lecture(human impact environment) copy
TRANSCRIPT
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Human Impact on theHuman Impact on the
BiosphereBiosphere
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What is Environmental Science?What is Environmental Science?
The goals of environmental science are toThe goals of environmental science are to
learn:learn:
how nature works.how nature works.
how the environment effects us.how the environment effects us.how we effect the environment.how we effect the environment.
how we can live more sustainably withouthow we can live more sustainably without
degrading our life-support system.degrading our life-support system.
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Human ImpactsHuman Impacts
Humans are using energy and alteringHumans are using energy and altering
the environment at astonishing ratesthe environment at astonishing rates
We are altering natural processes beforeWe are altering natural processes before
we even understand themwe even understand them
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Sustainability, is the ability of earthsSustainability, is the ability of earthsvarious systems to survive and adapt tovarious systems to survive and adapt toenvironmental conditions indefinitely.environmental conditions indefinitely.
The steps to sustainability must beThe steps to sustainability must besupported by sound science.supported by sound science.
Fi ure 1-Figure 1-
Sustainability: The IntegrativeSustainability: The Integrative
ThemeTheme
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Fig. 1-3, p.
Sound Science
A Path toSustainability
IndividualsMatter
Trade-OffsSolutionsNatural CapitalDegradation
Natural Capital
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Environmentally Sustainable SocietiesEnvironmentally Sustainable Societies
meets basic needs of its people in a justmeets basic needs of its people in a just
and equitable manner without degrading theand equitable manner without degrading the
natural capital that supplies these resources.natural capital that supplies these resources.
Fi ure 1-Figure 1-
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NATURAL RESOURCE SERVICESNATURAL RESOURCE SERVICES
Fig. 1-4, p.
+=NATURAL RESOURCES NATURAL SERVICES
NATURAL CAPITAL NATURAL RESOURCES NATURAL SERVICES
Air Air purification
Water purification
Water storage
Soil renewal
Nutrient recycling
Food productionConservation ofbiodiversity
Wildlife habitat
Grassland andforest renewal
Waste treatment
Climate control
Population control(species interactions
Pest Control
NATURAL CAPITAL = +
Water
Soil
Land
Nonrenewableminerals(iron, sand)
Life (Biodiversity)
Renewableenergysun, wind,water flowsNonrenewableenergy (fossilfuels, nuclear
power)
NATURAL RESOURCES NATURAL SERVICES
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Developing vs. DevelopedDeveloping vs. Developed
In developing countries, per capitaIn developing countries, per capita
resource use is high but growing,resource use is high but growing,as is population sizeas is population size
In developed countries, populationIn developed countries, population
growth has slowed but per capitagrowth has slowed but per capita
resource use is already highresource use is already high
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POPULATION GROWTH,POPULATION GROWTH,
ECONOMIC GROWTH, ANDECONOMIC GROWTH, AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economic growth provides people withEconomic growth provides people with
more goods and services.more goods and services.
Measured in gross domestic product (GDP)Measured in gross domestic product (GDP)and purchasing power parity (PPP).and purchasing power parity (PPP).
Economic development uses economicEconomic development uses economic
growth to improve living standards.growth to improve living standards.
The worlds countries economic statusThe worlds countries economic status
(developed vs. developing) are based on their(developed vs. developing) are based on their
degree of industrialization and GDP-PPP.degree of industrialization and GDP-PPP.
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PollutantsPollutants
Substances with which an ecosystemSubstances with which an ecosystem
has had no prior evolutionary experiencehas had no prior evolutionary experience
No adaptive mechanisms are in place toNo adaptive mechanisms are in place to
deal with themdeal with them
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POLLUTIONPOLLUTION
Found at highFound at high
enough levels inenough levels in
the environment tothe environment tocause harm tocause harm to
organisms.organisms.
Point sourcePoint sourceNonpoint sourceNonpoint source
Fi ure 1-Figure 1-
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Air PollutantsAir Pollutants
Carbon oxidesCarbon oxides
Sulfur oxidesSulfur oxidesNitrogen oxidesNitrogen oxides
Volatile organic compoundsVolatile organic compounds
Photochemical oxidantsPhotochemical oxidants
Suspended particlesSuspended particles
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Reactant(s) Product(s)
carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + energy
C + O2 CO2 energy+
energy+
black solid colorless gas colorless gas
+
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Chemistry 101Chemistry 101
Acid anhydrides: oxides of nonmetalsAcid anhydrides: oxides of nonmetals
COCO22, NO, NO22 and SOand SO33
These react with water to form oxyacids.These react with water to form oxyacids.
COCO2 +2 + HH22O ---> HO ---> H22COCO33 (carbonic acid)(carbonic acid)
HNOHNO33 and Hand H22SOSO44 are also formed inare also formed in
the atmospherethe atmosphere
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Acid Rain and ArchitectureAcid Rain and Architecture
On campus we have someOn campus we have somearchitectural damage attributable toarchitectural damage attributable toacid rain.acid rain.
The limestone lentils and pillars onThe limestone lentils and pillars onthe older building are dissolvingthe older building are dissolvingaway!away!
