lecture of ch. 6, 7, 8

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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Ch. 6. Cuttings transport (hole cleaning) Introduction

1. Vertical wells high c

2. Medium inclined wells avalanches

3. Highl inclined wells !ed " dunes

1. Practical transport mechanisms, including string rotation

2. Theoretical transport mechanisms, without string rotation

3. Practical problems

4. Practical solutions

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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6. Cuttings transport6.1. Vertical wells

#ettling o$ cuttings

qcuttings

= /4 * dbit

2* ROP (m3/s)

ccuttings,0

= qcuttings

/ (qpump

+ qcuttings

) qcuttings/ qpumps

Settling, vslip, will lead to increased concentration

vtransport= vann- vslip

vslip == 0

vann= 0.15 m/s

c = 0.02

vslip= 0.0 m!s

vann= 0.15 m/s

c = "

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

3/62

0= am

( )shp!sph!mudp "#g =

#g = #shear

( ) sph!mudp "gmm = 3363

4psph! d!#

==

224 psph! d!" ==

=dvx

dr

/ 2 / 2

2 / 2 2

p!iph!$ p!iph!$

slip cnt!%& sph!

v l tv !

v v ! t !

= = = =

02

slip' '

slip

p

vv dv

v! d! ! d

= = =

( )2

3

24

6

= p

p

slip

pmudp

d

d

vdg

( )

6

2

mudpp

slip

gdv

=


#ettling o$ cuttings

slip' vv2=>

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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c or


#ettling o$ cuttings % &$$ect o$ particle concentration

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

5/62

ccuttings= ccuttings,0! $transport

vtransport= vann- vslip

Rtransport= vtransport/ vann= 1 - vslip/ vann

%hec& vslip '

vslip, 0.00 = .00 2(2 00 .1100)*.+1!(0.1 ..) = 0.1+ m!s

- eect o c and vslip= 0.10 m!s

/ample o determining necessar '

c0.04 and $P = 10 m!hour (30 t !h)

vann= "

ecessar pump low rate = v5 = !4 .(12. 26 2) .0.024 2

=

6. Cuttings transport 6.1. Vertical wells


7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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0

=am

#7rag = #g

= Vp(p- mud)g

CDrag

Ap0.5

mudv

slip2

= vslipdpmud/eff



CDrag

=

4 .10-7(2400 1400) .10

/ (2.5 . 10-4.0.5 .1400 .0.12) = 1.6

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

7/62

= spherisit= area o sphere o same volume ! area o cuttings

= 5sphere! 5cuttings

d1

d3

d2

dsphere

1.1

1.0

0.+2

0.+0

0.0

0.48

0.42

0.0*

0.04

d1= 4

d2= 10

d3= 10



7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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6. Cuttings transport

6.2. Medium inclined wells % 3' 6' 'inclination

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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"M


6.3. Highl inclined wells

1. *eal transport mechanism

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"M

6. Cuttings transport 6.3. Highl inclined wells


7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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' '.+ 1v (m,s)

1.'

'.+

'.'

-ransport e$$icienc

18. large holes 1+0 rpm ideal 000 lpm

12.2 med holes 120 rpm min 3 000 lpm

+. small holes 120 rpm ideal 2 000 lpm



6 C tti t t

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

12/62

ma.i$

holecl

eaning

isprior

it

ma.i$&C/

ispriorit

"M



6 C tti t t

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

13/62

2

2

8

'

p

(!ag(!agv

d)*

=

2

2

8'

p

+i&t+i&t vd

)*

=

( )( )

sincossin2/2

2

2

+= $pc%hsivd

*

( )&luidsp

g

dg*

=6

3 = angle o repose= inclinaiton (devation rom vertical)

a. General

b. Drag


2. Model0 Mechanistic approach

6 Cuttings transport

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

14/62

2

2

8'

p

i&ti&t vd

)*

=

( )( )

sincossin2/2

2

2

+= $pc%hsivd

*

2

Re282.5

=d!

dv

v

d) '

p'

p

i&t

, sin 0

nt li&t + c%hsiv* * * , = >

[ ], sin ( ) cos sin( ) 02

p

nt !%lling ( + c%hsiv

d* * * * , = + + >

c. Lift

d. Cohesive

e. Conclusion


2. Model0 Mechanistic approach


7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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2. Model0 &mpirical approach


