lecture slides: lecture introduction to human models
DESCRIPTION
The lecture slides of lecture Introduction to Human Models of the Modelling Course of Industrial Design of the TU DelftTRANSCRIPT
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1Challenge the future
H-L-1:
Introduction of Human Models
Ir. Iemkje RuiterFaculty of Industrial Design Engineering
Delft University of Technology
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2Challenge the future
Contents
Part I Introduction to human models
Part II:
Introduction
Human Systems
Using anthropometric model in design
Analysis
Modelling
Simulation
Senses of human beings
Evaluation
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4 Cognitive model
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3Challenge the future
Example of a human model
Mass
Courtesy of http://www.clker.com/clipart-family-unit.html
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4Challenge the future
Example of a human model
Courtesy of http://www.clker.com/clipart-family-unit.html
Test
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5Challenge the future
What is a model of a human?
http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/BERGEN-Professional-Mini-Very-Low-Pressure-HVLP-Spray-Gun-BER8700-/321092569141
Product model
Based on information about the product
Human Model
Based on information about human
P
H
=0
What kind of information?
When was the information collected?
Goal?
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6Challenge the future
Information of human
•Philosophy
•Physiology
•Anthropometry
•Psychology
•Sociology
•Anatomy
•Anthropology
•Ergonomics
Cognitive & Emotional
Physical
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7Challenge the future
Model of the appearance of human
Types of information
Time
Purpose
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8Challenge the future
Example: Dolls
Types of information
Time
Purpose
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9Challenge the future
Example: Mannequins
Types of information
Time
Purpose
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10Challenge the future
Inside human: Human torso model
Courtesy: http://www.usahobby.com/science/anatomy.php/1
Types of information
Time
Purpose
Accuracy
Assembly
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11Challenge the future
Three-year-old Child Nursing Manikin
Purpose: Operations of child care;
Airway administering;
Oral and nasal feeding
Holistic care;
Bathing and bandaging activity
…
Courtesy of http://www.medical-model.com/en/Product-1119.html
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12Challenge the future
Virtual Reality Arthroscopic Simulator for practicing minimally invasive surgery
Courtesy of http://www.readingshoulderunit.com/new-developments/arthroscopy-simulator
Minimally Invasive Surgery Instruments
Human model
Monitor displays images inside the human model
Opening
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13Challenge the future
Anatomical drawing
Courtesy of jboultondesign.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/davinci www.yvcc.edu/.../Documents/vesalius2web.jpg
Anatomical studies of the shoulderBy Leonardo da Vinci (ca 1510)
De humani corpris fabricaBy Andreas Vesalius (1543)
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14Challenge the future
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes TulpRembrandt van Rijn (1631)
Mauritshuis museum, The Hague, the Netherlands
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15Challenge the future
Feet and models of them
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16Challenge the future
La Sportiva climb shoesAnthropometry & Biomechanics contribute to design
Courtesy of http://www.sportiva.com/
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17Challenge the future
Biomechanics measure contribute to design
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18Challenge the future
Prosthesis
Peter StuyvesantDutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland
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19Challenge the future
Prosthesis design-Walking
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20Challenge the future
Prosthesis design-Running
Aimee Mullins
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21Challenge the future
Aimee Mullins
Different purposes
Courtesy of www.kennethcole.com/
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22Challenge the future
Human systems The nervous system
The musculoskeletal system
The circulatory system
The respiratory system
The gastrointestinal system
The integumentary system
The urinary system
The reproductive system
The immune system
The endocrine system
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23Challenge the future
Human circulatory system
Ancient Model Current
model
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24Challenge the future
Artificial heart valve design
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25Challenge the future
Respiratory system
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26Challenge the future
Studying respiratory system contribute to design
Studying respiratory system
Courtesy of www.elements4health.com/.../sleep-apnea-mask.jpg
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27Challenge the future
Human Sense
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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28Challenge the future
Sight
Sight
Hearing
Smelling
Taste
Human sense
Touch
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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29Challenge the future
Sight & Design
Road sign design
Sight
Hearing
Smelling
Taste
Human sense
Touch
Courtesy of http://citylu.wordpress.com/2011/02/09/australian-cities-an-italian-perspective/
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30Challenge the future
Sight & Design
Wake up lightSight
Hearing
Smelling
Taste
Human sense
Touch
Courtesy of http://www.techfresh.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/philips-wake-up-light.jpg
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31Challenge the future
Hearing
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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32Challenge the future
Hearing and Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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33Challenge the future
Hearing and Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
Cancel the noise
Quality Convenience
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34Challenge the future
Hearing and Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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35Challenge the future
Human Sense
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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36Challenge the future
Human Sense
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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37Challenge the future
Human Sense
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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38Challenge the future
Touch sense & Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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39Challenge the future
Touch sense & Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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40Challenge the future
Human Sense
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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41Challenge the future
Smell & Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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42Challenge the future
Smell & Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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43Challenge the future
Smell & Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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44Challenge the future
Toward cognitive model: Using sensor in training
Cognitive model
A cognitive model is an approximation to animal cognitive processes (predominantly human) for the purposes of comprehension and prediction.
