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Kolumban Hutter Yongqi Wang Hans Beer (Eds.)

Advances in Cold-Region Thermal Engineering and Sciences

Technological, Environmental, and Climatological Impact

Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium Held in Darmstadt, Germany, 22-25 August i999

Springer

Editors

Kolumban Hutter Yongqi Wang Institut ffir Mechanik TU Darmstadt Hochschulstrasse 1 D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany

Hans Beer Institut ffir Technische Thermodynamik TU Darmstadt Petersenstrasse 30 D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany

Cover picture: Hoar frost formed in cold humid atmosphere (Photo: O. Buser, Davos)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme

Advances in cold region t h e r m a l eng inee r ing and sciences : technological, environmental, and climatological impact ; proceedings of tile 6th international symposium held in Darmstadt, Germany, 22 - 25 August 1999 / Kulumban Hutter ... (ed.). - Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; Barcelona ; Hong Kong ; London ; Milan ; Paris ; Singapore ; Tokyo : Springer, 1999

(Leclure notes in physics ; Vol. 533) 1SBN 3-540-66333-9

ISSN 0075-8450 ISBN 3-540-66333-9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustra- tions, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999 Printed in Germany

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Typesetting: Camera-ready by the authors/editors Cover design: design & production, Heidelberg

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Foreword

This book on A d v a n c e s in C o l d - R e g i o n Thermal Engineering and Sc iences consists of peer-reviewed articles and reviews presented as lectures at the Sixth International Symposium on Thermal Engineering and Sciences for Cold Regions, held at the campus of the Darmstadt University of Techno- logy, Darmstadt, Germany, August 22 - 25, 1999, and is the sixth in a series of speciality meetings on the title topic: 1st, Edmonton, Canada, 1987; 2nd, Sapporo, Japan, 1989; 3rd, Fairbanks, USA, 1991; 4th, Hanover, USA, 1993; 5th, Ottawa, Canada, 1996. These symposia are not under the auspices of any particular society or organisation but, rather, are a gathering of independent investigators with a broad interest in thermal aspects in cold regions.

The exploration and development of natural resources in the Arctic re- gions face many unique engineering and environmental problems, including those related to the climate and global change. Arctic or cold environments provide many unique freezing or melting phenomena, both in technological applications and in the natural context, involving water, air, soil, entire ice sheets (such as Antarctica), biological systems and much more. Processes of heat and mass transfer involving phase transitions or phase change interfaces are of basic importance to cold regions engineering design, construction and operation, but also to geotechnicians, geologists, climatologists, cryologists (ice and snow scientists), etc. The approaches are multidisciplinary from descriptive to deductive, often involving simultaneous knowlege of natural scientists, engineers, physicists and mathematicians together.

The purpose of the symposium was to provide a forum for the review and dissemination of recent scientific and technical information related to all aspects of thermal engineering and sciences in cold regions. The topics that are particularly treated, may be headed as follows:

• Ice formation and decay • Heat conduction with phase change • Convection with freezing and melting • Phase change in porous media • Thermal properties at low temperature • Frost heave and permafrost • Climate impact in cold regions • Icing on structures • Ice as a structural material

VI Foreword

• Thermal design of structures • Solar energy and heat recovery • Bio-engineering in cold climates • Application of thermosyphons and heat pipes • Latent heat storage, etc.

The symposium served both as a forum for the exchange of information and experience in cold region thermal science and engineering research, and as a means of encouraging cooperation and stimulation for future research.

We decided to perform thorough reviews of the contributing papers and to present the papers together as a formal book, because the content is of general interest to graduate students and researchers and engineers in universities and research institutions involved in cold regions science and technology. The book contains 50 articles, most, but not all, of the lectures tha t were presented at the symposium. The articles are grouped together according to six different topics:

• P a r t I: Phase Change Phenomena • P a r t II: Ice Physics • P a r t I I I : Large Ice Masses: Ice Sheets, Sea Ice • P a r t I V : Snow Thermo-Mechanics, Avalanches • P a r t V: Glaciers, Permafl'ost, Porous Media • P a r t VI: Heat Storage, Heat Recovery.

