1SOSC1960Discovering Mind and Behavior

Lecture 8Intelligence

2Intelligence What is intelligence Assessing intelligence Differences in intelligence Alternative perspectives

3 Intelligence The capacity to understand the world, think

rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges (Feldman, 2009)

Intelligence as a construct to clarify and organize this complex set of phenomena

What is intelligence

4 Is there a general intelligence or is intelligence multidimensional?

Ling Sui Fong

Ling Sui Fong

5 g or g-factor (Spearman, 1927) there is one factor that is common to all

intellectual tasks

Ling Sui Fongtraditional IQ test is measure for general intelligence

Ling Sui FongIt may miss other aspects of intelligence

6 Physiognomy Judging inner character of people from their

outward physical appearance, especially the face

Phrenology (reading bumps on the head) Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) A cranial bump signifies an enlargement of the

underlying faculty corresponding to the brain area

Ling Sui Fonglook at how you look

7memory

Ling Sui Fongthe brain area biggerthe ability of memory is better

8Gould (1996)

9 Craniometry Intelligence in particular can be determined by

physical measurement of the skulls either outside (by ruler or indices of shapes and sizes of heads) or inside (by mustard seed or lead shot to fill the cranium and measure the volume of the skull)

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Craniometry Paul Broca (1824-1880)

A large skull meant a large brain and high intellectual capacity

In general, the brain is larger in mature adults than in the elderly, in men than in women, in eminent men than in men of mediocre talent, in superior races than in inferior races (1861, p.304)

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Samuel George Morton (1799-1851) measured cranial capacity of various races

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Alfred Binet (1905) To devise a test to identify mentally subnormal

children to provide remedial training, and to avoid complete

reliance on teachers subjective evaluations

Philosophy: performance on tasks improves with _____________________

Ling Sui FongChronological age

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Alfred Binet (1905) Scoring children in terms of _____________

indicating that a child displays the mental ability typical of a child of that chronological age

A child with mental age of 6 performed like the average of 6-year-old

Ling Sui Fongmental age

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Intelligence Quotient IQ = (mental age / chronological age) x 100

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The average score of everyone of the same age who takes the test is assigned an IQ of 100; a persons IQ then indicates his/her relative performance to this average of his/her own age group

Deviation IQ Scores

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Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) An examiner estimates the ability of the test

taker, and then administers items of appropriate difficulty level.

If the test taker is able to answer all questions at this level, the examiner proceeds to successively more difficult items, until the test taker reaches the limit of their capacity.

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Flynn effect (Flynn, 1984) Steady worldwide rise in intelligence test

performance Average gain is about 3 IQ points per decade

since 1940

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Flynn effect (Flynn, 1984) Changes in _____________________ may

have produced corresponding changes in complexity of mind

Improvements in _____________ (large nutritionally-based increases in height have occurred during the same period as the IQ gains)

Improvement in ________________

Ling Sui Fongcomplexity of life

Ling Sui Fongnutrition

Ling Sui Fonggeneral social environment

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Is intelligence inherited? (nature vs nurture debate)

Adoption studies Target sample: individuals adopted early in infancy,

raised without having contact with the biological parents

Objective: to examine the resemblance between adopted children and both their ____________and their ______________ parents

Determinants of Intelligence

Ling Sui Fongbiological

Ling Sui Fongadoptive

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Loehlin, Horn, & Willerman (1994)

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Is intelligence inherited? Twin studies

Assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of _____________________and ____________________ with respect to a trait

If sets of identical twins are more like each other on a trait than fraternal twins (and other kinds of siblings) are, evidence of a genetic contribution for that trait

Ling Sui Fongidentical twins

Ling Sui Fongfraternal twins

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McGue et al. (1993)

______ do matter!

Ling Sui Fonggenetic

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McGue et al. (1993)

___________ does matter too!

Ling Sui Fongenvironment

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Gene-environment interactionHeredity may set certain limits on intelligence (_________________) and environment determines where an individual fall within this range

3131

Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disabilities Significantly subaverage intellectual

functioning (IQ < 70) Mild: 50-70 Moderate: 35-49 Severe: 20-34 Profound: below 20

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Impairments in at least 2 of the following areas: Communication, self-care, home-living,

social/interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, functional/academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety

Age of onset before 18 years

3434

Some statistics 1-3% of the population suffers from MR

Approximately 90% of the cases are mild mental retardation

Male-to-female ratio 1.6 : 1 in mild retardation No gender differences in severe forms

3535

Causes

One-third of the cases have identifiable biological reason

Down syndrome an extra chromosome 21 Linked with maternal age

Age 20: 1 in 2000; Age 25: 1 in 500; Age 45: 1 in 18 Perinatal complications e.g. anoxia Brain injury