HH22SOSO4(aq)4(aq) + CaCO+ CaCO3(3(s)s) HH22OO(l)(l) ++COCO2(g)2(g) +CaSO+CaSO4(aq)4(aq)
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Industrial SmogIndustrial Smog
Gray-air smogGray-air smog
Forms over cities that burn largeForms over cities that burn large
amounts of coal and heavy fuel oils;amounts of coal and heavy fuel oils;
mainly in developing countriesmainly in developing countries
Main components are sulfur oxidesMain components are sulfur oxidesand suspended particlesand suspended particles
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Photochemical smogPhotochemical smog
Brown-air smogBrown-air smog
Forms when sunlight interacts withForms when sunlight interacts with
components from automobilecomponents from automobile
exhaustexhaust
Nitrogen oxides are the main culpritsNitrogen oxides are the main culprits
Hot days contribute to formationHot days contribute to formation
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Thermal InversionThermal Inversion
Weather pattern in which a layer ofWeather pattern in which a layer of
cool, dense air is trapped beneath acool, dense air is trapped beneath a
layer of warm airlayer of warm air
cool air
warm inversion air
cool air
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Cities Are Often Plagued withCities Are Often Plagued with
Thermal InversionsThermal Inversions
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Acid DepositionAcid Deposition
Caused by theCaused by the
release of sulfurrelease of sulfur
and nitrogen oxidesand nitrogen oxides
Coal-burning powerCoal-burning power
plants and motorplants and motor
vehicles are majorvehicles are major
sourcessources
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Effect of Ozone ThinningEffect of Ozone Thinning
Increased amount of UV radiationIncreased amount of UV radiation
reaches Earths surfacereaches Earths surfaceUV damages DNA and negativelyUV damages DNA and negatively
affects human healthaffects human health
UV also affects plants, lowersUV also affects plants, lowersprimary productivityprimary productivity
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Ozone ThinningOzone Thinning
In early spring andIn early spring and
summer ozone layersummer ozone layer
over Antarctica thinsover Antarctica thins Seasonal loss ofSeasonal loss of
ozone is at highestozone is at highest
level ever recordedlevel ever recorded
South
America
Antarctica
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Ozone in Earths AtmosphereOzone in Earths Atmosphere
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Ozone ConcentrationOzone Concentration
from 1962 to 1996from 1962 to 1996
http://www.igf.edu.pl/igf/atmosphere.htm
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Recipe for Ozone LossRecipe for Ozone Loss
The polar winter leads to the formation of theThe polar winter leads to the formation of the polarpolarvortex which isolates the air within it.vortex which isolates the air within it.
Cold temperatures form inside the vortex; cold enough forCold temperatures form inside the vortex; cold enough forthethe formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs).formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs).As the vortex air is isolated, the cold temperatures and theAs the vortex air is isolated, the cold temperatures and thePSCs persist.PSCs persist.
Once the PSCs form, heterogeneous reactions take placeOnce the PSCs form, heterogeneous reactions take placeandand convert the inactive chlorine andconvert the inactive chlorine andbromine reservoirs to more active formsbromine reservoirs to more active forms ofofchlorine and bromine.chlorine and bromine.
No ozone loss occurs untilNo ozone loss occurs until sunlight returnssunlight returns to the airto the airinside the polar vortex andinside the polar vortex and allows the production ofallows the production ofactive chlorineactive chlorine and initiates theand initiates the catalytic ozonecatalytic ozonedestruction cyclesdestruction cycles. Ozone loss is rapid. The ozone. Ozone loss is rapid. The ozonehole currently covers a geographic region a little biggerhole currently covers a geographic region a little biggerthan Antarctica and extends nearly 10km in altitude in thethan Antarctica and extends nearly 10km in altitude in thelower stratospherelower stratosphere
http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part3.html
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Protecting the Ozone LayerProtecting the Ozone Layer
CFCCFC production has been halted inproduction has been halted in
developed countries, will be phaseddeveloped countries, will be phased
out in developing countriesout in developing countries
Methyl bromide will be phased outMethyl bromide will be phased out
Even with bans it will take more thanEven with bans it will take more than50 years for ozone levels to recover50 years for ozone levels to recover
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Garbage Barge SolutionGarbage Barge Solution
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LandfillsLandfills
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Land UseLand Use
Almost 21 percent of Earths landAlmost 21 percent of Earths land
is used for agriculture or grazingis used for agriculture or grazing
About half the Earths land isAbout half the Earths land is
unsuitable for such usesunsuitable for such uses
Remainder could be used, but at aRemainder could be used, but at ahigh ecological costhigh ecological cost
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Green RevolutionsGreen Revolutions
Improvements in crop productionImprovements in crop production
Introduction of mechanized agricultureIntroduction of mechanized agriculture
and practicesand practices requires inputs ofrequires inputs of
pesticides, fertilizer, fossil fuelpesticides, fertilizer, fossil fuel
Improving genetic character of cropImproving genetic character of crop
plants can also improve yieldsplants can also improve yields
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Data From the UNData From the UN
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INDIA REACHING 1 BILLION ON AUGUST 15: NO CELEBRATIONINDIA REACHING 1 BILLION ON AUGUST 15: NO CELEBRATION
PLANNEDPLANNED
Lester R. Brown and Brian HalweilLester R. Brown and Brian Halweil Falling water tables are now alsoFalling water tables are now also
threatening India's food production.threatening India's food production. The International WaterThe International Water
Management Institute (IWMI)Management Institute (IWMI)estimates that withdrawals ofestimates that withdrawals ofunderground water are double theunderground water are double therate of aquifer recharge.rate of aquifer recharge.
