lecture 6: diabetes, sugar, and atp
DESCRIPTION
If you could peer into the crystal ball and see how you were going to die, would you do anything different?. Objectives Understand how sugar metabolism works Understand how to make ATP Understand where sugar comes from Understand how sugar metabolism affects you. Key Terms - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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If you could peer If you could peer
into the crystal into the crystal
ball and see how ball and see how
you were going you were going
to die, would you to die, would you
do anything do anything
different?different?
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Lecture 6: Diabetes, sugar, and Lecture 6: Diabetes, sugar, and ATPATP
ObjectivesObjectives
Understand how sugar metabolism worksUnderstand how sugar metabolism works
Understand how to make ATPUnderstand how to make ATP
Understand where sugar comes from Understand where sugar comes from
Understand how sugar metabolism affects youUnderstand how sugar metabolism affects you
Key TermsKey Termsmetabolism, gradient, equilibrium, phosphorylation, ATP, metabolism, gradient, equilibrium, phosphorylation, ATP, ADPADP
electron transport, glycolysis, insulin, glycogen, glucagonelectron transport, glycolysis, insulin, glycogen, glucagon
NEXT WEEK:NEXT WEEK:
Cell Division and CancerCell Division and Cancer
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Leading Causes of Leading Causes of DeathsDeaths
1.1. Heart Disease: 700,142Heart Disease: 700,142
2.2. Cancer: 553,768Cancer: 553,768
3.3. Stroke: 163,538Stroke: 163,538
4.4. Lung diseases: 123,013Lung diseases: 123,013
5.5. Accidents (unintentional injuries): 101,537Accidents (unintentional injuries): 101,537
6.6. Diabetes: 71,372Diabetes: 71,372
7.7. Influenza/ Pneumonia: 62,034Influenza/ Pneumonia: 62,034
8.8. Alzheimer's disease: 53,852Alzheimer's disease: 53,852
9.9. Kidney Disease: 39,480Kidney Disease: 39,480
10.10. Septicemia (infection): 32,238Septicemia (infection): 32,238
(Most current data available are for U.S. in 2001) www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/lcod.htm
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I don’t have to worry I don’t have to worry about that stuff till I about that stuff till I
get old! get old! All races, both sexes, 20–24 yearsAll races, both sexes, 20–24 years1.1. Accidents (unintentional injuries) Accidents (unintentional injuries) 2.2. Assault (homicide)Assault (homicide) 3.3. Intentional self-harm (suicide)Intentional self-harm (suicide)4.4. Cancer Cancer 5.5. Heart disease Heart disease 6.6. Genetic abnormalitiesGenetic abnormalities7.7. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)8.8. Stroke Stroke 9.9. Influenza and pneumonia Influenza and pneumonia 10.10. DiabetesDiabetes
Relative to the national population of 20-24’s, are MSU students less likely to die from the top 3?
It’s difficult for one to prevent bad luck, or
being a victim?
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Two Types of DiabetesTwo Types of Diabetes
Type 1Type 1 Juvenile diabetesJuvenile diabetes Autoimmune Autoimmune
diseasedisease Beta cells in Beta cells in
pancreas are pancreas are killed by defense killed by defense responses responses
Treated with Treated with insulin insulin injectionsinjections
Type 2Type 2 Adults affectedAdults affected Insulin sensing Insulin sensing
system impaired.system impaired. Beta cells stop Beta cells stop
making insulin.making insulin. Pancreas burns outPancreas burns out
Treated with diet, Treated with diet, drugsdrugs
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Diabetes Diabetes MellitisMellitis Cells in muscles, liver and fat don’t Cells in muscles, liver and fat don’t
use insulin properlyuse insulin properly Disease in which excess glucose Disease in which excess glucose
accumulates in blood, then urineaccumulates in blood, then urine Signs and SymptomsSigns and Symptoms
Excessive urinationExcessive urination Constant thirst and or hungerConstant thirst and or hunger FatigueFatigue Weight lossWeight loss Blurred visionBlurred vision Sores that don’t healSores that don’t heal
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Risk FactorsRisk Factors AgeAge OverweightOverweight Inactive (exercise > 3x/week)Inactive (exercise > 3x/week) Family history: African, American Family history: African, American
Indian, Asian, Pacific Islander, Hispanic Indian, Asian, Pacific Islander, Hispanic or Latino descent.or Latino descent.