3636

Fetal alcohol syndrome Abnormal facial features Growth retardation Permanent CNS damage

poor memory, attention deficits, impulsive behavior, poor cause-effect reasoning, mental retardation

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Two-thirds of MR are classified as familial retardation No identifiable biological defects but a history

of MR in the family Possible factors

Extreme poverty leading to malnutrition Abuse, neglect, social deprivationGenetic factors

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Does IQ score tell us all about a person? The meanings of intelligence

Neisser et al. (1996) Correlation between IQ scores and grades: Correlation between IQ scores and total years of

education: Correlation between IQ scores and job performance:

Correlation between IQ scores and juvenile offenses:

Ling Sui Fong.50

Ling Sui Fong.55

Ling Sui Fong.30 to .50

Ling Sui Fong-.17

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The meanings of intelligence General vs. specific abilities

intelligence has been traditionally viewed as a single entity, which is extremely general and underlies all sorts of abilities

scholars call for more emphasis on specific abilities as opposed to the general, single intelligence

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Multiple intelligences (Gardner, 2000) The scope of psychometric intelligence tests

includes only verbal, mathematical, logical, and some aspects of spatial intelligence, to the exclusion of other skills

Even in the included domains, the paper-and-pencil format rules out many kinds of intelligence performance that matter a great deal in everyday life

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Multiple intelligences (Gardner, 2000) 8 relatively independent forms of human

intelligences Each person has the same eight kinds of

intelligence but in varying degrees

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Musical Intelligence Involves skill in the performance, composition,

and appreciation of musical patterns Suitable occupation:

Ling Sui Fongmusician,composer,disc jockey

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Bodily kinesthetic intelligence Using one's whole body or parts of the body to

solve problems Suitable occupation:

Ling Sui Fongathlete, dancer, actor, surgeon

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Logical-mathematical intelligence Capacity to reason and think logically, and to

investigate issues scientifically Suitable occupation:

Ling Sui Fongscience, engineering

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Linguistic intelligence Sensitivity to spoken and written language, the

ability to use language effectively express oneself

Suitable occupation:

Ling Sui Fongteacher

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Spatial intelligence Recognize and use the patterns of spatial

relationships Suitable occupation:

Ling Sui Fongsailor, architect, interior, decorator

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Interpersonal intelligence Capacity to understand the intentions,

motivations, behaviors, and moods of other people

Suitable occupation:

Ling Sui Fongcounselor, politician, salesperson

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Intrapersonal intelligence The capacity to understand oneself, to

appreciate one's feelings, fears and motivations

Suitable occupation:

Ling Sui Fongnovelist, psychologists, theologians

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Naturalistic intelligence The ability to compare and classify living

things and recognize features of the natural world

Suitable occupation:

50

What are the implications for education?

It is not how smart you are, but how you are smart!

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Multiple intelligence (Gardner, 2000) __________________, referring to a rare

condition in which mentally deficient individuals who have a highly developed talent in a single area (savants)

Ling Sui Fongsavant syndrome

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Kim PeekIn psychological testing, Peek has scored well below average on general IQ tests. But he showed superb memory performance. He reads a book in about an hour and remembers approximately 98.7% of everything he has read, memorizing vast amounts of information in subjects ranging from history and literature, geography, and numbers to sports, music, and dates. He can recall the content of some 12,000 books from memory.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2T45r5G3kA&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfDEAIszuQI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhcQG_KItZM&feature=related

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Triarchic view of intelligence (Sternberg, 2000) Analytical intelligence: the ability to analyze

and evaluate information, solve problems and make decisions

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Creative intelligence: involves going beyond what is given to generate invention, discovery, and novel ideas

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Practical intelligence: the ability of an individuals to solve everyday problems; to find the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment How to get a cork out of the bottle?

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Emotional intelligence The set of skills that underlie the accurate

assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions

Underlies social skills, empathy, and self-awareness

May account for successes

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Emotional intelligence Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence

Test (Mayer, Salovey, & Caruso, 2002) Four-branch of emotional intelligence

Perceiving emotions Using emotions Understanding emotions Managing emotions

58Perceiving emotions

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Using emotions

60Understanding emotions

61Managing emotions

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Predictive validity of EI Correlation with college grade:_________ Correlation with deviant behaviors (e.g.

aggression, physical fights, vandalism):__________

Correlation with quality of interpersonal interactions: __________

Ling Sui Fong.20 to .25

Ling Sui Fong-.20 to -.45

Ling Sui Fong.30 to .40

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Chapter 9

Required Readings