Courtesy of http://www.123rf.com/photo_12496301_abstract-cognitive-intelligence.html
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45Challenge the future
A simple cognitive model
Courtesy of Developing a model of cognitive interaction for analytical inclusive design evaluation, Patrick Langdona, Umesh Persadb, P. John Clarksona
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46Challenge the future
Toward cognitive model: Using sensor in training
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47Challenge the future
Toward cognitive model: Using sensor in training
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48Challenge the future
Cognitive model:Design for improving memory
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49Challenge the future
Cognitive model & Design
Courtesy of http://m4.uxcell.com/i/11d/ux_a11120300ux0116_ux_g01.jpg
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50Challenge the future
Cognitive model example:Cockpit design
The cockpit of Boeing 747-400 has 365 buttons/controls,The older version has 970 buttons
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51Challenge the future
Innovation & cognition:Open the tin can from side
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52Challenge the future
Cognitive model:Group model
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53Challenge the future
Crowded: Basic fire escape planning
Courtesy of http://www.visualbuilding.co.uk/images/2D/fireescapeplan.jpg
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54Challenge the future
Crowded: Supermarket floor planning (in Dutch)
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55Challenge the future
Group: Eating within culture context
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56Challenge the future
Part II
Using anthropometricmodel in design
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57Challenge the future
The ideal model from Leonardo da Vinci
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58Challenge the future
Le Corbusier's Le Modular Diagram
Utilizing graphic devices as a vector for understanding human proportion.
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59Challenge the future
History of anthropometry
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60Challenge the future
The starting point
Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)Founder scientific anthropometry
Body-mass index(Quetelet index) Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet
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61Challenge the future
Practices: Acquiring anthropometric data
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62Challenge the future
The highest & the shortest men in the Netherlands
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63Challenge the future
Anthropometry: from measurement to theory
Courtesy of Estimation of deep-abdominal-adipose-tissue (DAAT) accumulation from simple anthropometric measurements in Indian men and women, V Brundavani, SR Murthy and AV Kurpad
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64Challenge the future
Dineddined.io.tudelft.nl
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65Challenge the future
Four steps in using anthropometric data in design
Modeling
Evaluation
Modelling
AnalysisSimulation
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66Challenge the future
AnalysisWhat kind of product are you designing?
Modeling
Evaluation
Modelling
AnalysisSimulation
Image of human
Replacing parts of human (prosthesis)
Adding to a human (orthesis)
Cognitive support (user interface)
Physical support (cabin, support, outfit, grip, tool…)
What do you need to know about:
The human being
Human‐product interaction
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67Challenge the future
Analysis – The user
Gender Ethnic background …Age
What do you need to know about the product user?
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68Challenge the future
Analysis: The interaction
What do you need to know about the user‐product interaction?
What does the user do with the product?
What does the product ask from the user?
What interaction is critical?
What are the comfort zones?