Some could be grouped under different headings; all in all, they embrace equally the thermal engineering and the thermal sciences of cold regions.

We sincerely hope that this volume adequately adds to our current under- standing of the thermal engineering and sciences in cold regions, and that it will also stimualte further research. If it helps us, moreover, in our concerted efforts to conserve or, if necessary, to restore the quality of our environment, both locally and globally, an important aspect of our objectives will have been met.

Darmstadt , June 1999 Kolumban Hut ter Yongqi Wang Hans Beer

Acknowledgements

All articles in this book, including those summarizing a special topic, were peer reviewed by one to three referees and the texts printed in this book have profited from the work of these anonymous referees. We express to all of them our sincere thanks for the efforts they devoted to this work.

All the graphs contained in this book are mostly produced by the authors and if taken from other works, the copyrights to reproduce them in this book have been obtained by the authors themselves.

The Sixth International Symposium of Thermal Engineering and Sciences for Cold Regions was sponsored by the following institutions and/or organi- sations

• American Society of MechanicM Engineers (ASME) • Canadian Society of Mechanical Engineers (CSME) • Institute of Mechanics, Darmstadt University of Technology • Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Darmstadt University of

Technology • International Glaciological Society (IGS) • Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers (KSME) • Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI-GVC)

and received financial support from

• Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn, Germany • US-Army Research and Standardization Group-UK,

contract no. N68171-99-M-5360

The Md and support obtained from these institutions and organizations is gratefully acknowledged.

Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizing institutions, editors and sponsors

• Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn, Germany • US-Army Research and Standardization Group-UK, contract no. N68171-

99-M-5360

The Editors

Content s

Some Obse rva t ions on the His to r ica l D e v e l o p m e n t o f C o n d u c t i o n H e a t Transfe r Kwo Chang Cheng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

P a r t I. P h a s e Change P h e n o m e n a

N u m e r i c a l and E x p e r i m e n t a l Inves t iga t ion on Fros t ing o f E n e r g y - R e c o v e r y Vent i l a to r Stephane Bilodeau, Yves Mercadier, Patrick Brousseau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Me l t i ng of Unf ixed Ma te r i a l Ins ide an El l ip t ica l Capsu le Sergei Fomin, Alexander Wilchinsky, Takeo Saitoh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

E x p e r i m e n t a l S t u d y on the Cr i t ica l H e a t F lux of Ice A c c r e t i o n Along a F ine W i r e I m m e r s e d in a Cold Air Flow wi th W a t e r Sp ray Koji Fumoto, Hideaki Yamagishi, Shoichrou Fukusako . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

T h e Cha rac t e r i s t i c s of Frost G r o w t h on Para l le l P l a t e s

Heung Do Han, Sung Tack Ro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Effect of U l t r a son ic Waves on Freez ing of S u p e r c o o l e d W a t e r

Tsutomu Hozumi, Akio Saito, Seiji Okawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

N u m e r i c a l Mode l ing of D e n d r i t i c Ice Crys t a l s Masaaki Ishikawa, Patrick H. Oosthuizen, Tetsuo Hirata . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

M e a s u r e m e n t of T e m p e r a t u r e and Veloci ty Fields of Freez ing W a t e r Using Liquid Crys ta l Trace rs Tomasz A. Kowalewski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

H e a t T rans fe r E n h a n c e m e n t of a D i r ec t C o n t a c t Me l t i ng P roces s by Osci l la t ing M o t i o n Mineo Oka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

X Co~e~s

P e r m e a b i l i t y of an Aqueous So lu t ion in a S t a t e of Pa r t i a l Solidif icat ion Masashi Okada, Chaedong Kang, Haruhiko Okiyama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

La t e r a l Freez ing of a Po rous M e d i u m S a t u r a t e d wi th an Aqueous Salt So lu t ion Muyngho Song, Raymond Viskanta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

S p o n t a n e o u s Mel t ing of Ice in a CaCl2 So lu t ion Masahiro Sugawara, Makoto Tago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