As a result, water tables are fallingAs a result, water tables are fallingalmost everywhere.almost everywhere.
http://www.worldwatch.org/node/1656
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Aquifer DepletionAquifer Depletion
http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Notes/Grndh2o.htm
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DeforestationDeforestation
Removal of all trees from large tracts ofRemoval of all trees from large tracts of
landland
38 million acres logged each year38 million acres logged each year
Wood is used for fuel, lumberWood is used for fuel, lumber
Land is cleared for grazing or cropsLand is cleared for grazing or crops
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Clear Cutting of ForestsClear Cutting of Forests
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Effects of DeforestationEffects of Deforestation
Increased leaching and soil erosionIncreased leaching and soil erosion
Increased flooding and sedimentation ofIncreased flooding and sedimentation of
downstream riversdownstream rivers
Regional precipitation declinesRegional precipitation declines
Possible amplification of the greenhousePossible amplification of the greenhouse
effecteffect
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Regions of DeforestationRegions of Deforestation
Rates of forest loss are greatest inRates of forest loss are greatest in
Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, andBrazil, Indonesia, Mexico, and
ColumbiaColumbia
Highly mechanized logging isHighly mechanized logging is
proceeding in temperate forests of theproceeding in temperate forests of the
United States and CanadaUnited States and Canada
A heavy duty tree chopper for cutting downA heavy duty tree chopper for cutting down
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A heavy duty tree chopper for cutting downA heavy duty tree chopper for cutting down
trees in a logging operation.trees in a logging operation.
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RainforestsRainforests
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Forests BurningForests Burning
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Reversing DeforestationReversing Deforestation
Coalition of groups dedicated toCoalition of groups dedicated to
saving Brazils remaining forestssaving Brazils remaining forests
Smokeless wood stoves have savedSmokeless wood stoves have saved
firewood in Indiafirewood in India
Kenyan women have planted millionsKenyan women have planted millionsof treesof trees
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NAIROBI (AFP) Feb 23, 2005NAIROBI (AFP) Feb 23, 2005
NAIROBI (AFP) Feb 23, 2005NAIROBI (AFP) Feb 23, 2005
Kenyan Nobel peace laureateKenyan Nobel peace laureate Wangari MaathaiWangari Maathai onon
Wednesday urged developing nations to help fight globalWednesday urged developing nations to help fight global
warming and support the Kyoto Protocol on climate changewarming and support the Kyoto Protocol on climate change
by joining her tree-planting campaign.by joining her tree-planting campaign.
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Destroying BiodiversityDestroying Biodiversity
Tropical rainforests have the greatestTropical rainforests have the greatest
variety of insects, most bird speciesvariety of insects, most bird species
Some tropical forest species may proveSome tropical forest species may prove
valuable to humansvaluable to humans
Our primate ancestors evolved in forestsOur primate ancestors evolved in forestslike the ones we are destroyinglike the ones we are destroying
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PrimatesPrimates
Many primate species are threaten orMany primate species are threaten or
endangered.endangered.
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DesertificationDesertification
Conversion of large tracts of grassland toConversion of large tracts of grassland to
desertlike conditionsdesertlike conditions
Conversions of cropland that result inConversions of cropland that result in
more than 10 percent decline inmore than 10 percent decline in
productivityproductivity
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Global Desertification VulnerabilityGlobal Desertification Vulnerability
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The Dust BowlThe Dust Bowl
Occurred in the 1930s in the GreatOccurred in the 1930s in the Great
PlainsPlains
Overgrazing and prolonged droughtOvergrazing and prolonged droughtleft the ground bareleft the ground bare
1934 winds produced dust storms1934 winds produced dust storms
that stripped about 9 million acres ofthat stripped about 9 million acres of
topsoiltopsoil
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Caption: "Dust Over Texas." Huge boiling masses of dustthat blocked out the sun were common sights in Texas duringthe Dust Bowl years. In: "To Hold This Soil", Russell Lord, 1938.Miscellaneous Publication No. 321, U.S. Departmentof Agriculture.
H T dH T d
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Human TragedyHuman Tragedy
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Ongoing DesertificationOngoing Desertification
Sahel region of Africa is undergoingSahel region of Africa is undergoing
rapid desertificationrapid desertification
Causes are overgrazing,Causes are overgrazing,
overfarming, and prolonged droughtoverfarming, and prolonged drought
One solution may be to substituteOne solution may be to substitutenative herbivores for imported cattlenative herbivores for imported cattle
Linear dunes of the Sahara Desert encroach on Nouakchott the capital ofLinear dunes of the Sahara Desert encroach on Nouakchott the capital of
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Linear dunes of the Sahara Desert encroach on Nouakchott, the capital ofLinear dunes of the Sahara Desert encroach on Nouakchott, the capital of
Mauritania. The dunes border a mosque at left (photograph by GeorgMauritania. The dunes border a mosque at left (photograph by Georg
Gerster).Gerster).
htt : ubs.us s. ov i deserts desertification
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Water Use and ScarcityWater Use and Scarcity
Most of Earths water is too salty forMost of Earths water is too salty for
human consumptionhuman consumption
Desalinization is expensive andDesalinization is expensive and
requires large energy inputsrequires large energy inputs
Irrigation of crops is the mainIrrigation of crops is the mainuse of freshwateruse of freshwater
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Mean Annual PrecipitationMean Annual Precipitation
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Water DistributionWater Distribution
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Negative Effects of IrrigationNegative Effects of Irrigation
Salinization, mineral buildup inSalinization, mineral buildup in
soilsoil
Elevation of the water table andElevation of the water table and
waterloggingwaterlogging
Depletion of aquifersDepletion of aquifers
S li i ti i l b ild i ilSalinization mineral buildup in soil
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Salinization, mineral buildup in soilSalinization, mineral buildup in soil
http://waterquality.montana.edu/docs/methane/irrigation_suitability.sht
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GroundwaterGroundwater
AquifersAquifers - Porous layers of sand, gravel, or- Porous layers of sand, gravel, orrock lying below the water table.rock lying below the water table.
ArtesianArtesian - Pressurized aquifer intersects the- Pressurized aquifer intersects thesurface. (Water flows without pumping)surface. (Water flows without pumping)
Recharge ZoneRecharge Zone - Area where water- Area where waterinfiltrates into an aquifer.infiltrates into an aquifer.