‐‐ ‐‐
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69Challenge the future
Analysis: different design phases need different information
More specific information regarding the user
Embodiment
Analysis
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70Challenge the future
Modelling
Modeling
Evaluation
Modelling
AnalysisSimulation
Anthropometric data:
static (dimensions rigid body)
dynamic (dimensions while moving)
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71Challenge the future
For industrial production
From individual to groups
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72Challenge the future
Human models
• Elderly
• Soldiers
• Adults
• Children
Who
What
How
HumanModel
Measure‐ment
Who
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73Challenge the future
Human models
• Growth (changes over a period of time, group)
• Body dimensions (length, weight, etc.)
• Range of motion of the joints
• Shape of body(parts)
Who
How
Who
HumanModel
Measure‐ment
What
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74Challenge the future
Human models
• Laser scanning
• Questionnaire
• Instruments
• Photogrammetry
Who
What
Who
HumanModel
Measure‐ment
How
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75Challenge the future
Human models – how
Questionnaire
• Stature and weight only• ‘Lie’ to the (socially acceptable) mean value
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76Challenge the future
Instrument used in measuringInstruments: Anthropometer
‐
Callipers
‐
Tape measure
‐
Grip force dynamometer
‐
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77Challenge the future
3D scanning
3D laser scanning
Courtesy of http://ir-ltd.net/3d-bodyscans-soon-to-be-released/
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78Challenge the future
Example: Size china project www.sizechina.com
How SizeChina can help your products fit the Chinese population
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79Challenge the future
Example: Size china project www.sizechina.com
Preparation
Scanning
After processing
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80Challenge the future
Example: Size China project www.sizechina.com
Result
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81Challenge the future
Data presentation
2D2D
3D Physical3D Physical 3D digital3D digital
TableTable
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82Challenge the future
Tables
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83Challenge the future
Dined: 2D data presentation
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84Challenge the future
2D template
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85Challenge the future
2D data correlations
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86Challenge the future
3D physical
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87Challenge the future
3D digital
3D Wireframe model
(ADAPS)
3D Solid Model(Jack)
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88Challenge the future
Example: ADAPS
First model:
American pilot
Followed by:
Dutch man and woman
Dutch elderly (male and female)
Dutch children (0‐4 year old)
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89Challenge the future
Example: ADAPS
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90Challenge the future
Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)
ADAPS
Who have been measured?
How was the model made?
What has been measured? And how?
How What
Who
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91Challenge the future
Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)
Who have been measured?Who
KIMA pilot:
+/‐ 600 children in Zuid‐Holland
0 – 5.5 years old
KIMA : +/‐ 2200 children
representative sample of Dutch children
2 – 12 years old
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92Challenge the future
Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)
What has been measured? What
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93Challenge the future
Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)
How has it been measuredWhat
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94Challenge the future
Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)
How has it been measuredWhat
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95Challenge the future
Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)
How was the model made?How
How many models?•relative vs. absolute growth•changes of proportions•determined by goal (safe areas)
Which dimensions usable?•Correlation with stature (arbitrairy >0,5)•Location (in formula)
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96Challenge the future
Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)
HowHow many models?•0‐1 year old : 4 (0‐3, 3‐6, 6‐9 en 9‐12 months old)•1‐2 year old : 2 (12‐18 en 18‐24 months old)•2‐3 year old : 1 (24‐36 months old)•3‐4 year old : 1 (36‐48 months old)•4‐5 year old : 1 (48‐60 months old)
Which dimensions usable?•Reduction number of dimensions:
measured
usable
Pilot KIMA 0 – 12 months old 23 13
Pilot KIMA 12 – 24 months old 33 17
KIMA 2 – 5 years old 40 23
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97Challenge the future
Modelling
Starting point: ADAPS model BOY4
Procedure
Data
The model
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98Challenge the future
Modelling
Starting point: ADAPS model BOY4
Procedure
Data
The model
Give the stature of the model the value of the measured stature of the 4‐year‐old
Compare the dimensions of model and measured values
Adapt the model
Repeat this for P3 en P97
Reduce the differences between measured values and model dimensions to the smallest possible difference
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99Challenge the future
Modelling
Starting point: ADAPS model BOY4
Procedure
Data
The model