Siblings or parents have diabetesSiblings or parents have diabetes Gestational diabetesGestational diabetes Blood pressure over 140/90Blood pressure over 140/90 HDL (good) cholesterol is low and HDL (good) cholesterol is low and
triglicerides are hightriglicerides are high
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Reducing RisksReducing Risks Physical activity- 30 min 5 Physical activity- 30 min 5
days/weekdays/week Diet ModificationDiet Modification
Low fat- 25% of calories maxLow fat- 25% of calories max Low alcoholLow alcohol
Maintain Reasonable body massMaintain Reasonable body mass No crash dietsNo crash diets Modify dietary intake Modify dietary intake
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What, me worry?What, me worry? MythsMyths::
When I leave MSU and get a job When I leave MSU and get a job I will have as much or I will have as much or more free more free timetime than I do now. (I’ll still than I do now. (I’ll still exercise as much as I do now.exercise as much as I do now.
I’m I’m naturally healthynaturally healthy, I don’t , I don’t have to worry.have to worry.
I don’t have any risk factors so I don’t have any risk factors so I’m immune!I’m immune!
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Diabetes Prevention Diabetes Prevention ProgramProgram
Program Risk Program Risk ReductionReduction
Healthy diet and exerciseHealthy diet and exercise 58%58% Healthy diet and exercise (old folks)Healthy diet and exercise (old folks) 71%71% Prevention drugPrevention drug 31%31% Control group (no change)Control group (no change)
Participants were overweight, with high blood Participants were overweight, with high blood sugar (Pre-Diabetes, impaired tolerance)sugar (Pre-Diabetes, impaired tolerance)
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Question #1Question #1
Energy for metabolic processes only Energy for metabolic processes only comes from Sugarcomes from Sugar
A. TrueA. True
B. FalseB. False
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MOUTH(ORAL CAVITY)
PHARYNX
ESOPHAGUS
STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE (COLON)
RECTUM
ANUS
LIVER
GALLBLADDER
PANCREAS
Quick Anatomy Review
IN
OUT
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Absorption MechanismsAbsorption Mechanisms
Food is broken down to Food is broken down to macro moleculesmacro molecules
Macro molecules are Macro molecules are disassembled by enzymes disassembled by enzymes in the intestinesin the intestines
Actively transported Actively transported across membrane:across membrane: MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides Amino acidsAmino acids
Nutrients diffuse from Nutrients diffuse from gut cells into blood gut cells into blood streamstream
INTESTINALLUMEN
carbohydrates
EPITHELIALCELL
INTERNALENVIRONMENT
proteins
amino acids
Monosaccharides(simple sugars)
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carbohydrates
proteins
EPITHELIALCELL
INTERNALENVIRONMENT
bile salts
FATGLOBULES EMULSIFICATION
DROPLETS
bile salts
+
MICELLES
CHYLOMICRONS
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Control of Glucose Control of Glucose MetabolismMetabolism
insulin
Glucose rises
Glucose falls
Glucose is absorbed
Cells use glucose
glucagonGlycogen to glucose
Glucose uptake Glucose to
glycogen
KrispyKreme Donuts (12)
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Many cells, especially muscle cells, take up glucose and use it as an energy source or convert it to glycogen.
Liver converts glucoseto glycogen, fats, proteins.
Blood glucose levels decline to a set point; stimulus calling for insulin diminishes.
Stimulus:Cells use or store glucose between meals.
Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon into blood.
Liver converts glycogen to glucose,
stops synthesizing glycogen.
Blood glucose levels increase to a set point; stimulus calling for glucagon diminishes.
Stimulus:Glucose is
absorbed following a meal.
Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into blood.
GLUCAGON
INSULIN
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IF YOU ARE LOSTIF YOU ARE LOSTCLOSE YOUR EYESCLOSE YOUR EYESTILL UNTIL AFTERTILL UNTIL AFTERTHE NEXT SLIDETHE NEXT SLIDE
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Insulin
Glucose
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animation
Click to view animation.