Recharge rate is often very slow.Recharge rate is often very slow.Presently, groundwater is being removed fasterPresently, groundwater is being removed faster
than it can be replenished in many areas.than it can be replenished in many areas.
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Depleting GroundwaterDepleting Groundwater
Groundwater is the source of nearlyGroundwater is the source of nearly
40% of fresh water in the US.40% of fresh water in the US.
On a local level, withdrawing waterOn a local level, withdrawing water
faster than it can be replenished leads tofaster than it can be replenished leads toaa cone of depressioncone of depression in the water table,in the water table,On a broader scale, heavy pumping canOn a broader scale, heavy pumping can
deplete an aquifer.deplete an aquifer.
Ogallala AquiferOgallala Aquifer Mining non-renewable resource.Mining non-renewable resource.
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Depleting GroundwaterDepleting Groundwater
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Ogallala AquiferOgallala Aquifer
Extends from southern South DakotaExtends from southern South Dakota
to central Texasto central Texas
Major source of water for drinkingMajor source of water for drinking
and irrigationand irrigation
Overdrafts have depleted half theOverdrafts have depleted half thewater from this nonrenewable sourcewater from this nonrenewable source
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Ogallala AquiferOgallala Aquifer
The Ogallala Aquifer within theThe Ogallala Aquifer within the
boundaries of the North Plainsboundaries of the North Plains
Groundwater Conservation District isGroundwater Conservation District is
declining at an average of 1.74 feetdeclining at an average of 1.74 feetper year (1,082,631 acre ft).per year (1,082,631 acre ft).
The aquifer is cut off fromThe aquifer is cut off from
natural recharge sources.natural recharge sources.
http://www.npwd.org/Ogallala.htm
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Aquifer ProblemsAquifer Problems
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Sink Holes and Karst TopographySink Holes and Karst Topography
CaCO3
+ H2SO
4 CaSO
4+ H
2O +CO
2
http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil2125/doc/1-snkle.htm
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Water PollutantsWater Pollutants
SewageSewage
Animal wastesAnimal wastes
FertilizersFertilizers
PesticidesPesticides
Industrial chemicalsIndustrial chemicals
Radioactive materialRadioactive material
Excess heat (thermal pollution)Excess heat (thermal pollution)
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Groundwater PollutionGroundwater Pollution
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Wastewater TreatmentWastewater Treatment
Primary treatmentPrimary treatment
Use of screens and settling tanksUse of screens and settling tanks
Addition of chlorine to kill pathogensAddition of chlorine to kill pathogens
Secondary treatmentSecondary treatment
Microbes break down organic matterMicrobes break down organic matter
Tertiary treatment removes additionalTertiary treatment removes additionaltoxic substances; rarely usedtoxic substances; rarely used
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Sewage TreatmentSewage Treatment
More than 500 pathogenic bacteria,More than 500 pathogenic bacteria,
viruses, and parasites can travelviruses, and parasites can travel
from human or animal excrementfrom human or animal excrement
through water.through water.Natural ProcessesNatural Processes
In many areas, outdoor urination andIn many areas, outdoor urination and
defecation is the norm.defecation is the norm.When population densities are low, naturalWhen population densities are low, natural
processes can quickly eliminate waste.processes can quickly eliminate waste.
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Municipal Sewage TreatmentMunicipal Sewage Treatment
Primary TreatmentPrimary Treatment - Physical separation- Physical separation
of large solids from the waste stream.of large solids from the waste stream.
Secondary TreatmentSecondary Treatment - Biological- Biologicaldegradation of dissolved organicdegradation of dissolved organic
compounds.compounds.
Effluent from primary treatment transferredEffluent from primary treatment transferred
into trickling bed, or aeration tankinto trickling bed, or aeration tankEffluent from secondary treatment is usuallyEffluent from secondary treatment is usually
disinfected (chlorinated) before release intodisinfected (chlorinated) before release into
nearby waterway.nearby waterway.
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Municipal Sewage TreatmentMunicipal Sewage Treatment
Tertiary TreatmentTertiary Treatment - Removal of plant- Removal of plant
nutrients (nitrates and phosphates) fromnutrients (nitrates and phosphates) from
secondary effluent.secondary effluent.
Chemicals, or natural wetlands.Chemicals, or natural wetlands.
In many US cities, sanitary sewers areIn many US cities, sanitary sewers are
connected to storm sewers.connected to storm sewers.
Heavy storms can overload the system,Heavy storms can overload the system,
causing by-pass dumping of raw sewagecausing by-pass dumping of raw sewage
and toxic runoff directly into watercourses.and toxic runoff directly into watercourses.
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Municipal Sewage TreatmentMunicipal Sewage Treatment
CSO Tunnels and TreatmentCSO Tunnels and Treatment
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CSO Tunnels and TreatmentCSO Tunnels and Treatment
Facilities (Atlanta, GA 2005)Facilities (Atlanta, GA 2005)The tunnel is part of a storage and treatment system thatThe tunnel is part of a storage and treatment system that
involves capturing and storing combined sewer overflows.involves capturing and storing combined sewer overflows.The overflows are stored in a large underground tunnel inThe overflows are stored in a large underground tunnel inbedrock similar to the rock that comprises Stone Mountain.bedrock similar to the rock that comprises Stone Mountain.When a storm is over, the captured CSO volume isWhen a storm is over, the captured CSO volume isconveyed to a separate treatment system for removal ofconveyed to a separate treatment system for removal of
pollutants and reduction of harmful bacteria with sodiumpollutants and reduction of harmful bacteria with sodiumhypochlorite disinfection followed by dechlorination withhypochlorite disinfection followed by dechlorination withsodium bisulfite before discharge to receiving waters. Thesodium bisulfite before discharge to receiving waters. TheCity is building two facilities, the West Area CSO storageCity is building two facilities, the West Area CSO storagetunnel and the East Area CSO underground linear storagetunnel and the East Area CSO underground linear storagefacility to handle the overflows.facility to handle the overflows.
