lecture slides (driver assistance and vehicle control)
DESCRIPTION
Linkoping University lecture about Driver assistance and vehicle control (Andreas Tapani) 2009thank's to : Andreas Tapani, Linkoping Unversity, MSTT Universitas Gadjah Mada, DEPDIKNAS Indonesia. NOT for commercial purposeTRANSCRIPT
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Driver Assistance and
Vehicle Control
TNK052 Intelligent TransportationSystems
Andreas Tapani
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Driver Assistance today and
in the 1930’s
The driver had to do everything!
ABS, ESP, automatic transmission,
rain sensors, panic brake assistant, …
The driver indicates direction and speed,
the car takes care of the rest!
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The road safety development in Sweden
Source:
SCB
Fatalities per 100 000 cars
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Driver error
86%
Technical failure
3%
Unknown
11%
Single vehicle
21%
Turning/crossing
30%
Vehicle-
pedestrian
18%
Rear-end
13%H
ead-on
10%
Other
8%
Accident statistics
�~1.2 million people killed in road traffic accidents each year
�~40 000 in the EU
�~450 in Sweden
�Nearly all accidents are
due to human error!
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Road safety improvement strategies
�Passive counterm
easures:
Reduce consequences of
errors/accidents
�Active counterm
easures:
Reduce the number of
driver errors
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In-vehicle ITS or “Advanced
Driver Assistance Systems”
(ADAS)
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Estimations of the accident reduction potential
of ITS related to vehicle safety
�80 %
reduction in total accidents (Japan)
�ISA: 25-30 %
reduction (Netherlands)
�ACC: 60 %
reduction in rear-end accidents (Netherlands)
How are this type of estimations done?
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Other potential effects on the traffic system
�Increased capacity
�Reduced travel times
�Reduced environmental impact
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Examples of available
ITS in series-produced
passenger cars
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Driver monitoring
�A simple form
: passengerdetectionfor seatbelts
�Detectingdriver impairmentor distraction
�Camera technology
�(Biosignalmeasurements)
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Night vision
�To allowdriversto gaintime to assessthe situation and choose
and appropriateresponse
�Near or Far InfraRed(NIR or FIR) technology
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Workloadmanagement
�Filteringand prioritizingthe inform
ation presentedto the driver
�Estimationof the driver workloadusingvehiclesensors
(speed brakeforce, windshieldwiperuse)
�Whenchallengingsituations are detected�
Postponeor
cancelnon-urgentwarningsor mobile phonecalls.
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Brakeforcedisplay
�Display brakeforce
throughthe brakelights
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Adaptive headlights
�Headlightsthat followthe road curvature
�Switchbetweenhigh and lowbeam
�Corneringheadlights
�Safetyeffects? (Improvedsight�
Higherspeeds �
reducedsafety?)
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Lane departure
warning
�Recognize lanes and detect an
imminent lane departure
�Cameras
�Lane markings are required
�Lane keeping assistant:
�Provide appropriate steering
input
�Responsibility and legislation
issues
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Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
�Mantainspeed and distance
to the vehicleinfront
�Engine decelerationor
Activedecelerationwith
limitedbrakeforce
�Earlysystems: lim
itedspeed
range
New systems: Full speed
rangeincludingstop and go
�Ongoingdevelopment:
Linkagebetweenthe ACC
and navigation
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Electronic stabilitycontrol
�Brakingof individualwheels
(suspension and traction
control)
�One of the mostsafety-
enhancingsystems on the
market
�Sensors: Steeringwheel
angle, gyro, yawratelateral
and longitudinal accelation
�(Countersteeringassistance)
�Roll stabilitycontrol
�Takeinto
accountthe load
distribution
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Blind spotdetectionsystems
�Detectingobjectsin the ”blind spot”sideand back
�Cameras or radar
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Pre-collision, collisionavoidanceand
obstacledetectionsystems
�Avoidcrashesand reducethe severityof imminentcrashes
�Lowervehiclespeed
�Driver warningand brakesupport
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Emergencysteeringand breakingassist
�Optimizingthe vehicledecelerationor steeingin emergency
situations
�Maxmizingpressure
in the brakecircuits
�Reducesteeringgearratio
�Shortenstoppingdistance
�More
directsteering
�Autonomousbrakingsystems are alsoavailable
�a potential to avoidaccidents
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Passengerinjurymitigationand
post-crashsystems
�Activewhiplashinjuryreduction
�Monitor the rear of the carusingradar
�Repositionheadrest before
a rear-end
crash
�Advancedairbags
�Adaptthe deploymentpower according
to �Collisionseverity
�Massof the driver
�Partialwindowopening, doorunlocking
and engineand fuelcutoff
�Automaticemergencycall–notifythe
rescueservice automatically
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Co-operative systems
Vehicle-to-vehicle and
vehicle-to-infrastructure communication
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Driver assistance systems technology
Source: PREVENT IP
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ADAS control loop
Surveillance of
the vehicle
environment
Traffic situation
interpretation
Activate intervention system
Prediction of
future situation
Critical?No
Yes
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System classification
Comfort
Safety
Inform
ativ
eLow
response
High
response
Response
time
>
Driver
reaction
time
Response
time
<
Driver
reaction
time
Intervention
Guidance
Navigation
ABS
ESP
CA
LDW
ACC
PA NAVIGATION
VISION ENH.
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Driver assistance systems and accident phases
Rescue
Occupant protection
Collision mitigation
Collision avoidance
Norm
al driving
Emergency
systems
Passive safety systems
High response systems
Inform
ation/
low response
Post Crash
Crash
Pre-crash
Intervention
Driving
Critical
situation
Point of no
return
End of
crash
Crash
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In-vehicle ITS
road map
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PassengercarITS -focusareas in the
developmentprocess
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Issues in the development process
�Technological requirement
�Driver acceptance and behaviouralresponse
�Driver, car manufacturer and system developer liability
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Technological requirements
�Specifications
�Reliability
�Cost
…
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Driver acceptance and behaviouralresponse
�Do drivers want the system?
�Will the driver use the system as intended?
�Behaviouraladaptation
�Is driver attention diverted from traffic due to the system?
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Liability issues
�Who is responsible for an accident?
�Inform
ation systems
�Overridableintervention systems
�Non-overridableintervention systems
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Evaluationof the effectsof in-vehicleITS
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Methods for testing the impact of in-vehicle ITS
�Driving simulator studies
�Field trials
�Traffic modelling
�Economic analysis
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What have we talked about today?
�Changes in the nature of driving
�Accident statistics
�An overview of in-vehicle ITS
�A peek to the future
�Issues that needs to be considered in the system
development process