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Using GlucoseUsing GlucoseSkeletal Muscle StructureSkeletal Muscle Structure
A muscle is made A muscle is made
up of muscle cellsup of muscle cells A muscle fiber is a A muscle fiber is a
single muscle cellsingle muscle cell Each fiber Each fiber
contains many contains many
myofibrilsmyofibrils
myofibril
Don’t Write This Down
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MyofibrilMyofibril
Z band Z band Z band
sarcomere sarcomeresarcomere sarcomere
A myofibril is made up of thick and thin filaments arranged in
sarcomeres
Don’t Write This Down
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Sarcomere Sarcomere A bundle of two types of A bundle of two types of
microfilamentsmicrofilaments
ThinFilaments
ThickFilaments
Don’t Write This Down
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Muscle MicrofilamentsMuscle Microfilaments
Thin filamentsThin filaments Like two strands Like two strands
of pearls twisted of pearls twisted togethertogether
Pearls are Pearls are actinactin Other proteins in Other proteins in
grooves in grooves in filamentfilament
Thick filamentsThick filaments Composed of Composed of
myosinmyosin Each myosin Each myosin
molecule has tail molecule has tail and a double and a double headhead
Don’t Write This Down
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Sliding-Filament Model Sliding-Filament Model
Sarcomere shortens because the Sarcomere shortens because the actin filaments are pulled actin filaments are pulled
inward, toward the sarcomere inward, toward the sarcomere centercenter
Don’t Write This Down
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Sliding-Sliding-Filament Filament Model Model Myosin heads Myosin heads
attach to actin attach to actin filamentsfilaments
Myosin heads tilt Myosin heads tilt toward and pull toward and pull on the actin. on the actin.
Key Concept:Key Concept:Each head requires one Each head requires one ATP for each pull!ATP for each pull!There a lot of myosinThere a lot of myosinheads in a muscleheads in a muscleMuscle contraction Muscle contraction requires enormous requires enormous quantities of ATP!quantities of ATP!
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Key ConceptKey Concept::Contraction Requires Contraction Requires
EnergyEnergy Muscle cells require huge amounts of Muscle cells require huge amounts of
ATP energy to power contractionATP energy to power contraction The cells have only a very small store The cells have only a very small store
of ATPof ATP There are three pathways muscle cells There are three pathways muscle cells
use to get ATPuse to get ATP
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Question #2Question #2
Cells burn insulin to make ATPCells burn insulin to make ATP
A. TrueA. True
B. FalseB. False
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ATP for ContractionATP for Contraction
Pathway 1DEPHOSPHORYLATIONCREATINE PHOSPHATE
Pathway 2AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Pathway 3GLYCOLYSIS ALONE
creatine
oxygenglucose from bloodstream andfrom glycogen breakdown in cells
ADP + Pi
Relaxation
Contraction
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?What is ATP?What is ATP?
DEPHOSPHORYLATION!DEPHOSPHORYLATION!RESPIRATION!RESPIRATION!GLYCOLYSIS!GLYCOLYSIS!What’s ATP!What’s ATP!
ANDANDHow did we get here and where are we goingHow did we get here and where are we going
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Photosynthesizers get energy Photosynthesizers get energy from the sunfrom the sun
Animals get energy second- or Animals get energy second- or third-hand from plants or other third-hand from plants or other organismsorganisms
Regardless, the energy is Regardless, the energy is converted to the chemical bond converted to the chemical bond energy of ATPenergy of ATP
ATP Is Universal ATP Is Universal Energy SourceEnergy Source
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Making ATPMaking ATP
Plants make ATP during Plants make ATP during
photosynthesisphotosynthesis
Cells of Cells of allall organisms make ATP organisms make ATP
by breaking down carbohydrates, by breaking down carbohydrates,
fats, and proteinfats, and protein
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Two Main Pathways for Two Main Pathways for making ATPmaking ATP
Aerobic pathwaysAerobic pathways SLOWSLOW Require oxygenRequire oxygen Start with glycolysis Start with glycolysis
in cytoplasmin cytoplasm Completed in Completed in
mitochondriamitochondria
(Note: special (Note: special membrane and membrane and gradient)gradient)
Anaerobic Anaerobic pathwayspathwaysFASTFAST
Don’t require Don’t require oxygenoxygen
Start with glycolysis Start with glycolysis in cytoplasmin cytoplasm
Completed in Completed in cytoplasmcytoplasm