Milestone Completion Date forMilestone Completion Date for
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Milestone Completion Date forMilestone Completion Date for
West Tunnel October 2007West Tunnel October 2007
These will collect storm water for
treatment.http://www.cleanwateratlanta.org/CSOTunnels/
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Oxygen-Demanding WastesOxygen-Demanding Wastes
Water with an oxygen content > 6 ppm willWater with an oxygen content > 6 ppm willsupport desirable aquatic life.support desirable aquatic life.
Water with < 2 ppm oxygen will support mainlyWater with < 2 ppm oxygen will support mainly
detritivores and decomposers.detritivores and decomposers.
Oxygen is added to water by diffusion fromOxygen is added to water by diffusion fromwind and waves, and by photosynthesis fromwind and waves, and by photosynthesis from
green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.
Oxygen is removed from water by respiration andOxygen is removed from water by respiration and
oxygen-consuming processes.oxygen-consuming processes.
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Oxygen-Demanding WastesOxygen-Demanding Wastes
Biochemical Oxygen DemandBiochemical Oxygen Demand - Amount- Amountof dissolved oxygen consumed byof dissolved oxygen consumed byaquatic microorganisms.aquatic microorganisms.
Dissolved Oxygen ContentDissolved Oxygen Content - Measure of- Measure of
dissolved oxygen in the water.dissolved oxygen in the water. Effects of oxygen-demanding wastes onEffects of oxygen-demanding wastes on
rivers depend on volume, flow, andrivers depend on volume, flow, andtemperature of river water.temperature of river water.
Oxygen SagOxygen Sag - Oxygen levels decline- Oxygen levels declinedownstream from a pollution source asdownstream from a pollution source asdecomposers metabolize waste materials.decomposers metabolize waste materials.
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Oxygen SagOxygen Sag
?
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Water Wars?Water Wars?
Per capita amount of freshwater availablePer capita amount of freshwater available
is decreasingis decreasing
International conflicts over water use andInternational conflicts over water use and
quality have already occurredquality have already occurred
Building dams or dumping pollutantsBuilding dams or dumping pollutants
effect countries downstreameffect countries downstream
Weiss Lake Organization DeclaresWeiss Lake Organization Declares
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Weiss Lake Organization DeclaresWeiss Lake Organization Declares
War!War!
Weiss Lake Improvement Association is the environmentaland ecological watchdog for Weiss Lake and againstMetro Atlanta from taking our WATER.(Coosa River Drainage)
E UE U
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Energy UseEnergy Use
Only 10 percent of energy used inOnly 10 percent of energy used in
developed countries is fromdeveloped countries is from
renewable sourcesrenewable sources Less developed countries rely moreLess developed countries rely more
heavily on renewable sourcesheavily on renewable sources
(primary biomass)(primary biomass)
F il F l
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Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels
Coal, oil, natural gasCoal, oil, natural gas
Main energy source ofMain energy source of
developed countriesdeveloped countries
Burning of fossil fuelsBurning of fossil fuels
contributes to global warmingcontributes to global warming
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http://faculty.virginia.edu/setear/courses/globwarm/images.htm
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OilOil
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OilOil
Reserves are decliningReserves are declining
Many reserves are in ecologicallyMany reserves are in ecologically
fragile wilderness areasfragile wilderness areas
Environmental costs of extractingEnvironmental costs of extracting
and transporting reserves from suchand transporting reserves from suchareas are highareas are high
T t l E C tiT t l E C ti
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Total Energy ConsumptionTotal Energy Consumption
D ti P d tD ti P d t
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Domestic ProductDomestic Product
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Cuba claims massive oil reservesBBC 17 Oct 2008
Cuba currently produces 60,0000 barrels of oil a dayThe state-owned Cuban oil company says the country may havemore than 20bn barrels of oil in its offshore fields - more than
double the previous estimate.
Such reserves would place Cubaamong the top 20 oil producingnations.
Oil d G I j ti W llOil d G I j ti W ll
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Oil and Gas Injection WellsOil and Gas Injection Wells
Typically, when oil and gas are extracted,Typically, when oil and gas are extracted,large amounts of salt water (brine) are alsolarge amounts of salt water (brine) are also
brought to the surface. This salt water canbrought to the surface. This salt water can
be very damaging if it is discharged intobe very damaging if it is discharged into
surface water.surface water.
C lCoal
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CoalCoal
Extensive reserves existExtensive reserves exist
Mining is very destructiveMining is very destructive
Burning coal releases sulfurBurning coal releases sulfur
dioxides that cause aciddioxides that cause acid
depositiondeposition
C l St i Mi iCoal Strip Mining
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Coal Strip MiningCoal Strip Mining
htt : en.wiki edia.or wiki Surface minin
EPA targets utilitiesEPA targets utilities
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gg
mercury pollutionmercury pollution
Coal-burning power plantsCoal-burning power plants in thein theUnited States now emit an estimatedUnited States now emit an estimated
48 tons a year of mercury, and the48 tons a year of mercury, and the
EPA rule aims to reduce that to 31.3EPA rule aims to reduce that to 31.3tons in 2010, 27.9 tons in 2015, andtons in 2010, 27.9 tons in 2015, and
24.3 tons in 2020.24.3 tons in 2020.