An Ana ly t i c So lu t ion P re sc r ib ing t he T i m e - D e p e n d e n t Fo rm- a t ion of a Solid C rus t Ins ide a Convec t ive ly Coo led P l a n e C h a n n e l Bernhard Weigand, Michel Arnal, Zygmunt Lipnicki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Mel t i ng H e a t - T r a n s f e r Cha rac t e r i s t i c s of an Inc l ined Ice P l a t e I m m e r s e d in a H y d r o p h o b i c Liquid Masahiko Yamada, Shoichiro Fukusako, Tsuyoshi Kawanami, Shigeki Hirano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

P a r t II . Ice Phys ics

P l a n e Flow of an Ice Shee t Exh ib i t i ng S t r a i n - I n d u c e d A n i s o t r o p y Olivier Gagliardini, Jacques Meyssonnier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

A M e s o - M a c r o Mode l for the Desc r i p t i on of I n d u c e d A n i s o t r o p y of N a t u r a l Ice, Inc lud ing Gra in I n t e r a c t i o n Giinter GSdert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Classical M i x t u r e Mode l s for P o l y t h e r m a l Ice Kolumban Hutter, Bob Svendsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Mode l l ing t he Ice S ing le -Crys ta l Viscoplas t ic B e h a v i o u r Philippe Mansuy, Jacques Meyssonnier, Armelle Philip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

R e m a r k s on Sel f -Consis tent Mode l l ing of Po lyc rys t a l l i ne Ice Jacques Meyssonnier, Armelle Philip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

An i so t rop i c I s o t h e r m a l Ice -Cap Flow wi th t he Shal low Ice A p p r o x i m a t i o n ArmeIle Philip, Jacques Meyssonnier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

O r t h o t r o p i c Viscous M o d e l for Ice Ryszard Staroszczyk, Leslie W. Morland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Contents XI

Te r t i a ry Flow Rela t ions for Compress ion and Shear C o m p o n e n t s in Combined Stress Tests on Ice Roland C. Warner , T.H. Jacka, Li Jun , W.F. Budd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

P a r t I II . Large Ice Masses: Ice Sheets~ Sea Ice

An I t e ra t ive Solut ion P r o c e d u r e for Shallow Stokes Flows. The Shallow Ice Approx ima t ion Revis i ted Dambaru Raj Baral, Kolumban Hurter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Nes t ed High-Reso lu t ion Model l ing of the Green land S u m m i t Region Ralf Greve, Bernd Miigge, Dambaru Baral, Olaf Albrecht, Alexey Savvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Numer ica l Age C o m p u t a t i o n of the An ta rc t i c Ice Sheet for Da t ing Deep Ice Cores Bernd M@ge, Alexey Savvin, Reinhard Calov, Ralf Greve . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Three -Dimens iona l I so the rmal B o u n d a r y Layer Solut ions of Slow Creeping Ice Flows Based on the Shallow Ice Approx ima t ion Alexey A. Savvin, Kolumban Hurter, Alexander A. Dorfmann . . . . . . . . . 319

A Compar i son S t u d y Be tween Two Visco-Plast ic Sea-Ice Models Louis-Bruno Tremblay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Inf luence of Ice Accumula t ion Dis t r ibu t ion on Ice Sheet Stabi l i ty Alexander V. Wilchinsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

P a r t IV. Snow Thermo-Mechan ics , Avalanches

A C o m p u t a t i o n a l P rocedure for I n s t a t i o n a r y T e m p e r a t u r e - D e p e n d e n t Snow Creep Percy Bartelt, Marc Christen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

T rans fo rma t ion of the Snow Crys t a l to a Par t ic le of Ice Elena Guseva-Lozinski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

T e m p e r a t u r e and T e m p e r a t u r e Grad ien t Dependence of Snow Recrys ta l l i za t ion in D e p t h Hoar Snow Yasushi Kamata, Sergey A. Sokratov, Atsushi Sato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