7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

16/62

Volume

#weep

Volume

"M


3. ractical pro!lems. #weeps


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"M


3. ractical pro!lems. #teera!el motors


7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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Comparison of pick-

up weig! an" s#ack-

off weig! ("rag

resis!ance)

$erformfre%ue

n!

wiper!rips

9 MI9 *M

HKL

MD


. ractical solutions


7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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-he $aster we drill the higher the 4ualit0: 7rill ast: ;igh cuttings transport eicienc

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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Ch. 7. &C/

Introduction

& accl!ati%nannula! &!icti%n cuttings su!g s-ab !%tati%n

mud

p p p p p

.)( g/

+ + + + = +

/%7

7e

p

th

7. &C/1 Mud /ensit

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

21/62

actors

1. /ensit control

=

#

m

2

'2

'

=

add

add

#

#

l0g/2.4=

#m

@arite'

Salt'

1.3*

1.1*

5 tan& o 0 m3contains mud o ?A 1. &g!l, should be reduced

to 1.40 with mud rom a tan& o sea water, 1.02 &g!l.

2.'535.0

'0.060

40.'025.'

50.'40.'60 =

=

=add#

1. Mud /ensit2. nnualr $riction3. Cuttings. *otation o$ drill string+.#urge " #wa!6.-%variation

7. &C/

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

22/62

1. /ensit control

8arite " salt

7. &C/

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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w

8.5 - 2.6 *'0-3 + 2.5 *'0-5p

o .0 - 3.0 *'0-3 + 4.4 *'0-5p

mud (in #B)

7uring normal operations the two eects, p and T, will neutraliCe each other since both increase with depth.

Ahen ma one eect dominate, causing an adDustment"

1. /ensit control

7. &C/

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

24/62

2. nnular $riction

%uttings increases annular densit b 0.03 &g!l.

Eiscosit and low rate is the same. 7oes SPP react"

&!icti%n

%ut

pump

in

hg

v

g

ph

g

v

g

p +

++=+

++

22

22

7. &C/

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

25/62

%cu!!ings

hmROPdbit

/00026.0)60*60/('2*32.044 22

==

ccu!!ings,o

%cu!!ings

/ (%pump

%cu!!ings

) %cu!!ings / %pump

R! !ranspor! / ann (ann6s#ip)/ ann '6s#ip/ ann 0.5

cuttings= 19 ccuttings,average ' 5 * 0.' 0.5

s#ip

"p

2*g (p-

mu") / 6

eff* f

cu!!ings 0.5 m/s

ccu!!ings,aerage

ccu!!ings from !e orion!a# sec!ion

/ R! 0.'2 0.05 0.025

mu",aerage 1mu" ('- ccu!!ings, aerage ) 1cu!!ingsFccu!!ings,aerage

'200 ('-0.'2) 2500 * 0.04 ' 356 kg/#

'.'2

'.''.'2

'.'

s#ip

0 s#ip

0.5

.ann

)'m/s

0.000

0.020

0.012

0.00022 m3!s

3. &$$ect o$ cuttings. &ampli$ied

7. &C/

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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3

2

'0 &&

v!

! ! ! !

=

r= 9(dv!dr - dvr!dr)

. *otation o$ drill pipe. &empli$ied

#

4

#ieldobse

rvation

Theoret

ical

7. &C/

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

27/62

a!a&l%-

displacdv%lum%&!atpip pip

annulus

v "

"

surge

248

h$d!d

v

d'

dp =

ue !o c#inging, surgean" & is no! s!raig! forwar"

'. na#!ic approac for #aminar f#ow regime, inc#u"ing c#inging

2. !an"ar" "rau#ic fric!ion mo"e#s

3. "ance" approac, inc#u"ing e#as!ici! of f#ui" an" s!ee# pipe

arc - eiss7ack

rooks ('80, $9 '0 863)

+. #urge and swa!

7. &C/

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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#tep 1. 9nderstand the underling phsical sstem. #tart with the simplestsstem ! reducing the compleit: appl simpli$ing assumptions

#tep 2. #;etch the sstem and draw an envelope with ingoing and eiting $orces#tep 3. #olution

#tep . Improve the model

Gnitial understanding o surge!swab pressure'

:5ssume stead9state low

:Heometr deined b #igure

#tep 10

#impli$ications0:%oncentric inner pipe:Smooth clinders deine annular wall and pipe wall

:%losed end pipe ! loat valve. pinside 7P= pann:5ssume clinging actor =0. (the clinging volume ehibits 10 9 40 I o the downward lowing volume,

depending on the relative slot siCe):Stead9state process. o luid acceleration:nl ewtonian and Power law luids:Gnelastic luid and drill string

+. #urge and swa!

