it as a ver) good extensionto t!e movie t!at .9ve alread) seen' #!e +lot is ver) good8 alt!oug! . kne t!is

ould %e t!e ase' =nd t!ere are some diH ult ords in it8 %ut t!e) are ellex+lained and . ould read t!e %ook it!out an) +ro%lems'

The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas by John Boyne

Summary #!e Bo) in t!e *tri+ed ,a"amas is a )oung adult novel %) riter &o!n Bo)ne' .n

t!is novel8 a )oung %o) is /rustrated !en !e learns t!at !is /amil) !as %een/or ed to relo ate due to !is /at!erIs ne "o% in t!e erman militar)' #!e /amil)Is


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ne !ome is in t!e middle o/ no !ere !ere )oung Bruno !as no one to +la)it! and not!ing to do it! t!e ex e+tion o/ ex+loring t!e %oundaries o/ t!e odd

/en ed-in om+ound next door to t!e /amil)Is !ome' .n t!e end8 Bruno doesmake a /riend8 %ut t!is /riend is tra++ed %e!ind t!e /en e8 destined to never +la)

it! Bruno it! t!e a%andon o/ most kids t!eir age' #!e Bo) in t!e *tri+ed,a"amas is a look at t!e $olo aust t!roug! t!e e)es o/ a !ild !o omes to seet!e un/airness o/ it in a a) onl) inno en e an reveal'

Bruno omes !ome /rom s !ool one da) to dis over t!at !is /amil) is +re+aringto move' Bruno !as al a)s lived in Berlin and t!ere/ore !e is greatl) distressed%) t!is move' BrunoIs distress in reases !en !e dis overs t!e /amil) ill %emoving to a !ouse in t!e middle o/ no !ere t!at is mu ! smaller t!an t!eir+revious !ouse' Bruno %egs !is /at!er to allo t!em to return to Berlin8 %utBrunoIs /at!er ex+lains t!at t!e "o% !as %een given in t!is ne +la e is a ver)im+ortant "o% and t!at it is im+erative to !is /at!erIs areer t!at t!e) all remain

!ere t!e) are'

Bruno an see out !is %edroom indo an odd-/en ed om+ound next door tot!e /amil)Is !ome !ere !undreds o/ !ildren a++ear to live' ?!en Bruno s!o st!is vie to !is sister8 t!e) %ot! realiCe t!at t!e +eo+le are not all !ildren8 %utt!e) a++ear to %e %e ause t!e lot!ing t!e) are earing looks like stri+ed+)"amas' Bruno onders !o t!ese +eo+le are8 %ut no one seems illing to talka%out t!em'

=s +art o/ !is /at!erIs "o%8 t!ere seem to al a)s %e soldiers around t!e !ouse'

ne morning8 Bruno de ides to %uild a tire s ing in t!e /ront )ard' ne o/ t!esoldiers orders an elderl) man8 a servant in t!e !ouse8 to !el+ Bruno' Later8

!en Bruno /alls /rom t!e ne l) onstru ted s ing8 t!e servant omes to !is aid' #!is servant8 ,avel8 ares /or BrunoIs ounds' ?!en Bruno asks a%out !iskno ledge8 ,avel reveals t!at !e as a do tor %e/ore t!e ar' Bruno is on/usedas to !) ,avel no longer orks as a do tor' aria8 t!e /amil)Is maid8 tells Brunot!at ,avel annot ork as a do tor an) longer %e ause !e is a &e '

= s!ort time later8 Bruno %egins ex+loring t!e /en e t!at divides !is /amil)Is+ro+ert) /rom t!e om+ound next door' ?!en Bruno !as alked /or !at seems

like !ours8 !e omes a ross a )oung %o) a%out !is o n age' #!is %o)8 *!muel8lives on t!e ot!er side o/ t!e /en e' *!muel tells Bruno !o !e on e lived a%ove!is /at!erIs at ! store8 %ut t!e soldiers ame and Frst moved !is /amil) into asingle room t!e) ere /or ed to s!are it! man) ot!ers and t!en %roug!t t!emto t!is am+'

Bruno and *!muel %egin meeting nearl) ever) da) a/ter BrunoIs lessons' Brunoo/ten %rings *!muel /ood8 !en !e does not eat it !imsel/ on t!e long alk8%e ause *!muel seems !ungr)' #!en one da) Bruno is sur+rised to Fnd *!muelin !is !ouse8 given t!e "o% o/ leaning t!e /an ) glasses o ned %) BrunoIs

mot!er' *!muel gets into trou%le a/ter eating some !i ken Bruno gave !im'


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Bruno as a/raid to tell t!e trut!8 allo ing t!e soldier to %elieve *!muel stole t!e!i ken'

#o make amends to *!muel /or l)ing a%out t!e !i ken8 Bruno !at !es a +lan togo into t!e om+ound dressed like *!muel to !el+ !ile *!muel looks /or !is/at!er' n t!at da) *!muel and Bruno sear ! t!e entire om+ound /or *!muelIs/at!er8 %ut never Fnd a single lue' ;inall) Bruno de ides !e must go !ome /ordinner' $o ever8 Bruno and *!muel Fnd t!emselves in t!e middle o/ a largegrou+ o/ +eo+le !en t!e soldiers ome and /or e t!e +eo+le into a small%uilding' *!muel and Bruno !old !ands as +eo+le %egin to +ani in t!e smallroom'

BrunoIs +arents sear ! /ranti all) /or Bruno /or eeks a/ter !e disa++ears' ;inall)BrunoIs mot!er returns to Berlin it! !is sister' = )ear a/ter !is disa++earan e8BrunoIs /at!er visits t!e +la e !ere Bruno le/t !is lot!ing8 Fnall) realiCing !at

!a++ened to !is son' ?!en t!e =llied soldiers ome a /e mont!s later8 BrunoIs/at!er no longer ares !at t!e) mig!t do to !im'

Opinion. t!oug!t t!at it as a reall) good %ook8 %e ause it s!o s !o ruel t!e

on entration am+s and t!e NaCis ere' .t isn9t too !ard to read and . read it+rett) /ast %e ause it is a%out a su%"e t . Fnd ver) interesting and al a)s ant to

kno more a%out'

The Curious Incident o the !o" in the #i"ht$timeSummary

#!e urious .n ident o/ t!e Dog in t!e Nig!t-time takes +la e in t!e )ear 1 J inand around t!e to n o/ * indon8 England' #!e F/teen-)ear-old narrator o/ t!estor)8 !risto+!er &o!n ;ran is Boone8 dis overs t!e slain %od) o/ !is neig!%or9s+oodle8 ?ellington8 on t!e neig!%or9s /ront la n one evening and sets out toun over t!e murderer' $is investigation is at times aided8 and at ot!er times!am+ered8 %) t!e mild /orm o/ autism !e lives it!' =/ter !risto+!er !its a

+oli eman in a misunderstanding at t!e s ene o/ t!e rime8 t!e +oli e take!risto+!er into ustod)' #!e) release !risto+!er it! onl) a stern arning8

under t!e ondition t!at !e +romises to t!em and to !is /at!er not to look intot!e murder an) /urt!er'

!risto+!er !roni les !is investigation in a %ook t!e %ook e are reading as+art o/ a s !ool assignment' .gnoring re+eated arnings /rom !is /at!er8