Updated: 3:03 p.m. ET March 15, 2005 (AP)Updated: 3:03 p.m. ET March 15, 2005 (AP)
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6448213/did/7185001
How Mercury Gets into the FoodHow Mercury Gets into the Food
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yy
ChainChain
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6448213/did/7185001
Top 10 Sources of Mercury AirTop 10 Sources of Mercury Air
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p yp y
Pollution in the USPollution in the US
(No. 2) Alabama Power Co(No. 2) Alabama Power Co..'s's Miller Steam Plant in Jefferson,Miller Steam Plant in Jefferson,Ala. is a coal-fired power plant. Alabama Power is a subsidiaryAla. is a coal-fired power plant. Alabama Power is a subsidiary
of Atlanta-based Southern Companyof Atlanta-based Southern Company, one of the largest utilities, one of the largest utilities
in the U.S., whichin the U.S., which generates 68% of its electricity from burninggenerates 68% of its electricity from burning
coalcoal. Also on the Top 100 list of mercury air polluters are. Also on the Top 100 list of mercury air polluters are
Georgia Power's Monroe, Ga. plant (No. 5)Georgia Power's Monroe, Ga. plant (No. 5) and Alabamaand Alabama
Power's Gaston (No. 9) and Greene, Ala. plants (No. 81).Power's Gaston (No. 9) and Greene, Ala. plants (No. 81).
Read more:Read more:
http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/latest/mercury-http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/latest/mercury-
EPAsEPAs Cap and Trade PolicyCap and Trade Policy
http://www.alabamapower.com/http://www.alabamapower.com/http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/latest/mercury-pollution-47103003http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/latest/mercury-pollution-47103003http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/latest/mercury-pollution-47103003http://www.alabamapower.com/ -
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EPA sEPA s Cap and Trade PolicyCap and Trade Policy
EPA sets yearly limits on mercury emissionsEPA sets yearly limits on mercury emissions
Industry is assigned a quantity of tradable mercuryIndustry is assigned a quantity of tradable mercuryemissions certificatesemissions certificates
These are bought and sold by power companies (bid/askThese are bought and sold by power companies (bid/ask
system).system).
Some companies over pollute and some under polluteSome companies over pollute and some under pollute
Each year the EPA reduces allowable emission quantitiesEach year the EPA reduces allowable emission quantitiesleading to anleading to an economic solution to pollutioneconomic solution to pollution
Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy
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Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy
Used extensively in some energy-Used extensively in some energy-
poor developed countriespoor developed countries
Little support in the United StatesLittle support in the United States
Emits fewer air pollutants thanEmits fewer air pollutants than
burning coal, but createsburning coal, but creates
radioactive wastesradioactive wastes Potential for meltdownPotential for meltdown
Nuclear Changes: RadioactiveNuclear Changes: Radioactive
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gg
DecayDecay
Natural radioactive decay: unstableNatural radioactive decay: unstableisotopes spontaneously emit fastisotopes spontaneously emit fast
moving chunks of matter (moving chunks of matter (alphaalphaororbeta particlesbeta particles), high-energy radiation), high-energy radiation
((gamma raysgamma rays), or both at a fixed rate.), or both at a fixed rate.Radiation is commonly used in energyRadiation is commonly used in energy
production and medical applications.production and medical applications.
The rate of decay is expressed as aThe rate of decay is expressed as a half-half-lifelife (the time needed for one-half of the(the time needed for one-half of the
nuclei to decay to form a different isotope).nuclei to decay to form a different isotope).
Nuclear Changes: FissionNuclear Changes: Fission
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Nuclear Changes: FissionNuclear Changes: Fission
Nuclear fission:Nuclear fission:
nuclei of certainnuclei of certain
isotopes with largeisotopes with large
mass numbers aremass numbers aresplit apart intosplit apart into
lighter nuclei whenlighter nuclei when
struck bystruck byneutrons.neutrons.
Figure 2-9Figure 2-9
Chernobyl Accident 1986Chernobyl Accident 1986
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Chernobyl Accident - 1986Chernobyl Accident - 1986
Core meltdown at a nuclear powerCore meltdown at a nuclear power
plant in the Ukraineplant in the Ukraine
31 immediate deaths, radiation31 immediate deaths, radiation
sickness and death for otherssickness and death for others
Cloud of radiation spread by windsCloud of radiation spread by winds
across Europeacross Europe Long-term health impacts downwindLong-term health impacts downwind
Map of Chernobyl RegionMap of Chernobyl Region
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Map of Chernobyl RegionMap of Chernobyl Region
Nuclear Power in FranceNuclear Power in France
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Nuclear Power in FranceNuclear Power in France
When the Civaux nuclear power plant comes on lineWhen the Civaux nuclear power plant comes on linesometime in the next 12 months, France will have 56sometime in the next 12 months, France will have 56
working nuclear plants, generating 76% of her electricity.working nuclear plants, generating 76% of her electricity.
(Frontline)(Frontline)
htt : www.ic t.or n drzava. h ?drzava=8
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Some AlternativesSome Alternatives
Solar Hydrogen EnergySolar Hydrogen Energy
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Solar-Hydrogen EnergySolar-Hydrogen Energy
Photovoltaic cells use sunlight energyPhotovoltaic cells use sunlight energy
to split waterto split water
Hydrogen gas produced in this wayHydrogen gas produced in this way
can be used as fuel or to generatecan be used as fuel or to generate
electricityelectricity
Clean, renewable technologyClean, renewable technology
Fuel CellsFuel Cells
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Fuel CellsFuel Cells
Farmed HydrogenFarmed Hydrogen
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Farmed HydrogenFarmed Hydrogen
Photobiological HydrogenPhotobiological HydrogenProductionProduction
Aquatic algae bio-engineered toAquatic algae bio-engineered to
produce hydrogen gas rather thanproduce hydrogen gas rather thansugars via photosynthesissugars via photosynthesis
Place algae in a clear tube, reducePlace algae in a clear tube, reduce
sulfur, place in sunlight, and collectsulfur, place in sunlight, and collectthe hydrogen!the hydrogen!