7. &C/

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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#tep 1. -he phsics % simpli$icaitons (continued)

Commen!s on elastic materials

o! pipe e#as!ici! an" f#ui" iscous force are par!icipa!ingin "e!ermining pipe "isp#acemen! "uring !ripping, as we## as

forma!ion an" cemen! e#as!ici!. +e a## inf#uence !e

pressure surge.

+e figure comparers a surge si!ua!ion were iner!ia

effec!s are presen!. nega!ie 7o!!om pressure surge is

of!en o7sere" a! !e surface wen !e "ownwar"

moemen! of !e "ri## s!ring is 7roug! !o res!, a wa!erammer affec!

+. #urge and swa!

7. &C/

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

30/62

#orces involved'

dp Acrosssection = Ashear

#tep 2. #;etch and draw and envelope o$incoming and eiting $orces $orces)

#orces in and out across the

envelope'

dp r2 = 2rdl

dp r = 2dl

Gntegrating aiall

p/(2L r =

+. #urge and swa!

7. &C/

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

31/62

#tep 3. #olution

+. #urge and swa!

#or laminar low it is oten possible to ma&e a purel anltical solution. #or more cople precesses it ma become necessar with': #inite elements: ther numerical methods: /mpirical solutions

@ac& to our simpler process. @eore integrating over the envelope the variables need to be dierentiated'

to d, r to drGntegrate now rom r = $0, where t = 0

to r = r (an r)

p ! (2

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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+. #urge and swa! #tep 3. #olution

7. &C/

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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+. #urge and swa! #tep 3. #olution (continued)

7. &C/

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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&4uivalent Clinging Constant0

%ontribution o pipe velocit towards pressure drop. The clinging constant ma beepressed as'

Jc= cling! tot

To ind clingit now remains to integrate rom r = $7Sto r = rcling

r = $clingwhen v = 0

The be determined

+. #urge and swa!

#tep 3. #olution(continued)

S. S.

7. &C/

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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Acceleration of drill string

Gelling of mud in drill string and annulus

Hoisting of drill string with gelled mud inside

Starting mud pump with gelled mud in drill string and annulus

,

,

pip &&

accll!ai%n pip

ann &&

"p ma a

" = =

4 -gl

pip

p

O

=

pip

-

1(

+hg

=

4

:se ge# s!reng! measure" af!er '0 min or e%uia#en!.Can 7e 7roken 7 ro!a!ing /reciproca!ing !e "ri## s!ring

reaks on# oer a cer!ain #imi!e" "is!ance "ue !o

compressi7i#i! of wa!er / "eforma!ion.

#tep . (more realistic assumptions)

+. #urge and swa!

7. &C/

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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#urrounding

temperaturein ocean and$ormation

Conduction

Convection

-emperature variation

/ata and model

7. &C/

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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( )'2/#n2

RR

2/0q

=

( )%%- 22"hq = 364.4==0

hd3u

!

2

!

02cu

/2c

tpp

=

( )

!

titi

!

!!

titi5!!

t

titi!!

p

p

+

+

=+

),,(),',(2

),,(),,'(2

),,()',,(2

1. &stimate umerical solution

iteration counter = &

E = 2rrC

-emperature variation

Model

Ch. . !ellbore stabilit" 1. Introduction2 Mechanical sta!ilit t t

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

38/62

Ceneer! ('6, ;C$+), an

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

39/62

2. Mechanical sta!ilitA pure

Stress related instabilit'

%reep' Aellbores that stas open or a long time

(wee&s), tend to close in

Tensile ailure at high ?A' #ractures are generated, and detected at the

surace as lost circulation.%ompression ailure at low ?A' %avings, brea&outs,

eventuall leading to total wellbore collapse

icture

Beometr0

Cause0

Counter%

measure0

98/ 8/ re%eisting wea;nesses

Increase M? ptimiDe traEector Improve $luid loss

Monitor &C/ /ecrease M? *educe hdraulic , mechanical attac; Monitor &C/

= #!5

= l!l

$re-e>is!ing weakness in !e forma!ion, enancing !esi#e / copmpressiona# fai#ures

?au#!s crossing !e we##7ore / na!ura## s!resse"