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100Challenge the future
Modelling
Starting point: ADAPS model BOY4
Procedure
Data
The model
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101Challenge the future
Simulation
Fromanalysis:
Description of the user
User‐product interaction
Phase of the design process
From modeling:
What is important in selecting a representative model
Modeling
Evaluation
Modelling
AnalysisSimulation
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102Challenge the future
Simulation steps
Select a model
(Adapt the selected model )
Translate user postures to model postures
Simulation
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103Challenge the future
Simulation steps
Select a model
(Adapt the selected model )
Translate user postures to model postures
Simulation
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104Challenge the future
Simulation steps
Select a model
(Adapt the selected model )
Translate user postures to model postures
Simulation
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105Challenge the future
Simulation steps
Select a model
(Adapt the selected model )
Translate user postures to model postures
Simulation
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106Challenge the future
Critical questions in simulation
Which user and product dimensions are important
What are the criteria for possible/comfortable use
What problems are to be expected
Which part of the users will have problems
Which part of the users is excluded from using the product
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107Challenge the future
Case study: Mechanical medical bed
Triple parted semi-flexible bridging transfer flaps
Extendable head support
Height-adjustable undercarriage
Four polyurethane swivel castors with large diameter
Nylon slide sheet
Adjustable supportive surfaces
Complete symmetry and idealsizes based on anthropometrics
Velcro straps for fixation
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108Challenge the future
Studying critical dimensions
Figure 71 Adjusting the top-surfaceFigure70 Adapting the carriage’s height Figure 72 Unfolding the flaps Figure 73 Slide sheet under evacuee
Figure 69 Human-product- interaction scenario of the concept
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109Challenge the future
Critical dimensions of the patientComfort/Possible use
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110Challenge the future
Critical dimensions of the care giver
• What problems are to be expected
• Which part of the users will have problems
• Which part of the users is excluded from using the product
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111Challenge the future
Test in different scenario's1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
5
4B
6
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112Challenge the future
Case study: Problem definition
The Usage scenarioThe machine
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113Challenge the future
Case study: The design
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114Challenge the future
Case study: preparation
ADAPS DHMGathering user data
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115Challenge the future
Case study: simulation
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116Challenge the future
Evaluation
Modeling
Evaluation
Modelling
AnalysisSimulation
Evaluate modeling as well as simulation process
What parts need attention?
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117Challenge the future
Evaluation: Population Validity
Did you have relevant data from your target group?
• Who are the users (gender, age, ethnic background, etc.)
• What has been measured of this population
• What measurements have been used for the development of a model
• How have missing data been estimated
Mannequin
Population
Assessment
Levels of validity (Hoekstra)
Function
Predictive
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118Challenge the future
Evaluation: Manikin Validity
Mannequin
Population
Assessment
Levels of validity (Hoekstra)
Function
Predictive
What do you know about the model?
• How is it built?• What do you know about he dimensions ?• What do you know about the ranges of
motion?
In what way does the model represent the selected human characteristics?
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119Challenge the future
Evaluation: Function Validity
What is the relation between standard anthropometric postures and model postures? • Is there information on the relation
between the standard anthropometric measuring postures and the functional postures?
• If not, how did you cope with it?
Mannequin
Population
Assessment
Levels of validity (Hoekstra)
Function
Predictive
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120Challenge the future
Evaluation: AssessmentValidity
Mannequin
Population
Assessment
Levels of validity (Hoekstra)
Function
Predictive
What were the assumptions regarding:
• Creating the digital human model• Usage of the digital human
model(translation of human postures into model postures)
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121Challenge the future
Evaluation: Predictive Validity
Mannequin
Population
Assessment
Levels of validity (Hoekstra)
Function
Predictive
To what extend can you say something about the target group with the help of a digital human model
• What problems are to be expected?• When is human-product-interaction critical?• Which part of the users will have problems?• Which part of the users is excluded from product
use?• What influence do the assumptions in the modeling
and simulation process have on the assessment?
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122Challenge the future
Thank You!
Ir. Iemkje RuiterFaculty of Industrial Design Engineering
Delft University of Technology