Hydrogen from AlgaeHydrogen from Algae
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Hydrogen from AlgaeHydrogen from Algae
Chlamydomonas reinhard
MIT Algae PhotobioreactorMIT Algae Photobioreactor
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=Chlamydomonas+reinhardtiihttp://www.google.com/search?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=Chlamydomonas+reinhardtii -
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MIT Algae PhotobioreactorMIT Algae Photobioreactor
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnOSnJJSP5c&feature=related
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Wind EnergyWind Energy
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Wind EnergyWind Energy
An indirect use of solar energyAn indirect use of solar energy
Wind farms are arrays of turbinesWind farms are arrays of turbinesCan supplement needs of someCan supplement needs of some
regions but is not dependableregions but is not dependable
enough on it ownenough on it own
Giant wind turbines at Aapua,Giant wind turbines at Aapua,
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SwedenSweden
http://www.xahlee.org/Whirlwheel_dir/windturbine.html
San Gorgonio Field Near PalmSan Gorgonio Field Near Palm
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Springs, CASprings, CA
Overview of Wind Energy inOverview of Wind Energy in
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CaliforniaCalifornia
the year 2004, wind energy in Californiathe year 2004, wind energy in Californiaproduced 4,258 million kilowatt-hours ofproduced 4,258 million kilowatt-hours ofelectricity, about 1.5 percent of the state's totalelectricity, about 1.5 percent of the state's totalelectricity.electricity.
According to the Electric Power ResearchAccording to the Electric Power ResearchInstitute, the cost of producing wind energy hasInstitute, the cost of producing wind energy hasdecreased nearly four fold since 1980. Thedecreased nearly four fold since 1980. Thelevelized cost of energy from wind turbines inlevelized cost of energy from wind turbines in1993 was about 7.5 cents per kilowatt/hour. With1993 was about 7.5 cents per kilowatt/hour. Withcurrent wind research and development efforts,current wind research and development efforts,the Energy Commission estimates that newerthe Energy Commission estimates that newertechnologies can reduce the cost of wind energytechnologies can reduce the cost of wind energyto 3.5 cents per kilowatt-hour.to 3.5 cents per kilowatt-hour.
http://www.energy.ca.gov/wind/overview.html
Electricity Costs (2003)Electricity Costs (2003)
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Electricity Costs (2003)Electricity Costs (2003)
FusionFusion
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FusionFusion
Energy is released when atomic nucleiEnergy is released when atomic nuclei
fusefuse
This process produces solar energyThis process produces solar energy
Attempts to mimic this process onAttempts to mimic this process on
Earth require use of lasers, magneticEarth require use of lasers, magnetic
fieldsfields
Not yet a commercially viable energyNot yet a commercially viable energy
sourcesource
Fusion ReactionFusion Reaction
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Fusion ReactionFusion Reaction
Note: Fusion tutorial available atNote: Fusion tutorial available atwebsite below.website below.
http://hif.lbl.gov/tutorial/tutorial.html
Changes in the World of LifeChanges in the World of Life
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Changes in the World of LifeChanges in the World of Life
Adaptations of species haveAdaptations of species have
changed the environmentchanged the environment
Photosynthetic organisms thatPhotosynthetic organisms thatarose during the Proterozoicarose during the Proterozoic
altered the atmosphere by addingaltered the atmosphere by adding
oxygenoxygen
Change is naturalChange is natural
Humans and ChangeHumans and Change
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Humans and ChangeHumans and Change
Unlike previous species, humanUnlike previous species, human
have the capacity to observe andhave the capacity to observe and
make decisions about the changesmake decisions about the changes
they bring about.they bring about.
A couple of examples of usingA couple of examples of using
misplaced resources.misplaced resources.
Gas for the GreenhouseGas for the Greenhouse
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Gas for the GreenhouseGas for the Greenhouse
"By transporting CO2 by pipeline"By transporting CO2 by pipelinefrom the Shell refineries in Pernis tofrom the Shell refineries in Pernis to
the cultivators in the Westland, thethe cultivators in the Westland, the
emission of greenhouse gas can beemission of greenhouse gas can begreatly reduced. At the same time,greatly reduced. At the same time,
the farmers can save a lot of money;the farmers can save a lot of money;
there is no more need for them tothere is no more need for them toproduce their CO2 themselves".produce their CO2 themselves".
http://www.radionetherlands.nl/features/science/051107rf
OCAP Waste COOCAP Waste CO22 Used inUsed in
G
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GreenhousesGreenhouses
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight C6H12 O6 + 6O2
Anything Into OilAnything Into Oil
Ch i W ld T h l i ICh i W ld T h l i I
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Changing World Technologies, Inc.Changing World Technologies, Inc.
Twenty tons of slaughterhouse turkey parts, freshlydumped by a truck, await processing into oil, gas,and minerals at the thermal conversion process plantin Carthage, Missouri. When the plant reaches fullcapacity in the fall, it will process 10 dump trucks ofleftovers, one tanker truck of blood, and one tankertruck of discarded restaurant grease every 24 hours.