@n!er-7e""e" forma!ions (7e!ween #i!o#og canges, 7e""ing ang#e c#ose !o we##7ore ang#e) Aa!ura## weak forma!ions (coa# 7e"s, cong#omera!es, #oose san"s, e!c)

Surveillence

at the surface

@. ?ell!ore sta!ilit 2. Mechanical sta!ilitA com!ined with chemical

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

40/62

+ere are !ree mecancica# s!resses

'.@n-si!u er!ica# (oer7ur"en) an" resu#!ing orion!a# s!resses

2.$ore pressure3.?orces ac!ing a! in!ergranu#ar con!ac! or a! cemen!a!ion poin!sB coesie force

sing#e se! of c#a p#a!e#e!s connec!e" !o a pore

=ecanica# forces inc#u"e ',3,ppore cemen!a!ion

@. ?ell!ore sta!ilita. -ransport mechanism

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

41/62

+ere are !ree cemica# forces in genera#

:an "er aa# forces

:9#ec!ros!a!ic repu#sie forces (orne):?orces (repu#sie / a!!ac!ie) resu#!ing from "ra!ion / so#a!ion of c#a surfaces from

ions presen! in in!er#aer spacing (a"sor7e" or free)

a!!er !wo forces are usua## #umpe" !oge!er !o form !e "ra!ion or swe##ing pressure

a. %ransport mechanisms

+e four mos! usefu# e%ua!ionsD

'.?#ow of wa!er "rien 7 "rau#ic pressureD "E/"! k/f."p/"r

2.$ressure "iffusion aea" of !e wa!er fron!D "p/"! k/(f.Feff) G "

2p/"r2 '/r ."p/"rH. Feff F '/#* (fm grain(F))

3. iffusion (?ickIs #aw)D "c/"! G "2c/"r2 '/r ."c/"r. iffusion of ions moes in !e opposi!e "irec!ion of wa!er f#ow

Type of ow dp/dl D(chem.pot)/dl

Water Convection (direct

transmission)

Osmosis

Solution /

ions

Advection (indirect

transmission)

Difusion (Fick)

@n a""i!ion comes !e Capi##ar pressureD

4.

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

42/62

:ri##ing a! ig "rau#ic oer7a#ance:ri##ing f#ui" ion c J pore f#ui" ion c

iffusion of ions wi## !ake p#ace. ssume no coup#e" f#ow

:Kow wi## !e 3 processes (wa!er con!en!, prore p an" swe##ing p) #ook #ike af!er some !imeL

$ressure pene!ra!ion an" ion "iffusion in sa#e, o7!aine" 7 app#ing e>pan"e" so#u!ion of !e !ree !ranspor! e%ua!ions an" ma!eria# cons!an!s

for !pica# sa#e (ksa#e '0-2' m2). Moering e%ua!ions pre"ic!s !e "ee#opmen! of !ree fron!s aroun" a we##7ore in a sa#e s. !ime

a. -ransport mechanism

mm

cm

dm

= mudvap%!

s-llp

p

#

R2p

,#n

@. ?ell!ore sta!ilit 3. Chemical activit

! # lli $ h l

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

43/62

efD @ni7i!ion

re"uc!ion of

swe##ing pressure

NC# minimies swe##ing "ue !o sma## "egree of "ra!ion of

N. u! i! is more comp#e>D ! ig c, swe##ing increases again

N

rep#aces #ess ini7i!ie ions. #so anions in!ro"uce" in !e in!erp#a!a#spacing. oes no! occur in !e fie#" (Nneer occur a! suc ig c a#one)

+is effec! !akes p#ace s#ow# ("iffusion is s#ow). pswe##can neer reac ero.