XII Contents

On Creep Flow of Snow and F i rn Bernhard Meussen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Re la t ion of T e m p e r a t u r e Grad ien t to Hea t Transfer in Snow Sergey A. Sokratov, Yasushi Kamata, Atsushi Sato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

M e t h o d s of Simi l i tude in Granu la r Avalanche Flows Yih-Chin Tai, Yongqi Wang, J.M.N.T. Gray, Kolumban Hurter . . . . . . . 415

P a r t V. Glaciers~ Permafrost~ Porous M e d i a

E x p e r i m e n t a l S t u d y of Gas H y d r a t e F o r m a t i o n in Porous Media Evgeny M. Chuvilin, Vladimir S. Yakushev, Elena V. Perlova . . . . . . . . 431

Elec t roacous t ic Technique to S t u d y Changes in the Liquid Phase S ta te of Frozen Soils Anatoly D. Frolov, Vadim B. Kravchenko, Andrei S. Parlor . . . . . . . . . . 441

Pe rmeab i l i t y Effects on W i n t e r - T i m e N a t u r a l Convec t ion in Gravel E m b a n k m e n t s Douglas J. Goering, Pankaj Kumar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

B a r o t h e r m i c Effect and T e m p e r a t u r e Reg ime of Frozen Soil Jacob B. Gorelik, Vladimir S. Kolunin, Aleksy K. Reshetnikov . . . . . . . . 465

De tec t ing Alpine Pe rmaf ros t Using E lec t ro -Magne t ic M e t h o d s Christian Hauck, Daniel Vonder M~thll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

Cl imat ic W a r m i n g and Pe rmaf ros t Virgil J. Lunardini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

The Mon i to r ing and Pred ic t ion of Pe rmaf ros t T e m p e r a t u r e , D i s t r ibu t ion and Geocryological Processes W i t h i n Russ ia U n d e r Global C l imate Changes Alexander Parlor, Stanislav Grechishchev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

T h e r m a l l y Induced Tempora l St ra in Var ia t ions in Rock Walls Observed at Subzero Tempera tu r e s Matthias Wegmann, G. Hilmar Gudmundsson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Soil Mic ros t ruc tu r e and the T h e r m o d y n a m i c Behav iour of Pe rmaf ros t Affected Soils Thomas Leslie White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Contents XIII

P a r t VI. Hea t Storage, Hea t Recovery

H e a t Transfer in Hea t Storage A r r a n g e m e n t s Unde r Me l t i ng Vladimir A. Alexeev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

Microscale Analysis of Ice Crys ta l s Made f rom Aqueous Solut ions by Scanning Tunnel ing Microscope Takaaki Inada, Akira Yabe, Tsuyoshi Saito, Shu-Shen Lu, Xu Zhang, Kenji Yoshimura, Makoto Tanaka, Svein Grandum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

Deve lopment S t u d y of a Novel Tower-Style Tank for S imul taneous Stor ing W a r m W a t e r and Ice Kunihiko Kitamura, Keiji Kurokawa, Yasutoshi Inatomi, Itsunari Fukushima, Osamu Miyatake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

La t en t Hea t Storage in a F ixed-Bed Packed wi th Cross-Linked P o l y m e r Par t ic les Hiroki Morita, Osamu Miyatake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

Deve lopment of an Efficient S ta t i c -Type Ice T h e r m a l E n e r g y Storage Vessel Using a Low Concen t r a t i on Aqueous Solu t ion Kengo Sasaguchi, Tomoaki Yoshiyama, Testushi Nozoe, Yoshiyuki Baba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575

H e a t Storage for a Bus Pe t ro l I n t e r n a l - C o m b u s t i o n Engine Leonard L. Vasiliev, Victor S. Burak, Andry G. Kulakov, Donatas A. Mishkinis, Pavel V. Bohan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

H e a t P u m p s and Hea t Pipes for Appl ica t ions in Cold Regions Leonard L. Vasiliev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

Contr ibutors

Olaf Albrecht Geographisches Institut, EidgenSssische Technische Hoch- schule Zilrich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zfirich, Switzerland

Vladimir A. Alexeev Scientific and Research Institute of Precision Instru- ments, Yurlovsky proezd.6.1, Moscow 127490, Russia