Carthage, Missouri, turkey plant accumulates1.3 million gallons a day of turkey grease,guts, fat, and feathers that is stored inlagoons and sent to waste treatment facilitiesEstimated production of fuel oil,
500 barrels a day.
http://www.perc.org/perc.php?id=290
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS:ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS:
CAUSES AND CONNECTIONSCAUSES AND CONNECTIONS
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CAUSES AND CONNECTIONSCAUSES AND CONNECTIONS
The major causes ofThe major causes ofenvironmental problems are:environmental problems are:Population growthPopulation growth
Wasteful resource useWasteful resource usePovertyPoverty
Poor environmental accountingPoor environmental accounting
Ecological ignoranceEcological ignorance
SOLAR
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Fig. 1-10, p. 1
Depletion of
nonrenewableresources
SOLARCAPITAL
Human Capital HumanEconomic
andCulturalSystems
Pollution and waste
Degradation ofrenewable resources
Heat
Goods and services
Natural Capital
EARTH
Natural capital degradationNatural capital degradation
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The exponential increasing flow ofThe exponential increasing flow ofmaterial resources through the worldsmaterial resources through the worldseconomic systems depletes, degradeseconomic systems depletes, degradesand pollutes the environment.and pollutes the environment.
Fi ure 1-Figure 1-
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Fig. 1-11, p. 1
auses of Environmental Problems
Trying tomanage and
simplify naturewith too little
knowledgeabout
how it works
Not including theenvironmental costsof economic goodsand services in theirmarket prices
PovertyUnsustainableresource use
Populationgrowth
Solutions: Prevention vs.Solutions: Prevention vs.
ClCl
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CleanupCleanup Problems with relying on cleanup:Problems with relying on cleanup:Temporary bandage without improvementsTemporary bandage without improvements
in control technology.in control technology.
Often removes a pollutant from one part ofOften removes a pollutant from one part of
the environment to cause problems inthe environment to cause problems inanother.another.
Pollutants at harmful levels can cost tooPollutants at harmful levels can cost too
much to reduce them to acceptable levels.much to reduce them to acceptable levels.
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Adequate
Number of people(% of world's population)
Lack ofaccess to
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Fig. 1-12, p. 1
1.1 billion (17%)
1.1 billion (17%)
1.1 billion (17%)
Enough foodfor good health
Adequatehealth care
Clean drinkingWater
Enough fuel forheating and
cooking
Electricity
AdequateSanitation
1.6 billion (25%)
2 billion (31%)
2.4 billion (37%)
Resource Consumption andResource Consumption and
Environmental ProblemsEnvironmental Problems
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Environmental ProblemsEnvironmental Problems
UnderconsumptionUnderconsumption
OverconsumptionOverconsumptionAffluenza: unsustainable addiction toAffluenza: unsustainable addiction to
overconsumption and materialism.overconsumption and materialism.
Connections betweenConnections betweenEnvironmental Problems andEnvironmental Problems and
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Environmental Problems andEnvironmental Problems and
Their CausesTheir Causes
Fi ure 1-Figure 1-
CULTURAL CHANGES AND THECULTURAL CHANGES AND THE
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
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ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
Agricultural revolutionAgricultural revolutionAllowed people to stay in one place.Allowed people to stay in one place.
Industrial-medical revolutionIndustrial-medical revolution
Led shift from rural villages to urbanLed shift from rural villages to urbansociety.society.
Science improved sanitation and diseaseScience improved sanitation and disease
control.control. Information-globalization revolutionInformation-globalization revolutionRapid access to information.Rapid access to information.
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Which singleWhich single
advantage andadvantage and
disadvantage aredisadvantage are
the mostthe most
important?important?
Fi ure 1-Figure 1-
SUSTAINABILITY ANDENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL
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WORLDVIEWSWORLDVIEWS
Technological optimists:Technological optimists:suggest that human ingenuity will keepsuggest that human ingenuity will keep
the environment sustainable.the environment sustainable.
Environmental pessimists:Environmental pessimists:overstate the problems where ouroverstate the problems where our
environmental situation seems hopeless.environmental situation seems hopeless.
Four Scientific Principles ofFour Scientific Principles of
S i bili C NS t i bilit C N t
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Sustainability: Copy NatureSustainability: Copy Nature
Reliance on SolarReliance on SolarEnergyEnergy
BiodiversityBiodiversity Population ControlPopulation Control
Nutrient RecyclingNutrient Recycling
Fi ure 1-Figure 1-
Aldo Leopolds EnvironmentalAldo Leopolds Environmental
EthicsEthics
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EthicsEthics
Individuals matter.Individuals matter. land is to beland is to be
loved andloved and
respected is anrespected is anextension of ethics.extension of ethics.
We abuse landWe abuse land
because we regardbecause we regardit as a commodityit as a commodity
Fi ure 1-AFigure 1-A
Implications of the Four ScientificImplications of the Four ScientificPrinciples of SustainabilityPrinciples of Sustainability
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Principles of SustainabilityPrinciples of Sustainability
Fi ures 1-17 and 1-Figures 1-17 and 1-
SolutionsPrinciples of Sustainability
How Nature Works Lessons for Us
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Fig. 1-17, p. 2
Reduce human birthsand wasteful resourceuse to preventenvironmental overloadand depletion anddegradation ofresources.
Controls a speciespopulation size andresource use byinteractions with itsenvironment andother species.
Runs on renewablesolar energy.
Rely mostly onrenewable solar
energy.Recycles nutrientsand wastes. Thereis little waste innature.
Uses biodiversity tomaintain itself andadapt to newenviron-mental conditions.
Prevent and reducepollution and recycleand reuse resources.
Preserve biodiversity
by protectingecosystem services andhabitatsand preventingpremature extinction ofspecies.
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Fig. 1-18, p. 2
The Three RsThe Three Rs
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Individuals matter!Individuals matter!ReduceReduce
ReuseReuse
RecycleRecycle