Koweer, swe##ing (e>pansion) can 7e ero "ue !o cemen!a!ion 7on"s

u! a#so c#a !pe "epen"en!D N"oes no! ini7i! @##i!es, an" ma increase

swe##ing of Nao#ini!es

we##ing is comp#e> an" osmo!ic swe##ing is a !oo

simp#is!ic mo"e#

we##ing pressure in Aa-=on!mori##oni!e as a

func!ion of in!erp#a!e#e! "is!ance. !a7#e s!a!es are

in"ica!e" 7 arrows. ensi! "is!ri7u!ion of wa!er-

o>gens are a func!ion of !e "is!ance. ?rom !e

see! surface. Resu#!s are snown for !e s!ag7#e

s!a!es of 4 "ifferen! spacings

we##ing !es!s of sa#e con!aining 65 O mon!mori##oni!e. +e swe##ing

in"e> "oes no! go !o ero, i.e. !ere is a#was resi"ua# swe##ing

p%!-at!vap%!p# , !. #welling o$ shale

@. ?ell!ore sta!ilit

Implications o$ chemical activit and countermeasures

1. ?ell!ore sta!ilit2. Cuttings sta!ilit

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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@ni7i!ors canno! preen! pore pressure increase in"uce" sa#e pro7#ems 7ecause ini7i!or "iffusion fron! #ags 7ein".

ome!ing more !an ini7i!ion is nee"e". +e answer isD $reen! wa!er f#ow !o supress pressure pene!ra!ion. +is is ow

!o aciee i!D

'. pp# ra"ia# suppor! !roug proper = (prere%uisi!e)

2. =ain!ain suppor! 7 re"ucing fi#!ar!e inasion (see #a!er)

3. :se ini7i!ie mu" (see #a!er)

: Swelling pressure

: H"draulic pressure

we##ing pressure canno! 7e re"uce" "own !o ero. n effec!ie !esi#e force is remaining. en ne! !ensi#e forces oercome sa#eIs

!ensise s!reng! (#ow in sa#e), ie#"ing a! wakes! si!es wi## !rigger su7se%uen! fu##-sca#e fai#ure. $ressure f#uc!ua!ions (from &) wi##

cange "rau#ic suppor!, an" ma "e#ier !e Pfina# 7#owQ !o a#!rea" weakene" sa#e.

+is !ime-#ag in !ranspor! is regar"e" as !e main reson 7ein" ini7i!ors sor!comings as sa#e-s!a7i#iers. en arriing , ini7i!ors

arrie !oge!er wi! wa!er !e ma #ea" !o er sma## !o #ow p swe##(as oppose" !o #arge pswe##if no ini7i!or was presen!).

a!er we wi## ceck !ree "ifferen! mu" !pes !o see ow !is can 7e aciece" prac!ica##

. Implications o$ chemical activit and countermeasures 2. Cuttings sta!ilit3. 8it !alling. #urveillence o$ sta!ilt

1. ?ell!ore sta!ilit

@. ?ell!ore sta!ilit . Implications o$ chemical activit and countermeasures

7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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Cu!!ings e>pose" !o !e same mecnisms as !e we##7ore, e>cep! !a!

:Meome!r an" s!ress con"i!ion are "ifferen!:+iming is "ifferen!. 9>posure is !pica## on# ' our

@n-si!u s!resses are su""en# re#iee" an" rep#ace" p"rwen cu!!ings are genera!e"

r p"r ppore- pswe##

an" wi## 7e in !ension if p"r ppore pswe## an" "isin!egra!e if pcoesionis oercome

+e fo##owing wi## !ake p#aceD

'.p"rwi## #ea" !o s#ow inasion an" e%ua#ie ppore, 7u! norma## no! in on# '

2. 7igger pro7#em is p"rrecuc!ion as cu!!ings are !ranspor!e" up !e we##7ore, com7ine" wi! s#ow

pswe##increase, pro7a7# !e mos! "e!rimen!a# effec!

Countermeasures&

'.9ncapsu#a!ion

2.u! off wa!er 7 enancing iscosi! of fi#!ra!e

3.:se ini7i!ie mu" (see #a!er)

2. Cuttings sta!ilit


7/24/2019 Lecture of Ch. 6, 7, 8

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!ress re#ease on cu!!ings ma !rigger "ra!ion. pswe##ac!s #ike an Pun#oa"ing springQ in nee" of wa!er.

Cu!!ings are in con!ac! wi! !e 7i! s!ee#.

'.rawing wa!er inwar" ma acuum !emsees on!o !e 7i! an" !o eac o!er.