Michel Arnal ABB Power Generation Ltd, CH-5401 Baden, Switzerland Yoshiyuki Baba Kyushu Electric Power Co., Inc. 2-1-82, Watanabe-Dori,

Chuo-Ku, ~kuoka 810-8720, Japan Dambaru Baral Institut fiir Mechanik, Technische Universit£t Darmstadt,

Hochschulstrafle 1, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany Pe r ry Barte l t Head Avalanche Dynamics and Numerics, Swiss Federal In-

stitute for Snow and Avalanche Research, CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland

Stephane Bilodeau Universit@ de Sherbrooke, D@partement de g@nie m@canique, 2500, boul. UniversitY, Sherbrooke, Qu@bec JIK 2R1 Canada

Pavel V. Bohan Luikov Heat & Mass Transfer Institute, P.Brovka 15, 220072 Minsk, Belarus

Patr ick Brousseau Universit@ de Sherbrooke, D@partement de g@nie m6canique, 2500, boul. Universit@, Sherbrooke, Qu6bec J1K 2R1 Canada

W. F. Budd Australian Antarctic Division, Box 252-80, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia

Victor S. Burak Luikov Heat & Mass Transfer Institute, P.Brovka 15, 220072 Minsk, Belarus

Reinhard Calov Potsdam-Institut fiir Klimafolgenforschung, Postfach 601203, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany

Kwo Chang Cheng Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Marc Christen Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research, CH 7260 Davos Doff, Switzerland

Evgeny M. Chuvilin Departament of Geocryology, Faculty of Geology, Vorobyevy Gory, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia

Alexander A. Dorfmann International Academy of Information, Harnackring 69, D-21031 Hamburg, Germany

Sergei Fomin Department of an Applied Mathematics, Kazan State Uni- versity, Kazan, Russia

Anatoly D. Frolov Scientific Council on Earth Cryology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersman St 11, Moscow 117312, Russia

XVI Contributors

Shoichrou Fukusako Hokkaido University, Kital3, Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sap- poro 060-8628, Japan

I tsunari Fukushima Environmental Engineering Division, Kyudenko Cor- poration, 1-23-35 Nanokawa, Minami-ku, Fhkuoka 815-0081, Japan

Koji Fumoto Kushiro National College of Technology, Nishi2-32-1, Otano- shike, Kushiro 084-0915, Japan

Olivier Gagliardini Laboratoire de Glaciologie et G~ophysique de l'Envi- ronnement, CNRS et Universit6 Joseph Fourier (UJF - Grenoble I), BP96, 38402 Saint-Martin-d'H~res Cedex, France

G/inter G6dert Institute of Materials Research, GKSS Research Center, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany

Douglas J. Goering Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alaska, Fairbanks AK 99775, USA

Jacob B. Gorelik Earth's Cryosphere Institute SB RAS, 625000, Tyumen, P.b.1230, Russia

Svein Grandum Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller, 2007, Norway J .M.N.T. Gray Institut fiir Mechanik, Technische Universit~it Darmstadt,

Hochschulstrafle 1, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany Stanislav Grechishchev Earth Cryosphere Institute SB RAS, Moscow

dept, Vavilova street, 30/6, room 85, Moscow 117982, Russia Ralf Greve Institut f/it Mechanik, Technische Universit£t Darmstadt, Hoch-

schulstrafle 1, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany G. Hilmar Gudmundsson Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Gla-

ciology (VAW), ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092 Z/irich, Switzerland Elena Guseva-Lozinski Immenhoferstr. 38, D-70180 Stuttgart, Germany Heung Do Han Department of Airconditioning and Refrigeration, Indus-

trial Education Center, 219-5 Kasan-dong Kumchun-Gu Seoul, Korea 153-023

Christ ian Hauck Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8092 Ziirich, Switzerland

Shigeki Hirano Division of Mechanical Science, Graduate School of Engin- eering, Hokkaido University N13-W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan

Tetsuo Hirata Shinshu University, 500 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan Tsu tomu Hozumi Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science,

Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152, Japan Kolumban Hut t e r Institut ffir Mechanik, Technische Universit~it Darm-

stadt, Hochschulstrafie 1, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany Takaaki Inada Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Tsukuba, Ibaraki

305-8564, Japan Yasutoshi Inatomi Environmental Engineering Division, Kyudenko Cor-

poration, 1-23-35 Nanokawa, Minami-ku, ~kuoka 815-0081, Japan Masaaki Ishikawa Shinshu University, 500 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553,

Japan T. H. Jacka Antarctic CRC, Box 252-80, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia

Contributors XVII

Yasushi Kama ta National Research Institute for Earth Science and Dis- aster Prevention, Shinjo Branch of Snow and Ice Studies; Tokamachi 1400, Shinjo, Yamagata 996-0091, Japan

Chaedong Kang Aoyama Gakuin University, 6-16-1, Chitosedai, Setagaya- ku, Tokyo 157-8572, Japan

Tsuyoshi Kawanami Division of Mechanical Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University NI3-W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan

Kunihiko Kitamura Department of Chemical Systems and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

Vladimir S. Kolunin Earth's Cryosphere Institute SB RAS, 625000, Ty- umen, P.b.1230, Russia

Tomasz A. Kowalewski Polish Academy of Sciences, IPPT PAN, Center of Mechanics and Information Technology, Swietokrzyska 21, PL 00-049 Warszawa, Poland

Vadim B. Kravchenko Scientific Council on Earth Cryology~ Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersman St Ii, Moscow 117312, Russia

Andry G. Kulakov Luikov Heat & Mass Transfer Institute, P.Brovka 15, 220072 Minsk, Belarus

Pankaj Kumar Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alaska, Fairbanks AK 99775, USA

Keiji Kurokawa Thermal Storage Technical Department, West Japan En- gineering Consultants Incorporation, 1-12-9 watanabe-dori, chuoku, Fukuoka 810-0004, Japan

Jun Li Antarctic CRC, Box 252-80, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Zygmunt Lipnicki University of Zielona Gora, P-65-246 Zielona Gora,

Poland 8hu-Shen Lu South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641,

China Virgil J. Lunardini US-Army Cold Regions Reaearch and Engineering

Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover NH 03755, USA Philippe Mansuy Laboratoire de Glaciologie et G6ophysique de l'Environ-

nement, CNRS et Universit6 Joseph Fourier (UJF-Grenoble I), BP 96, F-38402 Saint-Martin d'H6res Cedex, France

Yves Mercadler Universit6 de Sherbrooke, D6partement de g6nie m6cani- que, 2500, boul. Universit6, Sherbrooke, Qu6bec J1K 2R1, Canada

Bernhard Meussen Vedior Engineering+Consulting GmbH, \¥endenstrasse 23, D-20097 Hamburg~ Germany

Jacques Meyssonnler Laboratoire de Glaciologie et G6ophysique de l'Envi- ronnement, CNRS et Universit6 Joseph Fourier (UJF-Orenoble I), BP 96, F-38402 Saint-Martin d'H6res Cedex, France

Donatas A. Mishkinis Luikov Heat & Mass Transfer Institute, P.Brovka 15, 220072 Minsk, Belarus

Osamu Miyatake Department of Chemical Systems and Engineering, Gra- duate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi- ku, Fhkuoka 812-8581, Japan

)(VIII Contributors

Hiroki Mor i t a HVAC & Plumbing Engineering Department, Kyudenko Corporation, 1-23-35 Nanokawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-0081, Japan

Leslie W. Mor land School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Nor- wich NR4 7T J, United Kingdom

Bernd Miigge Institut fiir Mechanik, Technische Universit/it Darmstadt, Hochschulstrafie 1, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany

Daniel Vonder Miihll Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaci- ology (VAW), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8092 Ziirich, Switzerland

Testushi Nozoe Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Kumamoto University 2-39-1, Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan

Mineo Oka PANDA Laboratory, 1642-406 Nagae, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0113 Japan