!risto+!er investigates t!e rime s ene and ondu ts intervie s it! t!eresidents o/ !is %lo k' $e un overs a more tangled +lot t!an as Frst a++arent

!en !e dis overs t!at !is /at!er and t!e o ner o/ t!e slain dog8 rs' *!ears8

!ad a romanti a>air' $e su%seAuentl) learns t!at t!eir a>air %egan in rea tion


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to anot!er relations!i+8 one arried on %et een r' *!ears and !risto+!er9smot!er8 %e/ore s!e disa++eared /rom !risto+!er9s li/e'

=t s !ool8 !risto+!er +re+ares /or an =-level mat! exam t!at ill ena%le !im toattend a universit)8 a /eat no ot!er !ild at !is s !ool !as managed' $e also

ontinues to ork on !is %ook' 5+on returning !ome one a/ternoon8 !risto+!era identall) leaves !is %ook in +lain vie on t!e kit !en ta%le' $is /at!er reads it8%e omes angr)8 and onFs ates it' Later8 !risto+!er sear !es /or t!e %ook andun overs a series o/ letters8 !idden in a s!irt %ox in !is /at!er9s loset8 addressedto !im /rom !is su++osedl) dead mot!er' #!e letters !roni le a li/e t!at !ismot!er !as ontinued to lead it! r' *!ears in London and ontain re+eatedreAuests /or !risto+!er to res+ond' .n s!o k8 !risto+!er +asses out in !is%edroom surrounded %) t!e eviden e o/ !is /at!er9s de e+tion' ?!en ;at!er

omes !ome and realiCes !at !as !a++ened8 !e %reaks do n in tears' $ea+ologiCes /or !is lies8 ex+laining t!at !e a ted out o/ a desire to +rote t

!risto+!er /rom t!e kno ledge o/ !is mot!er9s a%andonment o/ t!e /amil)'!risto+!er9s /at!er also admits to killing ?ellington a/ter an argument it! rs'

*!ears8 !is lover'

!risto+!er8 no terriFed o/ !is /at!er and /eeling !e an no longer trust !im8sneaks out o/ t!e !ouse and travels to London to live it! !is mot!er' During a!arro ing "ourne)8 !e o+es it! and over omes t!e so ial /ears and limitationso/ !is ondition8 dodges +oli e8 and almost gets !it %) a train' $is arrival at !ismot!er9s Gat omes as a total sur+rise to !er8 as s!e !ad no idea t!at

!risto+!er9s /at!er !ad %een it!!olding !er letters' !risto+!er settles in /or a

time at !is mot!er and r' *!ears9s Gat8 %ut /ri tion aused %) !is +resen es!ortl) results in !is mot!er9s de ision to leave r' *!ears to return to * indon'

!risto+!er moves into a ne a+artment it! !is mot!er and %egins to re eiveregular visits /rom !is /at!er' ?!en !risto+!er9s +et rat #o%) dies8 !risto+!er9s/at!er gives !risto+!er a +u++)' =t s !ool8 !risto+!er sits /or !is =-level mat!exam and re eives an = grade8 t!e %est +ossi%le s ore' #!e novel ends it!

!risto+!er +lanning to take more =-level exams in +!)si s and /urt!er mat!8and t!en attend a universit) in anot!er to n' $e kno s t!at !e an do all o/ t!is%e ause !e solved t!e m)ster) o/ ?ellington9s murder8 as %rave enoug! to Fnd!is mot!er8 and rote t!e %ook t!at e !ave read'

Opinion. t!ink t!is as a great %ook8 %e ause it9s a%out an autisti kid t!at learns !o to

o+e it! !is ondition and solves some m)steries a%out !is +arents' .n t!e endever)t!ing is almost +er/e t and !risto+!er gets a good grade /or !is =-levelmat! exam and +lans to attend a universit) in anot!er to n'

The Cement %ardenSummary

#!e ement arden is t!e stor) o/ a mot!er and /at!erIs deat! and t!e !ildrenIs

d)s/un tional attem+ts to o+e it! t!eir loss' #!e stor) %egins it! ;at!er8ot!er8 and t!eir /our !ildren8 &ulie8 &a k8 *ue and little #om living toget!er'


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#!ings are ell8 /or t!e most +art8 alt!oug! &a k8 t!e narrator8 is some !atisolated /rom t!e rest o/ !is /amil)8 /eeling distant /rom !is /at!er and Fg!ting

it! !is mot!er and &ulie8 along it! !arassing #om /or attention /rom t!e ot!ers'

?!en ;at!er dies8 ot!er and t!e !ildren are le/t alone' #!e /amil) is alread)isolated /rom t!e rest o/ t!e ommunit) t!e) !ave /e /riends and no one visitst!e !ouse' ot!er gro s si k and onl) t!e !ildren kno ' *!e tells &ulie s!e isgoing to die %ut t!e t o o/ t!em !ide it /rom &a k8 *ue and #om until it is too late/or !er to tell t!em' &a k and &ulie must no take are o/ t!e /amil) and +reventt!e aut!orities /rom s+litting t!em u+'

&a k and &ulie de ide t!at t!e) annot !ave a +u%li /uneral or %ur) ot!eroutside8 as eit!er ould invite sus+i ion so &a k gets t!e idea to %ur) ot!er in atrunk and Fll it it! ement so t!at no one ill ever kno ' &ulie agrees and t!e)/ollo t!roug! it! t!e +lan' #!ese events om+rise t!e Frst Fve !a+ters8 ,art .

o/ t!e %ook'

,art .. is t!e stor) o/ t!e d)s/un tional relations!i+s and o+ing me !anisms t!e!ildren use to deal it! t!eir +ro%lems' #om reverts to a ting like a %a%) a/ter a

%rie/ stint anting to %e a girl' $e a ts t!is a) to %e ome as de+endent as+ossi%le on &ulie and attra t all o/ t!e attention !e an /rom !er' *ue "ournals andreads o%sessivel) !ile develo+ing t!e same lose emotional /riends!i+ it!

&ulie t!at &ulie !ad it! ot!er' &a k a ts out8 takes +oor are o/ !imsel/!)gieni all) and %e omes in reasingl) emotionall) isolated' $is attra tion to &uliein reases and !e Fnds !imsel/ "ealous o/ t!e ot!er emotional %onds in t!e /amil)'

&ulie8 !o ever8 a++ears t!e most d)s/un tional' *!e develo+s a strange romantirelations!i+ it! a man mu ! older t!an s!e is8 Derek' *!e ill not let Derektou ! !er %ut loves s+ending time it! !im and s!e ill not onne t it! !imemotionall) or tell !im a%out ot!er' &a k is intimidated %) Derek and dislikes!im and &ulie and &a k !ave onGi ts a%out it'

$o ever8 it later %e omes lear as Derek starts to +oke around t!e !ouse andask +ro%ing Auestions a%out t!e ellar and t!e trunk t!at &ulie is not asinterested in !im as s!e a++ears' .nstead8 s!e re i+ro ates &a kIs attra tion to