2.isin!egra!e" par!ic#es / swe##e" par!ic#es ae an enourmous surface area. +e sma## "is!ance !o !e s!ee# surface /

o!er ca# par!ic#es awokes an "er aa# forces, o#"ing !e par!ic#es on!o !e 7i! surface (c#ogging / s!icking). +e

c#ogging is c#ose# re#a!e" !o p#as!ici!.

CountermeasureD

'.Neep !e cu!!ings ou!si"e !e p#as!ic / swe##ing one

2.@ncrease "ispersii! in !e f#ui" (pK J 8)

3.=ake !e sufaces oi#-we! (see #a!er)

3. 8it !alling

S"mptoms(a#was #ook for "eia!ion from norma#)


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S"mptoms of Mobile fm

:e##7ore erosion wen "ri##ing !roug !e sa#! forma!ion an" / or !oug sa#e a7oe or 7e#ow !e

sa#! forma!ionS 9>cessie !or%ue an" pack

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"p + g w -

%"pe 0& 1on2invading !)M , /)M +balanced Aw-

%"pe #& KCl , 3H3A

Re"uces pswe## in smec!i!ic c#a - oung reac!ie gum7o !pe sa#e.

NC# e>i7i! !e iges! inii!ie effec! of a## sa#!s.

Ca!ions e>cange p#ace wi! Aaions. u! ae some sor!comingsD

'.Ao fi#!ra!e preen!ion

2.

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Canges are sown re#a!ie !o !e

proper!ies in !e na!ie sa#e an" !o non-

in7i7i!ie =. +e figure sows !a!

pore pressure wi## 7e enance" in a##

!ree inasion ones, 7u! !e wa!er

con!en! an" swe##ing pressure is re"uce"

Koweer, 7o! ingre"ienses (NC#

$K$) fa## sor! wen o#"er, #ess

reac!ie sa#es are "ri##e".

%"pe #& KCl , 3H3A +continued-

$o#mers, #ike $K$, wi! func!iona#

groups of posi!ie po#ari! a7sor7s on!o

c#a surfaces a! mu#!ip#e si!es!e

are more "ifficu#! !o e>cange/remoe.

Moo" ini7i!ors wen #ow-mo#ecu#ar (

'0 000)B pene!ra!e pores of !e sa#es.

Kig mo#ecu#ar po#mers, #ike $K$,

#a!ces on !o !e ou!er surface of sa#e

in a we7-#ike pa!!ern an" com7a!

"isi!egra!ion of sa#e. $ore 7#ocking is

minima#. @"ea# a""i!ie for cu!!ings

s!a7i#ia!ion.

CaC#2, Car2are ig# so#u7#eig "ensi!. +eir a"- an" "isan!ages areD

@. ?ell!ore sta!ilit @.+. Inhi!itive muds

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Resu#!ing mu" !pe 7eaior is sown ere. e see !a! !e wa!er

con!en! an" !e pore pressure are e>pec!e" !o 7e re"uce". u!

swe##ing pressure is e#ewa!e" in !e fi!ra!e- an" !e @ -one "ue !o

unfaora7#e e>cange of ca!ions (Aa).

$o#-g#cero# an" g#co#s are

saccari"es of #ow mo#ecu#ar sie (

'0 000). +e iscosif !e fi#!ra!e /

7ui#" an in!erna# fi#!er an" re!ar"

fi#!ra!e inasion.

%"pe & /smotic !)M4 CaCl5 meth"l2glucose

2 2

:Kig osmo!ic pressure (7u! "ue !o #ow mem7rane efficienc (' '0 O) !e osmo!ic pressure is

#mi!e" !o '/'0 '/'00), can 7e app#ie" !o par!ia## offse! !e "rau#ic oer7a#ance:Kig fi#!ra!e iscosi!-eak mem7raneion "iffusion in!o sa#e, agains! !e 7ack-f#owing

wa!erAae>cange Npswe##wi## again increase


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w

cla$-p

,

das

1.''.'

'. Co##ec! c#a from upper ;ura. r an" crus

2. =easure s. w3. =ake a p#o!

4. C#o##ec! presere" c#a. =easureorigina# 2.'35. ?in" origina# wfrom p#o!

%"pe & /smotic !)M +continued-

=

p%!-at!vap%!

mudvap%!

s-llp

p

#

R2p

,

,#nKere is a me!o" of ow !o "e!ermine w, pore. e wi## use i! !o "e!ermine pswe##.