Masashi Okada Aoyama Gakuin University, 6-16-I, Chitosedai, Setagaya- ku, Tokyo 157-8572, Japan

Seiji Okawa Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152, Japan

Haruhiko Okiyama Isuzu Motors Limited, 8 Tsuchidana, ~jisawa-si, .Ja- pan

Patr ick H. Oosthuizen Queen's University, Kingston Ontario KTL3N6, Canada

Alexander Pavlov Earth Cryosphere Institute SB RAS, Moscow Dept, Vavilova Street, 30/6, room 85, Moscow 117982, Russia

Andrei S. Pavlov Scientific Council on Earth Cryology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersman St ii, Moscow 117312, Russia

Elena V. Perlova Departament of Geocryology, Faculty of Geology, Vorobyevy Gory, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia

Armel le Phi l ip Laboratoire de Glaciologie et G@ophysique de l'Environ- nement,, CNRS et Universit@ Joseph Fourier (UJF-Grenoble I), BP 96, F-38402 Saint-Martin d'H~res Cedex, France

Aleksy K. Reshetn ikov Earth's Cryosphere Institute SB RAS, 625000, Tyumen, P.b.1230, Russia

Sun Tack Ro Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National Uni- versity, Seoul Korea 151-742, Korea

Akio Saito Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152, Japan

Tsuyoshi Saito University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0004, Japan Takeo Sai toh Department of Aeronautics and Space Engineering, Tohoku

University, Sendal, Japan Atsushi Sato National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster

Prevention, Shinjo Branch of Snow and Ice Studies; Tokamachi 1400, Shinjo, Yamagata 996-0091, Japan

Alexey A. Savvin Institut fiir Mechanik, Technische Universit~t Darm- stadt, Hochschulstratge 1, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany

Contributors XlX

Kengo Sasaguchi Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Kumamoto University 2-39-1, Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan

Sergey A. Sokratov National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Shinjo Branch of Snow and Ice Studies; Tokama- chi 1400, Shinjo, Yamagata 996-0091, Japan Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Science; Staromonetnyi 29, Moscow 109017, Russia

M u y n g h o Song Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguk Univer- sity, Seoul, Korea

Ryszard Staroszczyk School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7T J, United Kingdom

Masahi ro Sugawara Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University Akita 010-8502, Ja- pan

Bob Svendsen Federal Institute for Materials Research, D-12000 Berlin, Germany

Makoto Tago Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineer- ing and Resource Science, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan

Yin-Chin Tai Institut fiir Mechanik, Technische Universit/it Darmstadt, Hochschulstrafle 1, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany

Makoto Tanaka Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305- 8564, Japan

Louis-Bruno Tremblay Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Rt 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA

Leonard L. Vasiliev Luikov Heat & Mass Transfer Institute, P.Brovka 15, 220072 Minsk, Belarus

R a y m o n d Viskanta School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907-1288, USA

Yongqi Wang Institut fiir Mechanik, Technische Universit/it Darmstadt, Hochschulstrat3e 1, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany

Roland C. Warner Antarctic CRC, Box 252-80, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia

Mat th ia s W e g m a n n Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092 Zfirich, Switzerland

Be rnha rd Weigand ITLR, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 31, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany

T h o m a s Leslie Wh i t e Geotechnical Science Laboratories, Carleton Uni- versity 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada

Alexander V. Wilchinsky Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Kazan State University, Kazan 420008, Russia

Akira Yabe Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305- 8564, Japan

Vladimir S. Yakushev Russian Research Institute of Natural Gases and Gas Technologies, Moscow Region, p.Razvilka, 142717, Russia

XX Contributors

Masahiko Yamada Division of Mechanical Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University N13-W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan

Hideaki Yamagishi Kushiro National College of Technology, Nishi2-32- 1,Otanoshike, Kushiro 084-0915, Japan

Kenj i Yoshimura Fukuoka Industrial Technology Center, Kitakyushu 807- 0831, Japan

Tomoaki Yoshiyama Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mater- ials Science, Kumamoto University 2-39-1, Kurokami, Kumamoto 860- 8555, Japan

Xu Zhang Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan