lecture 8, fall 2014

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Lecture 8 Thrombophilia

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Page 1: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Lecture  8  

Thrombophilia  

Page 2: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Thrombophilia  

• Arterial  Thrombosis  •  Stroke  and  myocardial  infarc:on  are  major  causes  of  death  ▫  Every  45  seconds  someone  in  the  US  suffers  a  new  or  recurrent  stroke    ▫   800,000/year  

� Every  34  seconds  someone  in  the  US  suffers  a  new  or  recurrent  MI  � 1.5  million/year  à  ~  1/3  will  die    

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Page 3: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Atherosclerosis  

•  Atherosclerosis  –  thickening  of  the  arterial  wall  –  primary  cause  of  coronary  artery  disease  and  cerebrovascular  disease  –  Arterial    wall  thickens  to  form  an  atherosclero:c  plaque    –  Reduces  the  blood  supply  to  the  organ  (heart  and  brain  –  most  common)  

•  Atheroma  –  accumula:on  of  intracellular  and  extracellular  lipid  in  the  in:ma  of  large  and  medium  sized  arteries  

Page 4: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Atherosclerosis  •  Mechanism  

1.  A  lesion  begins  as  a  faTy  streak  (preatheroma)  that  protrudes  into  the  in:ma  •  LDL  enters  the  in:ma  –  modified  by  oxida:on  and  aggregates  within  the  extracellular  

in:ma  space  •  Smooth  muscle  cells,  T-­‐lymphocytes  ,  and  macrophages  migrate  into  the  area  –  

macrophages  phagocy:ze  the  oxidized  lipids  •  Proteoglycans,  collagen  and  elas:c  fibers  migrate  into  the  area    

2.  Fibro-­‐faTy  lesion  forms  –  diffuse  in:mal  thickening  occurs  •  Atheromatous    plaque  

3.  Complicated  plaque  •  Eggshell    briTleness,  ulcera:on  of  the  luminal  surface,  micro-­‐emboli  released  into  the  

blood  stream,  decreased  blood  flow  results  in  more  thrombus  forma:on  

Page 5: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Pathogenesis  

1.  Chronic  inflammatory  response  of  the  vascular  wall  to  endothelial  injury  or  dysfunc:on  

2.  Elevated  plasma  LDL  levels  causing  the  deposit  of  LDL  in  the  subendothelium  of  blood  vessels  

3.  Oxida:on  of  transmigrated  LDL  

4.  Ac:va:on  of  endothelial  cells  

5.  Recruitment  of  monocytes/macrophages  which  ingest  ox-­‐LDL  through  scavenger  receptors  

6.  Forma:on  of  foam  cells  –  faTy  streaks  

7.  Prolifera:on  of  smooth  muscle  cells  

8.  Deposi:on  of  extracellular  matrix  proteins  

Page 6: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Atherosclero:c  Plaque  

Page 7: Lecture 8, fall 2014

•  Coronary  Atherosclerosis  

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Page 8: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Mechanism  of  Arterial  Thrombosis  

8  hTp://www.drugs.com/health-­‐guide/images/205452.jpg  

Page 9: Lecture 8, fall 2014

CORONARY  ARTERY  DISEASE  

1.  Artery  narrowed  by  cholesterol  containing  atheroma  –  note  how  the  tube  which  the  blood  flows  through  has  been  narrowed  and  restricted    

2.  Once  the  surface  of  the  vessel  is  damaged,  platelet  clot  accumulates  restric:ng  flow  –  this  may  resolve  or  worsen  

3.  Platelets  may  accumulate  so  that  blood  flow  is  limited  by  the  clot  and  this  causes  starva:on  of  oxygen  death  of  muscle  and  a  heart  aTack  

Page 10: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Pathogenesis  of  coronary  heart  disease  (CHD)  

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Thrombophilia  ▫  Venous  Thrombosis    ▫  DVT/PE  à  ~  900,000  to  2,000,000/year  ▫  60,000-­‐100,000  individuals  will  die  of  DVT/PE  ▫  10-­‐30%  will  die  within  one  month  of  diagnosis    ▫  ~25,000  of  these  deaths  result  from  VTE  contracted  in  hospitals  ▫  >25X  the  number  of  deaths  from  MRSA  ▫  >Combined  total  deaths  from  BC  +  AIDS  +  MVA  

•  Ironically  –  fatal  PE  caused  by  DVT  may  be  the  most  common  preventable  cause  of  hospital  death  in  the  US  –  only  1/3  of  hospitalized  paBents  with  risk  factors  for  VTE  receive  preventaBve  measures      

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Page 13: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Mechanism  of  Venous  Thrombosis  

13  

•  Most  common  manifesta:ons  –  Deep  vein  thrombosis  –  Pulmonary  embolism  –  Postphlebi:c  syndrome  

•  Mechanism  –  Endothelial  damage  

•  Trauma,  surgery  •  TF  •  Thrombin  genera:on  •  Primary  hemosta:c  plug  with  fewer  platelets  

•  Venous  stasis  –  Red  clots  

Nature,  451(21)  Feb  2008  

Page 14: Lecture 8, fall 2014

What  Causes  a  Thrombus  to  Form?  Venous  Thrombogenesis  

–  Thrombi  begin  in  regions  of  slow/disturbed  blood  flow  Damaged  veins,  valve  cusp  pockets  

–  Inherited/acquired  hypercoagulable  states  important  –  Stasis  is  a  major  risk  factor  –  Variable  response  to  thrombus  

•  Classical  signs/symptoms  DVT  •  Minimal  signs/symptoms  

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DVT/PE    

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Page 16: Lecture 8, fall 2014
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Venous  Clot  

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Thrombosis  (Blood  Clots)  

Intracoronary Clot

DVT

PE

Page 19: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Intracranial Bleed Hemorrhagic Stroke

Hemorrhage  (Bleeding)  

Gross  specimen,  coronal  sec:on  of  brain,  large  subcor:cal  hypertensive  ICH  

Page 20: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Chronic venous ulceration Very difficult to manage

Post phlebitic syndrome

Pain (dull and aching), leg cramps, heaviness, itching and altered sensation

Page 21: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Arterial  versus  Venous  Thrombosis  Arterial  Thrombosis     Venous  Thrombosis  

�  Arterial  thrombosis  �  Occur  under  high  shear  condi:ons  �  Rich  in  platelets  �  Involved  disrupted  atherosclero:c  

plaque  �  Platelet  adhesion,  ac:va:on,  and  

aggrega:on  prior  to  ac:va:on  of  coagula:on  cascade  

�  White  clots  

�  Myocardial  infarcBon  and  stroke  �  AnBplatelet  agents  

�  AnBfibrinolyBc  and  anBthromboBc  agents  

•  Venous  thrombosis  –  Under  low  shear  stress  –  Fewer  platelets  involved  –  TF  generates  thrombin  prior  to  

platelet  ac:va:on  –  Red  clot    

   –  DVT,  PE  –  AnBcoagulaBon  agents  for  

venous  thrombosis  

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Arterial  vs  Venous  Clot  

hTp://www.emedicinehealth.com/slideshow_pictures_deep_vein_thrombosis_dvt/ar:cle_em.htm  

hTps://www.med.unc.edu/wolberglabl/scien:fic-­‐images/arterial%20thrombosis.jpg/view  

Page 23: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Virchow’s  Triad    

 

 

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Thrombosis  

Stasis  

Changes  in  Blood  Composi;on  

Vascular  Injury  

Arterial Rudolph  Virchow  

 Post-­‐operaBve  state  CasBng/splinBng  Sedentary  state  Leukostasis  syndrome  (AML)  Congenital  heart  disease  

Central  line,  Sepsis  Trauma,  APA  Chemotherapy/toxins  Hyperhomocysteinemia  

Inherited  thrombophilia  Acquired  thrombophilia  

Page 24: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Virchow’s  Triad  

Thrombosis  involves  3  interrelated  factors:  1.  Abnormali:es  of  the  blood  vessel  wall  2.  Abnormali:es  in  blood  flow  3.  Abnormali:es  in  the  blood  cons:tuents  

•  Cells  -­‐  Erythrocytes,  leukocytes,  platelets  •  Plasma  proteins    

Page 25: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Risk  Factors  

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•  Mul:ple  risk  factors—mul:-­‐factorial  process  –  Hereditary  –  Acquired  

•  Mul:-­‐hit  hypothesis  –  Most  hereditary  and  acquired  risk  factors  have  a  rela:vely  small  

individual  effect    –  Risk  is  greatly  increased  when  two  or  more  risk  factors  combine  

•  Classifica:on  of  Thrombophilia  –  Inherited  –  Acquired—Physiologic,  Environmental  

Page 26: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Thrombophilia  

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•  Acquired  or  inherited  causes  

•  Venous  and  arterial  events  

•  Occurs  when  the  cloqng  system  is  ac:vated  1.  Excessive  genera:on  of  prothrombo:c  factors  2.  Failure  in  the  regulatory  mechanisms  to  down-­‐

regulate  the  coagula:on  cascade  3.  Inhibi:on  of  the  fibrinoly:c  system    

Page 27: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Thrombophilic  Risk  Factors  

Congenital  Risk  Factors   Mechanism  

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¤ Protein  C  ¤ Protein  S  ¤ AT  

¤ FVL  ¤ PG20210  ¤ FVIII  ¤ Homocysteine            (acquired  also)  

¨  Non-­‐modifiable  

Prothrombotic

Inhibitory

Page 28: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Acquired  Risk  Factors  

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¨  Acquired  risk  factors  ¤  Pregnancy  ¤  Malignancy  ¤  Surgery  ¤  Immobiliza:on  ¤  Hormone  therapy  (HRT,  OCT)  ¤  An:phospholipid  an:bodies  ¤  Trauma  ¤  Obesity  

¨  Physiologic  risk  factors  ¤  Gender  (hormonal  changes)  ¤  Age  –Increases  ~1%/year  of  age  

n  Childhood  =  1/100,000  n  40  years  =  1/1000  n  75  years  =  1/100  

¨  IdenBfy  a  populaBon  at  risk  but  have  low  predicBve  value  for  individuals    

Modifiable  

Non-­‐modifiable  

Page 29: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Prevalence  of  Risk  Factors    

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

% Risk

FVL PG AT PC PS FVIII

Risk Factor

Prevalence of Inherited Risk Factors

General Population Selected: 1st Thrombotic Event

Prevalence of Acquired Risk Factors

0102030405060708090

Fractures

Hip

Cancer

APAS

OCT

Pregnancy

HRT

Hcys

FVIII

Risk Factor

Incr

ease

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Congenital  Risk  Factors   Acquired  Risk  Factors  

Page 30: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Who  should  be  tested  

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¨  Pa:ents  presen:ng  with  ¤ Venous  thrombo:c  event  before  40-­‐50  years  of  age  ¤ Unprovoked  or  Recurrent  thrombosis  at  any  age  ¤ Thrombosis  at  unusual  site  ¤ Posi:ve  family  history  of  thrombosis  ¤ Unexplained  abnormal  laboratory  test  (PT,  aPTT)  

 ¨  Age  of  first  episode  

¤ 0-­‐12  years    Rare  ¤ 13-­‐45  years  Highly  probable  ¤ 45-­‐60  years  Probable  ¤ 60+  years    Possible  

Congenital    Risk  Factors  

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When  to  test  

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¨ Op:mal  Times  for  Tes:ng  

•  Asymptoma:c  •  Not  on  an:coagulant  therapy  •  Any:me  for  DNA  tes:ng  

¨ To  establish  •  Pathologic  basis  for  the  thrombo:c  event  •  Dura:on  and  intensity  of  therapy    •  Prophylaxis  for  high  risk  pa:ents  •  To  alert  the  pa:ent's  immediate  family  members  to  the  presence  of  possible  inherited  risk  factors  

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Laboratory  Assays  for  Thrombophilia  

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•  Plasma-­‐based  assays  –  AT  –  PC  –  PS  –  APC-­‐R  –  Lupus  An:coagulant/An:phospholipid  An:bodies  

•  Dilute  Russell  Viper  Venom  Test  (dRVVT)  •  An:cardiolipin  An:bodies  •  An:-­‐β2-­‐Glycoprotein  An:bodies  

–  Factor  VIII  –  Homocysteine  

•  DNA-­‐based  assays  –  FVL  –  PG20210  –  MTHFR  

Page 33: Lecture 8, fall 2014

An:thrombin  Deficiency  

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•  Eggberg,  1965  •  Reported  the  first  inherited  thrombophilic  state  •  Func:ons  as  a  naturally  occurring  inhibitor  of  the  coagula:on  cascade  •  Most  severe  of  the  inherited  condi:ons    •  Rela:vely  uncommon  (~1%  of  first  DVT)      

•   Clinical  Manifesta:ons  –  Increased  incidence  of  venous  thrombosis  –  AT  levels  <40-­‐50%  –  Ini:a:ng  events  leading  to  thrombosis  

•  Surgery  •  Trauma  •  Pregnancy  •  OCT  

Page 34: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Protein  C  Deficiency  

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¨ Griffin,  early  1980’s  ¨ 75%  of  individuals  will  experience  one  or  more  events  ¨ Thrombosis  may  be  spontaneous  ¨ Func:ons  as  a  naturally  occurring  inhibitor  of  the  coagula:on  

cascade  ¨ 50%  of  heterozygotes  will  experience  VTE  by  40  years  of  age  

¨ Common  Manifesta:ons  ¤ DVT  ¤ PE  ¤ Superficial  thrombophlebi:s  ¤ Cerebrovascular  events  ¤ Myocardial  events  

Page 35: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Protein  S  Deficiency  

¨ Described  in  1984,  Comp  ¨ TOTAL  PS  circulates  in  2  

forms:  ¤ Bound  PS—60%  

n C4B-­‐BP—nonfunc:onal  ¤ Free  PS—40%-­‐func:onal  

¨ Serves  as  a  cofactor  for  PC  ¨ Binds  aPC  to  the  

phospholipid  surface  ¨ 50%  of  heterozygotes  will  

experience  VTE  by  40  years  of  age  

Free PS

35  

Total PS

C4bBP

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aPC-­‐Resistance—Screening  assay  

•  aPC-­‐resistance  –  Dahlbäck  et  al  in  1993  –  Func:ons  as  a  natural  

an:coagulant  –  Poor  an:coagulant  response  of  

aPC  to  degrade  FVa  and  VIIIa    –  Ra:o  of  2  aPTT’s—(+/-­‐  APC)  

__(aPTT  plus  APC)__                              (aPTT  minus  APC)  

•  “Screening  assay”  for  FVL  muta:on  

•  http://www.wardelab.com/arc_2.html

Approximately  90%  of  APC  Resistance  is  caused  by  a  defect  in  the  Factor  V  molecule,  known  as  the  Factor  V  Leiden  gene  muta:on  

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Factor  V  Leiden—Confirmatory  Assay  for  FVL  Muta:on  

–  Muta:on  later  described  in  1994  by  Ber:na  et  al  –  Caused  by  single  point  muta:on  in  the  FV  gene  

•  A  single  nucleo:de  subs:tu:on  of  adenine  for  guanine  at  nucleo:de  1691  of  the  FV  gene  

•  Replacement  of  Arg  (R)  with  Gln  (Q)  at  pos  506  in  F.V  protein  

–  Higher  risk  for  thrombosis  –  Venous  thrombosis  most  common  manifesta:on  

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PG20210  Muta:on  

¨  Poort  et  al,  1996  

¨  Single  nucleo:de  subs:tu:on  G20210A  in  the  3’  UT  region  of  the  prothrombin  gene  ¤ G  →  A  subs:tu:on  at  nucleo:de  

20210  in  prothrombin  gene  

¨  Results  in  elevated  levels  of  prothrombin  (~30%  increase)  

¨  No  screening  test  available  

¨  Occurs  primarily  in  Caucasians  -­‐-­‐~3%  in  general  popula:on  

¨  2-­‐5-­‐fold  increased  risk  of  VTE  

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Homocysteine  

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¨  McCully  suggested  an  associa:on  between  elevated  levels  of  homocysteine  in  plasma  and  arterial  disease  

¨  Most  common  congenital  form  due  to:  1.  (C677T)*  in  MTHFR  gene  2.  B-­‐cystathionine  synthase  gene  

¨  Acquired  form  due  to  deficiencies  in  Folate,  B-­‐6,  B-­‐12    

¨  Gene:c  tes:ng*  is  controversial  ¤  Homocysteine  levels  may  provide  

more  informa:on  ¨  Normal  values  increase  with  age  

¤  Higher  in  males  

www.naturaleyecare.com/ar:cles/elevated-­‐homocysteine-­‐and-­‐eye-­‐...  

Page 40: Lecture 8, fall 2014

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An:phospholipid  An:bodies  •  An:phospholipid  an:bodies  

–  Acquired  thrombophilic  disorder    –  An:bodies  directed  against  proteins  that  bind  to  phospholipid  

membrane  surfaces  –  Autoimmune  process  

•  Subgroups  of  APLAs  –  Lupus  An;coagulant  –  An;-­‐  Cardiolipin  an;bodies  –  An;-­‐Beta-­‐2-­‐glycoprotein  I  an;bodies  –  An:-­‐Prothrombin  an:bodies  –  An:-­‐Phospha:dylserine  an:bodies  –  An:-­‐Phospha:dylethanolamine  an:bodies  –  An:-­‐  Phospha:dylinositol  an:bodies  

 

hTp://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/112/3/e39  

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Clinical  Diagnosis  APAS  •  Acquired  disorder  which  occur  in  1-­‐5%  of  the  general  popula:on  •  Pa:ent  must  present  with  one  clinical  and  one  laboratory  criteria  

•  Clinical  Manifesta:on  –  Vascular  thrombosis  

•  One  or  more  clinical  episodes  of  arterial,  venous  or  small  vessel  thrombosis  in  any  :ssue  or  organ  

–  Pregnancy  Morbidity  •  One  or  more  spontaneous  abor:ons,  severe  preeclampsia,  eclampsia,  death  of  a  normal  fetus  at  or  near  10  months  gesta:on  

•  Laboratory  Criteria  –  Posi:ve  test  in  the  APA  test  panel  on  2  separate  occasions,  >  6-­‐12  weeks  apart  

•  Lupus  An:coagulant  •  An:cardiolipin  An:body  •  An:  –B2-­‐Glycoprotein  I  An:body  

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Lupus  An:coagulant  

•  Heterogeneous  group  of  an:bodies  (IgG,  IgM,  or  both)  that  prolongs  phospholipid-­‐dependent  coagula:on  tests  –  Immunoglobulin  that  acts  as  a  coagula:on  inhibitor  

– Does  not  recognize  a  “specific”  coagula:on  factor  – Retards  the  rate  of  thrombin  genera:on  and  clot  forma:on  in  vitro  by  interfering  in  phospholipid-­‐dependent  reac:ons  

•  Detected  in  in  vitro  coagula:on  assays  only  

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Lupus  An:coagulant  •  Affect  2-­‐4%  of  the  U.S.  popula:on    

•  Discovered  accidentally—prolonged  aPTT  found  during  a  pre-­‐opera:ve  evalua:on  

•  O|en  cause  a  variety  of  clinical  and  laboratory  effects  

–  O|en  there  are  no  clinical  consequences  other  than  the  need  to  explain  the  reason  for  the  long  APTT  

–  Minority  of  pa:ents  with  LA  have  a  hypercoagulable  state  manifested  by:  •  Recurrent  thromboses  •  Mul:ple  spontaneous  miscarriages  •  Migraine  headaches  •  Stroke    

•  Rarely  pa:ents  may  experience  bleeding  –  Bleeding  due  to  an:bodies  to  prothrombin    

•  Lupus  an:coagulants  (LA)  are  a  heterogeneous  group  of  an:bodies  that  cause  a  variety  of  clinical  and  laboratory  effects  

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Lupus  An:coagulant  •  Results  in  prolonga:on  of  phospholipid-­‐dependent  assays  •  LA  is  o|en  iden:fied  during  rou:ne  screening  with  the  standard  

aPTT  –  In  vitro  à  results  in  a  prolonged  aPTT  

•  Prolonga:on  due  to  reagent  sensi:vity  to  lupus  an:coagulant    

•  Usually  does  not  result  in  clinical  bleeding  –  In  vivo  à  usually  results  in  thrombosis  rather  than  clinical  bleeding    

•  Abundance  of  phospholipid  – These  neutralize  the  an:body  – May  explain  why  bleeding  does  not  occur  in  vivo    

•  An:body  may  be  persistent  or  transient    

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Lupus  An:coagulant  

•  All  lupus  an:coagulants  are  APAs,  but  not  all  APAs  are  lupus  an:coagulants  

•  Targets  specific  proteins  

•  B2GPI  •  Prothrombin  •  Proteins  C,  S  •  Annexin  V  

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Phospholipid  AssociatedProteins:•Protein  C,S•β2GPI  •Prothrombin•and  others

Phospholipid Membrane

Antibody:•lupus  anticoagulant•anticardiolipin•antiphosphatidylserine•anti  b2GPI•anti  Annexin  V•anti  Prothrombin

ANTIBODY-­‐MEDIATED   THROMBOSIS

Page 46: Lecture 8, fall 2014

Lupus  An:coagulant  and  Thrombosis  

 The Paradox... How does an anticoagulant in vitro, become a risk factor for hypercoagulability in vivo ?                    Coagulation Factor/Protein = Phospholipid

                         

                                       CA+2    

                                       Calcium  Anchor  

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=PL

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Clinical  Significance  of  the  APAs/LA  

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•  Prevalence  in  venous  and  arterial  thrombosis  •  DVT  ~32%  •  Stroke  ~15%  •  Superficial  thrombophlebi:s  ~9%  •  Pulmonary  embolism  ~9%  •  Fetal  loss  ~8%  •  TIA  ~7%  

•  Associated  with  2  broad  categories  of  phospholipids  an:bodies  –  An:cardiolipin  an:bodies  

•  Most  likely  to  be  clinically  significant  with  high  :ters  for  IgG  and  IgA    –  β2-­‐GPI  an:bodies  

•  More  specific  for  thrombosis  and  other  clinical  complica:ons  of  the  APAS  

 

Page 48: Lecture 8, fall 2014

E:ology  of  LA  

•  Exact  e:ology  of  LA  is  unclear  •  An:bodies  are  commonly  found  in  asymptoma:c  elderly  individuals  •  Pa:ents  with  autoimmune  disorders  •  SLE  have  the  highest  incidence  (20-­‐45%)  •  Pa:ents  with  HIV  infec:on  have  a  high  incidence  of  LA  at  some  :me  in  the  course  

of  their  disease  

•  A  number  of  drugs  are  known  to  induce  LA,  most  notably  –  Procainamide  –  Hydralazine  –  Isoniazid  –  Dilan:n  –  Phenothiazines  –  Quinidine  –  ACE  inhibitors  are  known  to  induce  LA      

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Lupus  An:coagulant  and  Thrombosis  

•  LA  are  one  of  the  most  common  acquired  predisposing  causes  of  thrombosis  –  cerebral  thrombosis  –  deep  venous    thrombosis  –  renal  vein  thrombosis  –  pulmonary  emboli  –  arterial  occlusions  –  stroke    

•  Reports  indicate  that  LA  are  found  in:  –  8-­‐14%  of  pa:ents  with  deep  venous  thrombosis    –  1/3  pa:ents  with  stroke  <50  years  of  age  –  Evidence  that  recurrent  thrombo:c  events  tend  to  be  persistent  over  :me  in  

the  same  pa:ent    

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LA  in  Thrombocytopenia  and  Pregnancy  

•  LA  and  thrombocytopenia  –  An  immune  type  thrombocytopenia  has  been  observed  in  a  small  

percentage  of  pa:ents  with  LA  –  This  may  be  due  to  reac:ons  between  an:bodies  and  platelet  

membrane-­‐associated  phospholipids  

•  LA  and  Pregnancy  –  increased  risk  of  fetal  loss  due  to  pre-­‐eclampsia,  placental  abrup:on,  

intrauterine  growth  retarda:on,  and  s:llbirth  –  Some  evidence  suggests  that  this  may  be  due  to  an:bodies  against  the  

placental  an:coagulant  protein,  annexin    V  –  Placental  infarc:on  has  been  suggested  as  the  cause  of  the  failure  to  

carry  to  term  but  pathological  analysis  has  not  definitely  supported  this  conten:on  

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Mechanisms  of  the  Reduc:on  of  Annexin  V  Levels  and  the  Accelera:on  of  Coagula:on  Associated  with  An:phospholipid  An:bodies    

   Rand  J,  NEJM  1997;337:154-­‐160  

•  Annexin  V  –  Phospholipid  dependent  an:coagulant  proper:es  on  cell  

membranes    –  Placental  an:coagulant  (shield  on  placental  villi)  –  Vascular  an:coagulant  

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Proposed  Mechanisms  of  Thrombosis  

•  Impaired  Fibrinolysis  •  Inhibi:on  of  Protein  C  and  S  system  •  Inhibi:on  of  Prostacyclin  release  from  endothelial  cells  

•  Inhibi:on  of  Annexin  V  –  Tissue  Pathway  Down  Regula:on  

•  Inhibi:on  of  B2GPI  –  may  affect  Protein  S  

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An:cardiolipin  An:body  ELISA  

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