!er' #!e %ook limaxes as s!e %e omes sexuall) intimate it! &a k' ?!en Derekalks in !e is !orriFed and runs do n to t!e %asement to %reak o+en t!eon rete !iding ot!er' #!en !e re+orts t!e /amil) to t!e aut!orities' =s t!e

aut!orities arrive8 &a k8 &ulie8 *ue and #om are all sitting on t!e %ed8 talking8 /ort!e Frst time8 a%out t!eir /ond memories o/ ot!er' nl) on t!e last +age doest!e d)s/un tion %egin to end and t!e real grieving +ro ess %egins'

Opinion. t!ink t!e %ook as a %it strange8 %e ause !o ould t!ink o/ %ur)ing t!eir o nmot!er in ement in a trunk' . also t!ink it gets stranger !en )ou get to t!e

end8 %e ause eird %onds are /orming %et een t!e si%lings' ?!at . t!ink is great


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a%out t!is %ook8 is t!at in t!e end t!e) Fnall) start to grieve a%out t!e deat! o/t!eir %eloved mot!er' Like a normal /amil) ould9ve done rig!t a a)'

&rtikelen

Crunch time for Apple as it prepares forface-off with FBI n #uesda)8 =++le ill /a e one o/ t!e %iggest or+orate !allenges in its!istor)8 !en it tells a 5* $ouse o/ (e+resentatives ommittee !) it !asre/used to !el+ la en/or ement oH ers %reak into t!e i,!one o/ *)ed ;arook <one o/ t!e gunmen in t!e *an Bernardino s!ooting in De em%er t!at le/t 1 deadand 22 ounded' #!e te !nolog) giant ill %e re+resented %) its to+ la )er8Bru e *e ell making t!e ase against it ill %e ;B. %oss &ames ome)'


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=++le8 t!e orld9s most valua%le +rivate om+an)8 !as ome under Fre /romman) in +oliti s and la en/or ement a/ter re/using to om+l) it! t!e 16;e%ruar) ourt order'

Des ri%ed %) =++le !ie/ exe utive #im ook as !illing 8 t!e order ouldreAuire t!e om+an) to disa%le some o/ t!e +!one9s se urit) measures so t!egovernment an Fnd ;arook9s +ass ode' Normall) an i,!one9s o+erating s)stemslo s it do n ever) time a rong +ass ode is used8 so t!at it is e>e tivel)im+ossi%le to %reak in %) s)stemati all) tr)ing all om%inations'

?!en /ederal "udge *!eri ,)m issued t!e order8 ook laimed +riva ) as a/undamental rig!t t!e om+an) !ad s orn to +rote t8 and =++le Aui kl)mo%ilised su++ort /rom t!e ider te !nolog) industr)' #e !nolog) titans and+residential !o+e/uls soon took sides'

=++le9s detra tors and t!e ;B. sa) t!e om+an) is on du%ious moral ground'#!e) made a de ision8 o%viousl) ons iousl)8 to engineer out o/ t!e +!ones t!e

a%ilit) to o+en t!em8 said an!attan distri t attorne) )rus @an e' =++le is agreat om+an)8 a +!enomenal om+an)8 %ut no om+an) is a%ove t!e la '

$asn9t =++le unlo ked i,!ones /or la en/or ement %e/ore #!e om+an) !as in t!e +ast om+lied it! some 70 reAuests under t!e =ll ?rits= t8 t!e la %) !i ! t!e &usti e De+artment is tr)ing to om+el it to o+en;arook9s i,!one 4 ' =++le9s la )ers sa) t!e om+an) om+lied it! t!osereAuests %e ause it ould8 te !ni all)8 extra t data /rom lo ked +!ones' *in e

201 8 !en it %ee/ed u+ se urit) on ne er devi es8 it an no longer do t!is'

=++le9s +osition is t!at its +rodu ts !ave al a)s o>ered a !ig! degree o/ +riva )< its o-/ounder8 *teve &o%s8 as an intensel) +rivate man' #!at +osition is likel)to +lease its s!are!olders8 sa)s =ngelo ino at anal)st *M, a+ital . ' ,riva ) isan extremel) im+ortant to+i /or #im ook and =++le8 and it9s !ere t!e) tr) to

reate a om+etitive advantage8 !e said' =++le sees se urit) as a ke)di>erentiator /rom ar !-rival oogle8 !ose =ndroid so/t are is used %) t!ird-+art) manu/a turers'

#!e 5* De+artment o/ &usti e sa)s t!at in an age !en +eo+le are a/raid o/ t!egovernment8 =++le is )ni all) as!ing in < its stan e "ust +art o/ its marketingstrateg)'

?!) did =++le make i,!ones so se ure?!en =++le announ ed in 201 t!at it ould no longer %e a%le to %reak into its+!ones even under a ourt order8 la en/or ement agen ies rea ted it! rage'

#!e average +aedo+!ile at t!is +oint is +ro%a%l) t!inking8 .9ve got to get an=++le +!one8 said &o!n & Es alante8 t!en !ie/ o/ dete tives /or t!e !i ago+oli e de+artment' La en/or ement sa)s t!at eviden e on i,!ones is o/ten

involved in ases it! vulnera%le vi tims in luding drug addi ts8 traH ked+eo+le and a%used !ildren'


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But /ormer ;B. agent i !ael erman8 no at "udi ial t!inktank t!e Brennanenter8 sa)s t!at is not !at is reall) at issue: =/ter O118 )ou !ad t!is on e+t

o/ total in/ormation a areness' #!e intelligen e ommunit) as ver) enamouredo/ t!e idea t!at all in/ormation as availa%le' u ! like t!e N*=8 t!e) anted tosee it all8 olle t it all8 and anal)se it all'

#!e ;B. is8 !e %elieves8 seeking to +reserve !at it t!inks is a golden age o/eviden e olle tion8 e+itomised %) t!e u%iAuit) o/ smart+!ones8 a++s and so ialnet orks8 and om%ined it! la k o/ +u%li a areness a%out t!e sale o/ +ersonaldata and a la k o/ regulator) oversig!t o/ surveillan e servi es'

,rivate om+anies no re ord not onl) !at +eo+le sa)8 %ut !ere t!e) go8 !att!e) %u) and !om t!e) %e/riend8 and la en/or ement agen ies Fnd it !ard toa e+t an)t!ing less' ?!en )ou listen to t!e tone o/ t!e argument8 erman

added8 it9s as i/ t!e) t!ink t!at i/ data exists8 t!e) !ave a rig!t to it'

(ig!t on ue8 t!e &usti e De+artment said t!is mont! t!at it as seeking P3Jm inits 2017 %udget to !el+ t!e ;B. develo+ a orkaround to data en r)+tion'

But erman8 !o orked under over /or t!e ;B. and t i e inFltrated domestiextremist grou+s8 %elieves t!e data olle tion +rogrammes are a aste o/ timeand mone)8 existing to olle t in/ormation rat!er t!an to a t on it' #!is/as ination it! data is driving resour es a a) /rom !ere t!e) need to go'

But !ere ould %e t!e !arm in !el+ing in t!is ase=++le !as to onvin e t!e "udi iar) ommittee t!at om+l)ing it! t!e order

ould set a +re edent allo ing t!e government to om+el ot!ers to do t!e same'*+eaking to a ongressional +anel last eek8 ome) a kno ledged t!at t!e ase

ould guide !o ot!er ourts !andle similar reAuests ' =t a di>erent !earing ont!e same da)8 i roso/t9s to+ la )er8 Brad *mit!8 said t!e om+an) ouldsu++ort =++le8 +artl) out o/ on ern over a +re edent %eing set'

.n a related i,!one unlo king ase last )ear8 ar illinger8 a ke) mem%er o/=++le9s legal team8 o>ered a Gavour o/ =++le9s legal argument: = !)+ot!eti al

onsumer ould t!ink8 Q./ =++le is not in t!e %usiness o/ a essing m) data8 and i/ =++le !as %uilt a s)stem to +revent itsel/ /rom a essing data8 !) is it

ontinuing to om+l) it! orders t!at don9t !ave a lear la /ul %asis 9

.sn9t t!e ;B. asking /or a om+romise t!at doesn9t a tuall) %reak en r)+tion #!e issue at t!e !eart o/ t!e dis+ute !as !aunted =meri an "uris+ruden e sin eEd ard *no den9s dis losure o/ =meri a9s vast digital domesti s+)ing net ork'But t!e ;B.9s order is s+e iF enoug! t!at it atta ks t!e +!one9s se urit) at its

eakest +oint: t!e user9s ne essaril) sim+le +ass ode'

#!e %reak-in met!od ould give =++le a Fg lea/8 said Darren $a)es8 a /orensite !nologist at Ne Rork9s ,a e 5niversit): #!ere9s a lot o/ dis ussion a%out


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eaker en r)+tion and +riva ) and reating %a kdoors and t!at reall) isn9t t!ease' La en/or ement s!ouldn9t %e tarred it! t!e same %rus! as surveillan e8

!e !ad said'

Dan Kaminsk)8 t!e se urit) ex+ert !o made !is name it! t!e dis over) t!atone o/ t!e most %asi +arts o/ t!e internet8 t!e domain name s)stem8 asvulnera%le to /raud < disagrees: ;eds ant Fnal aut!orit) on engineeringde isions8 and t!eir interests don9t even align it! Fg!ting t!e vast %ulk o/ real-

orld rime'

$e sa)s t!e ;B. !as a vested interest in +resenting =++le as sto++ing +oli e /rom+rose uting !undreds o/ !ideous rimes8 %ut reall) =++le is !el+ing laen/or ement' ,!one t!e/t an ex+ose a ide variet) o/ +ersonal in/ormation toidentit) t!ieves or ot!er riminals' ./ m) i,!one is stolen8 m) emails sta)unread8 m) +!otos sta) unvie ed8 and . don9t need to noti/) an)one t!at t!e

se rets t!e) entrusted me it! are going to s!o u+ on t!e internet tomorro '

?!at !a++ens next*enators i !ael aul S(e+u%li anT and ark ?arner SDemo rati T ant a ne

ommission to Fnd a solution mutuall) a e+ta%le to industr) and laen/or ement' #!e stakes are !ig!: t!e 5* government ants to see te !nologi alsolutions im+lemented %roadl)' ?e !ave to ork toget!er to ard a

olla%orative te !nolog) solution t!at9s going to !ave to in lude internationalo+erating standards8 said ?arner'

#!at ma) "ust dela) an inevita%le on/rontation' #!e &usti e De+artment and=++le !ave %een at logger!eads over i,!one se urit) /or t o )ears8 and des+ite!earings8 +anels and !ole on/eren es8 neit!er side !as %udged'

; ( =ND = =.N*#.n one o/ t!e most +olarised 5* ele tion seasons in re ent memor)8 t!e la -and-order ing o/ t!e (e+u%li an +art) !as lea+t to t!e de/en e o/ t!e ;B.8 it!+residential !o+e/ul Donald #rum+ +romising to %o) ott =++le'

#!e de%ate !as made /or strange %ed/ello s' ali/ornia Demo rati ongressman

ike $onda !as ome do n Frml) on t!e side o/ t!e te ! om+an)8 sa)ing t!att!e De+artment o/ &usti e is seeking to in rease its aut!orit) it! t!e t)ranni alim+ulses t!at ere t!e ver) reason our ountr) as reated ' ali/orniaDemo rati senator Dianne ;einstein8 on t!e ot!er !and8 !as alled on =++le to

oo+erate /ollo ing t!e terrorist atta k in m) state and t!reatened legislation'

Lining u+ on =++le9s side !ave %een several te ! %ig names' . don9t t!ink%uilding %a k doors is t!e a) to go8 so e9re +rett) s)m+at!eti to #im and=++le8 ;a e%ook /ounder ark u ker%erg said' oogle %oss *undar ,i !ai

alled t!e "udge9s order a trou%ling +re edent '


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i roso/t /ounder and orld9s ri !est man Bill ates seemed to t!ink t!ere oug!tto %e a om+romise availa%le: .t is no di>erent t!an UaskingV Qs!ould an)%od)ever !ave %een a%le to tell t!e +!one om+an) to get in/ormation *!ouldan)%od) %e a%le to get at %ank re ords 9 !e told t!e ;inan ial #imes' i roso/t9sgeneral ounsel8 Brad *mit!8 !o ever8 as rat!er less am%ivalent last eek:

?e at i roso/t su++ort =++le and ill %e Fling an ami us %rie/ to su++ort=++le9s +osition in t!e ourt ase next eek8 !e said'

t!ers sa) t!e) an see %ot! sides < nota%l) Demo rati ontenders $illar)linton and Bernie *anders' =sked !i ! side o/ t!e de%ate !e as on during t!e

Demo rati to n !all meeting on 1J ;e%ruar)8 *anders said: Bot!' #!oug! !eas /ear/ul o/ Big Brot!er 8 !e admitted: . also orr) a%out t!e +ossi%ilit) o/

anot!er terrorist atta k against our ountr)' linton agreed' #!is is a ver) !arddilemma8 s!e said'

The FBI wants a backdoor only it can use – but wanting it doesn’t make it possible

#!e ;B.9s demand t!at =++le reate a de/eat devi e /or de r)+ting a +!one t!at%elonged to a mass murderer !as all t!e ingredients /or a disastrous +u%li

onversation'

om%ine a !ig!l) te !ni al de%ate a%out in/ormation se urit) it! anemotionall) !arged su%"e t matter8 t!en on/use t!e !ole issue it! a 2 -!ourne s ) le ti k-to k a%out !o did !at8 !en8 and )ou end u+ %ogged do n in

Auestions like8 Does it matter i/ t!e ;B. dire ted t!e lo al o+s to tr) to !anget!e +!one9s +ass ord8 inadvertentl) reating t!e lo kout

#!e Auestions raised %) t!is ourt order are deli%eratel) t!e rong ones:Auestions !ose ans ers don9t get us an) loser to a lasting +ea e in t!e r)+to

ars' =/ter all8 t!e order emanates /rom a lo l) magistrate "udge8 meaning t!atno matter !o t!e ruling omes do n8 it ill %e a++ealed8 +ossi%l) all t!e a) tot!e su+reme ourt8 given t!e seriousness o/ t!e issue' .t ould %e )ears %e/ore

e even get a Fnal ruling'

#!at Fnal ruling ill !ave ver) limited a++li a%ilit)8 sin e t!e ourt9s order dire ts=++le to %uild a de/eat devi e t!at ouldn9t ork on its latest +!ones8 nor ill it

ork on its /uture devi es8 no matter !o t!e "udgment goes' #!is is t!e titleseAuen e /or r)+to ?ars ..8 not t!e losing redits'

#!e Frst r)+to ?ar as /oug!t in t!e 1 0s !en t!e N*= insisted on a %an onstrong r)+to in ivilian !ands8 and t!e 5* lassed t!e underl)ing mat!emati sas munitions'

#!e linton administration lo%%ied /or mandator) %a kdoors8 insisting t!at it as

+ossi%le to make a %a kdoor t!at onl) t!e good gu)s ould alk t!roug!


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Leesdossier Engels

+re isel) t!e same argument raised %) t!e %ama administration in 2016 Sseealso: 20148 201 8 20138 20128 et T'

#!e t!ing a%out t!is ontrovers) is t!at it isn9t one' .nde+endent r)+togra+!ersare virtuall) unanimous in t!eir vie t!at )ou an9t +ro+erl) se ure a s)stem

!ile simultaneousl) ensuring t!at it s!i+s it! a +re-%roken mode t!at +oli ean ex+loit'

#!e /a t t!at t!is ould %e use/ul doesn9t make it +ossi%le: as se urit) ex+ertseredit! ?!ittaker and Ben Laurie re entl) rote: ?anting it %adl) isn9t

enoug!'

=not!er urgent issue onsidered settled in ex+ert ir les8 %ut still de%ated in+oli ) ir les: limate !angeLa en/or ement ould also %e assisted %) anti-gravit) devi es8 time ma !ines8

+s) !i +o ers8 and t!e a%ilit) to sele tivel) reverse entro+)8 %ut t!at doesn9tmake t!em +ossi%le' Like ise un ontroversial is t!e gravit) o/ t!e )%erse urit)Auestion' )%erse urit) isn9t "ust a%out +rote ting )our lo ation data and )our+rivate emails: it9s a%out making sure randos aren9t s+)ing on )our !ildrent!roug! )our %a%) monitor8 or driving )our ar o> t!e road8 or killing )ou !ere)ou stand %) irelessl) !a king )our insulin +um+ < or stealing entire !os+itals'

./ )ou9re not orried a%out t!is stu>8 )ou9re not +a)ing lose enoug! attention'

#!ere9s +re edent /or t!is kind o/ ontradi tion8 !ere somet!ing urgent is

onsidered a settled matter in ex+ert ir les8 %ut is still a +oliti al /oot%all in+oli ) ir les: limate !ange' Denialism is a deadl) /eature o/ 21st- entur) li/e'

#!e +eo+le !o den) limate !ange !ave a range o/ motivations8 /rom good-/ait! S%ut ill-/oundedT s ientiF disagreements to sel/-delusion to sel/-interestSand sel/-delusion driven %) sel/-interest8 o/ ourseT' an) ta ti s !ave %een triedin t!e denialism %attles8 %ut t!ere !ave %een /e su esses'

= nota%le ex e+tion is solar +o er and energ) inde+enden e' #!is de ade9smassive investment in solar +o er8 driven %) state su%sidies8 !as %ridged t!e

ga+ %et een limate !ange denial and rene al energ) advo a )' =s t!e sa)inggoes8 solar is a te !nolog)8 not a /uel8 so it gets %etter Sand !ea+erT it!investment and s ale' #!e om%ination o/ %etter energ)8 good solar industr) "o%sand energ) inde+enden e S it! t!e +romise o/ /e er disastrous /oreign arsT!as on over man) limate deniers8 !o still t!ink t!e Eart! isn9t getting !otter8or t!at !umans aren9t res+onsi%le /or it8 %ut nevert!eless are some o/ solar9s%iggest /ans'

#!e rall)ing r) o/ e onomi s is in entives matter ' iven t!e rig!t in entives8denial9s e>e ts an %e over ome8 even i/ t!e underl)ing mistaken %elie/s remain

inta t' @a ine denial is anot!er matter' ?!ile va ination denial is deadl) andurgent8 t!e most su ess/ul strateg) /or om%atting it !as %een all sti k8 no


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Leesdossier Engels

arrot' .n ali/ornia8 *B277 sim+l) +ro!i%its !ildren /rom attending s !ool unlesst!eir +arents get t!em va inated'

=s a +arent in a ali/ornia s !ool distri t8 . an tell )ou t!at it9s orking: t!e %us-s!elter outside our lo al +!arma ) ma) s+ort a nutt) anti-Gu-"a% ad8 and . still!ear +arents /retting a%out anards like mer ur) and too man) va inations inone s!ot 8 %ut all t!e kids in our lo al s !ool are va inated8 /ull sto+'

?!en e missed a do tor9s a++ointment /or a $e+ B s!ot8 e got a note /romt!e s !ool nurse it! a Frm deadline to make it u+8 a/ter !i ! our daug!ter

ould no longer %e el omed on t!e +remises' easles8 !oo+ing oug! andot!er +reventa%le diseases are re eding into t!e %a kground' ?e !ear storiesa%out !ome-s !ooled8 unva inated /riends %eing disinvited /rom %irt!da)+arties %e ause it9s sim+l) eased to %e so iall) a e+ta%le /or someone to lett!eir un/ounded %elie/s endanger t!eir neig!%ors and t!eir kids'

#!e di>eren e %et een t!e arrot a++roa ! S limateT and sti k a++roa !Sva inesT an %e ex+lained %) looking at t!e so ial +o er o/ ea ! denialmovement'

limate denial is +aid /or %) !uge8 +o er/ul !)dro ar%on industries8 and an)attem+t to /or e t!em to de ar%oniCe ill meet it! sti> +oliti al resistan e'

@a ine denial makes a small num%er o/ uns ru+ulous ele%rit) alternativemedi ine advo ates ri !8 %ut t!e)9re small +otatoes next to t!e Ko ! %rot!ers'

#!eir su++orters an %e +us!ed around in state legislatures it! relativeim+unit)'

Denial %) t!e +o er/ul !as %een addressed it! %ri%es denial %) t!e +o erless!as %een addressed it! oer ion'

at! denial < t!e %elie/ t!at r)+togra+!ers are ne/ariousl) kee+ing all t!e oolstu> under ra+s < is an idea it! some +o er/ul %a kers' ne /orm o/ mat!denial is t!e %elie/ in t!e a%ilit) to make om+uters t!at +revent o+)rig!tin/ringement'

om+uters onl) ever ork %) making o+ies: restri ting o+)ing on t!e internetis like restri ting etness in ater' Nevert!eless8 %ig or+orations it! !a k-e)ed a tivist investors get a a) it! %u)ing digital rig!ts managementte !nologies t!at +ur+ort to +revent unaut!oriCed o+)ing'

r)+togra+!ers S !o don9t ork /or D( om+aniesT t!ink t!is is ridi ulous8 t!ealternative medi ine o/ om+uter s ien e' But "ust as t!e N$* /unds!omeo+at!i medi ine in +u%li !os+itals8 legislatures ontinue to treat digitallo ks as going on erns8 %e ause ort!odox) and +oliti al ex+edien e demands it'

#!e entertainment industr) is a +o er/ul adversar)8 t!e se urit) servi es aremore +o er/ul still'


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Leesdossier Engels

.t9s tem+ting to +la) along it! t!em !ere8 o>er t!em more magi %eans in t!e/orm o/ %a kdoors t!at e +retend onl) t!e good gu)s an Ft t!roug!8 or in t!e/orm o/ +ur+ortedl) o+)-+roo/ %its8 %ut t!e stakes are a /ull) !ig!8 and lim%ingsteadil)'

How easy is it to hack a home n etwork?

) !ome is under atta k'(ig!t no 8 skilled adversaries are +ro%ing its de/en es seeking a a) in' #!e)are s i/t8 relentless and smart' No eakness ill es a+e t!eir noti e'But . am not it!out de/en es' .Ive tried to !arden t!e most vulnera%le devi esto sto+ t!em %eing om+romised and .Ive set u+ arning s)stems t!at s!ouldalert me i/ t!e atta kers get inside'.n t!e end8 all t!at e>ort as /or not!ing %e ause t!e atta kers /ound so man)

a)s to get at me and m) !ome net ork' =nd8 t!e) said8 even i/ t!e te !nolog)!ad de/eated t!em8 t!e eakest link o/ all - me - ould +ro%a%l) !ave let t!emin'* iss !eese. /ound out "ust !o severel) om+romised m) !ome net ork as in a ver)

ree+) /as!ion' . as on t!e +!one !en t!e e%- onne ted amera sitting ont!e indo sill next to me started moving' #!e lens re+t round until it +ointedrig!t at me' . kne t!at t!e atta kers ere on t!e ot!er end at !ing !at . asdoing8 and +otentiall)8 listening to t!e onversation'.t is a gadget m) !ildren and . !ave used to see i/ an) ildli/e +asses t!roug!our garden and one !i ! man) +eo+le !ave /or !ome se urit) or as analternative %a%) monitor'. as lu k) t!at . kne m) atta kers !o8 at t!at moment8 ere sitting in m)living room aiting to s!o me !o straig!t/or ard it as to su%vert t!esedomesti devi es' #!e +i ture t!e) took o/ me via t!e amera as eviden eenoug!'

#!e atta kers ere Dan #urner and K)+rianos @asilo+oulos /rom se urit) Frm #rust ave !o test net ork de/en es /or a living'

#!ere ere several di>erent devi es on m) net ork t!at looked !a ka%le8 saidr #urner' ) router !ad kno n8 un+at !ed se urit) issues and t!e 5*B-onne ted %a k-u+ drive as also tem+ting %ut /or !im t!e e%- a+a%le ameraas Wt!e %ig red GagW'

= /e !oursI ork un overed a +reviousl) unkno n %ug in t!e ameraIs oreso/t are t!at r #urner as a%le to ex+loit'W.t meant e ere a%le to do t!ings it! it t!at e reall) s!ould not %e a%le todo8W !e said' W=t t!at +oint it as +rett) mu ! game over'W

#!e atta k t!e +air develo+ed revealed t!e internal +ass ords /or t!e net orkt!e amera sat on' Kno ing t!at allo ed atta kers to "oin t!e net ork it! t!e

same +rivileges as all t!e mem%ers o/ m) /amil)' a)%e t!atIs !) m) net orkse urit) s)stem did not s+ot t!e intrusion'


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Leesdossier Engels

.tIs a vulnera%ilit) t!at ex+oses more t!an me to +otential trou%le' #!e *!odansear ! engine t!at logs net devi es lists a%out 1'4 million t!at use t!e same oreso/t are' #!atIs not to sa) t!at all are vulnera%le %ut a good +er entage are+ro%a%l) un itting gate a)s to t!e net orks t!e) sit on'

alling out.tIs t!ese o/ten unregarded devi es t!at are a %ig se urit) issue8 said reg Da)8Euro+ean se urit) !ie/ at ,alo =lto Net orks'

ost +eo+le overlook t!em %e ause t!e) seem so mundane8 !e said' Event!oug! most ill %e8 in e>e t8 a small om+uter running a ut-do n version o/t!e Linux o+erating s)stem'WRou s!ould look at t!e +ings going out /rom )our !ome net ork8W !e said' W#!eremig!t %e a lot more outgoing traH t!an )ou t!ink'W5sing a net ork sniHng tool8 . !ad a look and . as amaCed at !o mu ! data

as Go ing a ross m) !ome net ork' Deskto+s8 la+to+s8 ta%lets and

smart+!ones ere all !e king in online8 man) onstantl)8 to get u+dates or to/eed ads and ot!er ontent to a++s'. also /ound t o m)ster) devi es - one o/ !i ! as revealed to %e a +rinter andt!e ot!er a digital radio . !ad /orgotten . !ad !ooked u+ to t!e i-F !en . got it)ears ago'.n reasingl)8 said r Da)8 it ill %e t!e smaller8 su++osedl) smarter devi es t!at

ill ex+ose +eo+le to se urit) risks' #!ere are industr) e>orts to Fnd and Fx %ugs in gadgets t!at make u+ t!e.nternet o/ #!ings %ut not all manu/a turers are rea ting to re+orts o/ +ro%lems'

#!e maker o/ t!e e%- a+a%le amera . use !as %een in/ormed a%out t!e %ug

%ut it !as no +lans to lose t!e loo+!ole'$ome net ork se urit) ti+s5se anti-virus so/t are and a Fre all' Kee+ %ot! u+dated'5+date t!e Frm are on )our router' !ange t!e de/ault admin names and+ass ords' Log out !en )ou !ave Fnis!ed onFguring it' #urn o> ?,*'

ake sure t!e o+erating s)stems on , s8 la+to+s8 +!ones and ta%lets are ke+t u+to date'Be sus+i ious o/ emails %earing atta !ments8 even /rom +eo+le )ou kno '

!e k t!e se urit) o/ net- onne ted devi es su ! as ., ameras8 net ork drivesand ot!er WsmartW devi es' ./ +ossi%le8 turn o> t!eir e% inter/a es'

#!ank/ull)8 said r @asilo+oulos /rom #rust ave8 atta ks on t!ose !omenet orks are relativel) rare' .nstead8 )%er-t!ieves tended to rel) on s+ear+!is!ing am+aigns'WEver)t!ing starts it! email8W !e said' W#!atIs al a)s t!e eas) route'W

#!ese am+aigns use are/ull) targeted emails t!at look like t!e) !ave %eensent %) +eo+le a target kno s or is likel) to res+ond to' Names /or t!ese emailsare o/ten gra%%ed /rom so ial media sites su ! as ;a e%ook or Linked.n'

#o demonstrate !o t!is orked t!e #rust ave team /aked a message to me/rom an attra tive )oung oman !o orks at t!e BB ' ) middle-aged vanit)

as all too likel) to make me o+en t!e message8 li k on t!e atta !ment and /all

vi tim'


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Leesdossier Engels

./ . !ad o+ened it8 . ould !ave seen an error message t!at asked me to K ama ro to !el+ dis+la) t!e ontents o/ t!e atta !ment' ./ . !ad8 t!at ould also!ave meant game over' =nti-virus so/t are ould not !ave s+otted t!e dodg)ma ro8 said r @asilo+oulos' n e running it sear !es /or salea%le data andsteals it'W?e reated a s ri+t t!at an get as mu ! in/ormation automati all) as it an8W!e said'Lo k do n*uita%l) !astened %) %ot! t!ese ex+erien es8 . looked into a)s to !arden m)!ome net ork' ;irst o> as to turn o> t!e e% a ess to t!e amera' #!en .un!ooked t!e digital radio /rom t!e i-F'

. ould go /urt!er8 said raig Roung /rom se urit) Frm #ri+ ire8 !o !as s+ent alot o/ time stud)ing t!e se urit) s!ort omings o/ !ome routers' =%out J0X o/ t!eto+-selling routers on =maCon !ave se urit) %ugs8 !e !as /ound'

$is advi e as to u+date t!e ore so/t are or Frm are on a router to t!e latestversion' =lternativel)8 !e said8 +eo+le ould re+la e t!e Frm are it! an o+ensour e version' Digital rig!ts grou+ t!e E;; runs t!e +en ?ireless +ro"e t t!at

reates su ! so/t are'WRou s!ould also disa%le ?,*8W !e said' ?,*8 or ?i-F ,rote ted *etu+8 assu++osed to %e an eas) a) to get devi es onne ted to a router' But t!e +us!-a-%utton-to- onne t s)stem ame it! Ga s'W.tIs a te !nolog) !ere t!e om+lexit) o/ t!e i-F +ass +!rase gets redu ed toan eig!t-digit +in8W !e said' .n some ases8 !e added8 t!e siCe o/ t!e +in isredu ed /urt!er and some routers use t!e same de/ault digits'

W.tIs a disaster8W !e said'$e also advised !anging t!e de/ault admin +ass ord and disa%ling t!e e%inter/a e /or t!e router to make it !arder to get at and take over'W ost o/ t!e atta ks on routers t!at e see target t!at $##, servi e8W !e said'=nd it did not end t!ere' =/ter . !ad /ollo ed t!at advi e . made sure . u+datedall t!e /amil) , s8 la+to+s8 ta%lets and +!ones' . used t!e se urit) so/t are . !adinstalled to s an as man) ma !ines as . ould' . regularl) !e k online a ountsto make sure .Im t!e onl) one logging in' No .Im not sure i/ . am more se ure8 or

"ust more +aranoid'

'hy it eels so "oodto scratch an itch

& ( #raver %egan to it ! around !er 0t! %irt!da)8 and ould ontinue to s rat !a a) at !er skin until !er deat! some 0 )ears later' #!e Coologist as

onvin ed t!at s!e and t o ot!er /emale relatives !ad %een !osts to a skin+arasite8 a mite alled Dermato+!agoides s !eremete sk)i' =/ter 17 )ears o/attem+ting to rid !er %od) o/ t!e mites8 t!e s ientist even +u%lis!ed a +a+er


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Leesdossier Engels

a%out !er %odil) in/estation in t!e "ournal ,ro eedings o/ t!e Entomologi al*o iet) o/ ?as!ington8 +resuma%l) in an e>ort to Fnd someone !o mig!t !el+'

#o treat t!e +ro%lem8 s!e visited +!)si ians8 dermatologists8 neurologists8 andot!ers' *!e used dangerous +esti ides at un!ealt!) levels8 over and over again8in an e>ort to kill o> t!e %ugs' 5sing !er Fngernails8 s!e dug t!e mites out o/ !erskin8 mutilating !er %od) in t!e +ro ess' *ome o/ t!e skin sam+les s!e took /rom!er %od) and s al+ ould %e mailed to entomologists' ne lever do tor re/erred!er /or a +s) !ologi al evaluation8 %ut s!e managed to onvin e t!e neurologistt!at !is servi es ere not needed' #o date8 no treatment a++lied !as %een a%leto %ring a%out om+lete eradi ation o/ t!e mites8 s!e rote'

?e no kno t!at t!e #raver did not !ave a m)sterious olon) o/ mites living onand inside o/ !er skin8 and t!e skin o/ !er /amil) mem%ers8 /or 0 )ears' *!esu>ered /rom a +s) !iatri disorder alled delusor) +arasitosis8 a ondition in

!i ! +atients tr) to Fnd +!)si al eviden e /or t!e sensations t!e) +er eive8o/ten to t!eir o n detriment'

#raver9s stor) is similar to t!ose o/ ot!ers !o su>er /rom delusor) +arasitosis8%ut it still remains a /airl) rare o urren e' *u ! om+laints t)+i all) take u+ lesst!an 2'4X o/ dermatologists9 time' But it !ing more generall) is an ever)da)o urren e /or "ust a%out ever)%od) on t!e +lanet'=nd no%od) kno s exa tl) !at it is'

=t Frst glan e8 it ! and +ain seem to %e related

#!e deFnition still a e+ted %) most do tors and resear !ers toda) as +ut/ort! some 340 )ears ago %) a erman +!)si ian named *amuel $a/enre>er' $e

rote in some !at ir ular manner t!an an it ! is an) un+leasant sensationt!at eli its t!e desire or reGex to s rat ! ' ./ )ou s rat !8 t!en t!e sensation t!at+rovoked it is %) deFnition an it !' .t9s a deFnition t!at ma) %e relia%le8 %ut it9s+ro%a%l) not all t!at use/ul'

=t Frst glan e8 it ! and +ain seem to %e related' #!e skin is studded it! anarra) o/ nerve endings alled no i e+tors !ose "o% is to rela) in/ormation a%outt!e +resen e o/ +otentiall) damaging stimuli to t!e s+inal ord and %rain' = eak

assault on t!ose neurons results in an it !8 !ile a /ull) Gedged atta k results in+ain'

#!at9s a ording to t!e intensit) t!eor) ' But t!ere9s an alternative8 t!es+e iF it) t!eor) 8 !i ! !olds t!at some neurons are res+onsi%le /or +ain8!ile a di>erent set ares a%out it !8 !i ! is more /ormall) kno n as +ruritus 'r it ould %e t!at t!ere9s a single set o/ neurons res+onsi%le /or no i e+tion8 %ut

t!at t!e) an some!o tell t!e di>eren e %et een stimuli t!at are it !) andt!ose t!at !urt'

%sessive s rat !ing


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Leesdossier Engels

#!at it !ing an arise /or so man) di>erent reasons doesn9t !el+' #o start it!8t!ere9s a ute it !8 t!e t)+e most o/ us are /amiliar it!8 !i ! ould arise /romsomet!ing as sim+le as an inse t %ite' #!en t!ere is t!e more !roni 8+at!ologi al t)+e o/ it ! t!at ould %e asso iated it! dr) skin8 e Cema8+soriasis8 or ot!er skin diseases' Brain tumours8 multi+le s lerosis8 !roni liverdisease8 l)m+!oma8 =ids8 and !)+ert!)roidism !ave all %een asso iated it!

!roni it !8 as !ave diseased neurons'

#!en t!ere are t!e +s) !ologi al and ognitive /a tors8 %ut not all are as ree+)as delusor) +arasitosis' =n o%sessive need to s rat ! an %e a mani/estation o/o%sessive- om+ulsive disorder in t!ese ases8 +ersistent s rat !ing an damaget!e skin and onl) serves to exa er%ate t!e +ro%lem'

#!at t!e it ! sensation an %e redu ed %) t!e a++li ation o/ +ain/ul stimuli onl)makes it an even more urious +!enomenon' * rat !ing is a relativel) minor

/orm o/ +ain8 %ut t!e lig!t +ain e ex+erien e raking our nails a ross our skindoes seem to !el+8 as does t!e a++li ation o/ old8 or !eat8 a+sai in St!e

!emi al t!at gives +e++ers t!eir !eatT8 or even a /e ele tri al Ca+s' #!ismeans8 +aradoxi all)8 t!at analgesi s8 !i ! are meant to redu e +ain8 ana tuall) en!an e it !'

#!e on/usion %et een +ain and it ! not it!standing8 t!ere9s a /airl)straig!t/or ard di>eren e %et een t!e t o' ?!en somet!ing !urts8 our %od)res+onds it! its it!dra al reGex' ,ut )our !and near a andle9s Game and)ouIll ex+erien e t!e over !elming desire to +ull it %a k'

But t!e s rat !ing reGex %rings attention to ards8 rat!er t!an a a)8 /rom t!ea>e ted skin' #!at a tuall) makes good sense8 and +oints to one +ossi%leevolutionar) origin /or t!e s rat !ing reGex: loser ins+e tion and a Aui k s rat !is more e>e tive at removing a ra ling inse t t!an ould t!e it!dra al reGex'* rat !ing is a good a) to remove not "ust inse ts and +arasites8 %ut also %itso/ +lants and an) ot!er un anted material !it !ing a ride on )our skin or in )our!air'Like )a ning8 it !ing an %e ontagious

$ere9s !o it orks: !en somet!ing %ot!ers t!e skin8 like a mosAuito %ite8 ells

release a !emi al8 usuall) !istamine' #!at release +rovokes t!e no i e+tors int!e skin to send a message to t!e s+ine8 !i ! t!en rela)s t!e message t!roug!a %undle o/ nerves alled t!e s+inot!alami tra t u+ to t!e %rain'

.n 200 8 resear !ers used a !istamine in"e tion to make t!e legs o/ t!eir non-!uman +rimates it ! !ile an ele trode monitored !at !a++ened inside t!eirs+inot!alami tra ts' =s soon as t!e !istamine as in"e ted8 t!ose neurons%egan to Fre8 and /ast' ?!en t!e resear !ers o>ered u+ a /e s rat !es8 t!oseneurons slo ed t!eir Fre' #!eir ele trodes told t!em t!at s rat !ing does its

ork in t!e s+inal ord rat!er t!an in t!e %rain' S.ndeed8 t!ere is no Wit ! entreW

in t!e %rain'T But !en s rat !ing ame %e/ore t!e in"e tion8 it didn9t +rovide an)relie/' *ome!o 8 t!e s+ine kno s !en s rat !ing is !el+/ul and !en it isn9t'


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Leesdossier Engels

=re )ou getting it !) )et ./ )ou are8 it9s %e ause8 like )a ning8 it !ing an %eontagious' ,!)si ians sa) t!at t!e) start /eeling it !) a/ter treating +atients /or

s a%ies' =nd resear !ers on e gave a le ture on it !ing "ust to see i/ t!e) ouldget t!eir audien e to /eel it !)8 and it orked' $idden ameras revealed t!at t!eaudien e s+ent a lot more time s rat !ing t!emselves during t!at le ture t!anduring a talk on a more inno uous su%"e t' ontagious it !ing !as even %eenseen in monke)s8 !inting at t!e tantalising +ossi%ilit) t!at t!ere ould %e anevolutionar) advantage to s rat !ing ourselves !en e at ! ot!erss rat !ing t!emselves'

=nd onsider t!is: s rat !ing isn9t usuall) t!oug!t o/ as +ain/ul and an %edo nrig!t +leasura%le' .n a 1 J +a+er in t!e &ournal o/ .nvestigativeDermatolog)8 ?as!ington 5niversit) * !ool o/ edi ine neuro+!)siologist

eorge Bis!o+ noted t!e +uCCle8 riting8 s rat !ing an it ! it! a violen e t!at

ould ause +ain else !ere ma) %e ex+erien ed as one o/ t!e most exAuisite+leasures ' =nd !ile t!is makes %a k s rat !es /rom a loved one Auiteen"o)a%le8 it an also lead to serious +ro%lems /or t!ose it! !roni it !ing-related diseases' ,atients it! e Cema !ave re+orted t!at t!e) s rat ! not untilt!e it ! !as su%sided8 %ut rat!er until it no longer /eels good to s rat !'

$a++iness8 said gden Nas!8 is !aving a s rat ! /or ever) it ! ' #!e=meri an +oet as +ro%a%l) more rig!t t!an !e kne '

Could drone-guided robots replace refuse collectors

@olvo9s latest resear ! +rotot)+e uses a small ro%ot to +i k u+ and em+t) %insinto a ru%%is! tru k8 guided %) an over!ead drone and it!out t!e need /or!umans < %ut Britain9s %inmen s!ould not /ear /or t!eir "o%s "ust )et'

#!e (o%ot-%ased =utonomous (e/use S(oarT !andling s)stem is t!e +rodu t o/@olvo9s olla%oration it! * eden9s !almers 5niversit) o/ #e !nolog) and

Ylardalen 5niversit)8 ,enn *tate 5niversit) in t!e 5*8 and re ) ling om+an)(enova'

#!e s)stem is intended to remove t!e need /or a %in lorr) driver to exit t!eve!i le to +i k u+ re/use' .nstead8 a drone laun !es /rom t!e to+ o/ t!e lorr)8s ans t!e area %elo and identiFes t!e target %ins'

= ro%ot is t!en de+lo)ed to go and +i k u+ t!e %in8 arr) it %a k to t!e lorr) andatta ! it to t!e em+t)ing me !anism at t!e %a k o/ t!e tru k' n e t!e %in !as%een em+tied8 t!e ro%ot returns t!e %in to its original lo ation and !eads o> int!e dire tion o/ t!e next %in t!at !as %een s outed out %) t!e drone'

,er-Lage Ztvall8 +ro"e t manager /or ro%ot develo+ment at @olvo8 said: ?e+redi t a /uture it! more automation'


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Leesdossier Engels

;or us at t!e @olvo rou+8 t!e sa/et) as+e t /orms t!e %asis o/ ever)t!ing edo' = ordingl)8 man) o/ t!e ro%ot9s sensors are also used to ensure sa/et)'

#!e ro%ot uses various sensors to get t!e "o% done8 similar to an autonomousar8 in luding ,*8 ameras8 lidar and %uilt-in ma+s o/ t!e streets and %uildings'

#!e %in lorr) driver an monitor t!e ro%ot9s +rogress using live /eeds /romameras on t!e tru k and take manual ontrol o/ it' =n automated sa/et) s)stem

uses ameras and sensors to tra k +eo+le entering t!e area to sto+ t!e ro%ot8s!ould it %e ome dangerous'

#!e (oar s)stem as designed and develo+ed to +rotot)+e-testing +!ase in /ourmont!s %) 34 students a ross t!e t!ree universities8 %ut "udging %) testingvideos8 %inmen !ave little to orr) a%out "ust )et'

Ztvall said: #!is +ro"e t is intended to stimulate our imagination8 to test neon e+ts t!at ma) s!a+e trans+ort solutions o/ t!e /uture'

?!ile @olvo is looking at re+la ing +eo+le on t!e streets8 rivals er edes-BenC8 #o)ota and ot!ers !ave %een re+la ing ro%ots it! a more ada+ta%le alternative8+eo+le8 on its +rodu tion lines'

leesdossier engels: the hobbit and 3 more

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