2.'3


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52/62

8hal -ith%ut -tting agnt 8hal -ith -tting agnt

'. ase oi#D !e con!inuous pase

2. 9mu#sifierD emu#sif wa!er in oi#

3. e!!ing agen!D makes !e we##7ore oi# we!

4. a!erD forms iscosifing "rop#e!s

%"pe 0& 1on invading !)M , /)M

!ater activit"&

wis more impor!an! !an

se#ec!ing 7e!ween !ure 7e!ween !wo unmi>a7#e #i%ui"s (oi# an" wa!er)

!ettabilit"& o#i"s can 7e wa!er or oi# we!

( 0 40 w I)20

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%"pe 0& 1on invading !)M , /)M +continued-

)alanced water activit"&

wi## #ea" !o no cange in !e sa#e

Lower water activit"&wi## #ea" !o osmo!ic f#ow of wa!er from !e sa#e pores !o !e mu"

(in"us!r s!an"ar" of "ri##ing !rou7#e free sa#e (2000)

!ep 'D Reiew re#ean! offse! we##s!ep 2D na#e forma!ion proper!ies

!ep 3D e##7ore s!a7i#i! mo"e#

@. ?ell!ore sta!ilit

6. /rilling limit

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!ep 3D e##7ore s!a7i#i! mo"e#

!ep 4D Ko#e c#eaning, wa7, 9C

!ep 5D ummar

200'D :se 7es!-in-c#ass !ecno#og !o e#imina!e / minimie A$+ make a perfec! o#e

Step #& *ind /ffset wells +e7amplified b" trouble well -

T?7 (t) Gncl. (0)

1+,830 3 7rill to 1+830M' una!le to slideGpoor M?/ signal. @uilding angle N 0.4O ! 100M 8allooning 1@73' Q

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Step & *ormation properties , data collection

@"en!ifica!ion of opera!iona#

pro7#ems s. fm

ources an" !ransfer of e>perience "uringcase 7ui#"ingD Rea#-!ime "a!a (#ef!) an"

ocumen!s (#ower rig!). n e>per! is

nee"e" !o crea!e" e>perience cases for #a!er

re-use "uring p#anning of simi#ar we##s

@. ?ell!ore sta!ilit 6. /rilling limit

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Step & *ormation properties ,data collection

$o!en!ia# errors wic

can #ea" !o fai#ures

$o!en!ia# fai#ures

?ai#ure "efini!ionD n een! causing A$+


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Step 0& !ellborestabilit"

owno#e pressure

response as surface

rea"ings "uring

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Step 8. 6CD

Aee" !ree mo"e#sD

:9C:wa7 & urge:Cu!!ings !ranspor!

Kere is a one-page o#e-c#eaning

summar for an 9R-we## (ear 2000)

?#ui" #oss in

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Step 9. Summar"

:se #a!es! aai#a7#e !ecni%ues a!

a## !ime. Neep ourse#f up"a!e"D

:ccura!e simu#a!ors / mo"e#s,

inc#u"ing mos! rea#is!ic

assup!ions:@n!egra!e a## mo"e#s an"

assump!ions if possi7#e

"as per '000 f!) agains! a !ecnica# #imi! of '.' "as wi!ou! an o#e pro7#ems. +e we##

was "ri##e" a#mos! !wice as fas! as !e ' goa# (3. "as per '000 f!).

+e mos! impor!an! person "uring p#anning

is !e e## engineers. u! impor!an!

suppor!ers "uring p#anning are

Meo#ogis!s,

$e!ropsicis!s,

Rock mecanicc

=u" engineers

Some final integrated issues&

i## 9C cross !e pressure win"owL Cange we##pa! or s!reng!en fm, cange reo#og, cange mu" !pe (=)

eepage #osses !o me"ium #osses e>pec!e"L = as a 7e!!er frac!ure ea#ing a7i#i! "ue !o swe##ing of c#a

Kig +&L "" #u7rici!

eep we##L ue !o compressi7i#i! "owno#e = V surfaceW

ong open o#e !imeL Kiger = is necessar !o main!ain s!a7i#i! ("ue !o s#ow# c#im7ing ppore)

Aear 7 we##L @ncrease frac!ure propaga!ion resis!anceC= nee"e"L aoi" increase" reo#ogWW


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Step 9. Summar"

#ummar

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#ummar

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A@

lecture of ch. 6, 7, 8

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