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Overview of Aerobic Overview of Aerobic RespirationRespirationCYTOPLASM
MITOCHONDRION
GLYCOLYSIS
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
PHOSPHORYLATION
KREBS CYCLE ATP
ATP
energy input to start reactions
2 CO2
4 CO2
2
32
water
2 NADH
8 NADH
2 FADH2
2 NADH 2 pyruvate
e- + H+
e- + oxygen
(2 ATP net)
glucose
TYPICAL ENERGY YIELD: 36 ATP
e-
e- + H+
e- + H+
ATP
H+
e- + H+
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Overview of Aerobic Overview of Aerobic RespirationRespiration
CC66HH12120066 + 6O + 6O22 6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H2200 glucose oxygen glucose oxygen carbon carbon
waterwater
dioxidedioxide
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Overview of Aerobic Overview of Aerobic RespirationRespirationCYTOPLASM
MITOCHONDRION
GLYCOLYSIS
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
PHOSPHORYLATION
KREBS CYCLE ATP
ATP
energy input to start reactions
2 CO2
4 CO2
2
32
water
2 NADH
8 NADH
2 FADH2
2 NADH 2 pyruvate
e- + H+
e- + oxygen
(2 ATP net)
glucose
TYPICAL ENERGY YIELD: 36 ATP
e-
e- + H+
e- + H+
ATP
H+
e- + H+
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What’s the deal with Oxygen?What’s the deal with Oxygen?(electron transport chain over simplified)(electron transport chain over simplified)
How it Works:How it Works:
1.1. Pull a hydrogen off a Pull a hydrogen off a water (HOH to OHwater (HOH to OH--))
2.2. Pull the hydrogen (HPull the hydrogen (H++) ) across a membrane across a membrane (electrochemical (electrochemical GRADIENTGRADIENT))
3.3. Make the HMake the H++ do work do work on its way back to OHon its way back to OH--
Difficult to explain Difficult to explain without using lots of without using lots of really cool chemistryreally cool chemistry
Key conceptKey concept: If you : If you pull water apart, it pull water apart, it really wants to get really wants to get back together againback together again
By giving the Oxygen By giving the Oxygen atom in water an atom in water an electron, it will give electron, it will give you a proton, which you a proton, which is actually a His actually a H++
Oxygen is the final Oxygen is the final electron acceptor?electron acceptor?
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Question #3Question #3
More ATP is produced by the More ATP is produced by the electron transport system than electron transport system than is produced by glycolysisis produced by glycolysis
A TrueA True
B FalseB False
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Coenzyme ProductionCoenzyme Production GlycolysisGlycolysis 2 NADH2 NADH PreparatoryPreparatory
reactionsreactions 2 NADH2 NADH Krebs cycleKrebs cycle 2 FADH2 FADH22 .. 6 NADH6 NADH TotalTotal 2 FADH2 FADH.. 10 NADH10 NADH
Key Concepts: Coenzyme production1. Kreb’s cycle produces activated coenzymes2. Coenzymes push electron transport
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Making ATP: Making ATP: Chemiosmotic ModelChemiosmotic Model
ATP
ADP+Pi
INNER COMPARTMENT
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ATP Synthase in ActionATP Synthase in Action
F1rot_1.mov
F1rot_3.mpg
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Key Points In SummaryKey Points In Summary Glucose eventually gets Glucose eventually gets
broken down to carbon broken down to carbon dioxide gasdioxide gas
Two ways to make ATPTwo ways to make ATP Fast way - AnerobicFast way - Anerobic
No oxygen requiredNo oxygen required Glucose isn’t converted to COGlucose isn’t converted to CO22 but but
lactic acidlactic acid Only net 2 ATPs/glucoseOnly net 2 ATPs/glucose
Slow way - AerobicSlow way - Aerobic Requires oxygenRequires oxygen Glucose converted to CO2Glucose converted to CO2 Net 36 ATPs/glucoseNet 36 ATPs/glucose
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686 kcal of energy are released 686 kcal of energy are released 7.5 kcal are conserved in each ATP7.5 kcal are conserved in each ATP When 36 ATP form, 270 kcal (36 X 7.5) are When 36 ATP form, 270 kcal (36 X 7.5) are
captured in ATPcaptured in ATP
Efficiency is 270 / 686 X 100 = 39 percentEfficiency is 270 / 686 X 100 = 39 percent
Key ConceptKey Concept: Most energy is lost : Most energy is lost as heatas heat
Efficiency ofEfficiency of Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration
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Do not use oxygenDo not use oxygen
Produce less ATP than aerobic pathwaysProduce less ATP than aerobic pathways
Two typesTwo types
Fermentation pathwaysFermentation pathways
The burnThe burn
The BuzzThe Buzz
Anaerobic electron transportAnaerobic electron transport
Anaerobic Pathways Anaerobic Pathways
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Fermentation PathwaysFermentation Pathways
Begin with glycolysisBegin with glycolysis
Do not break glucose down Do not break glucose down completelycompletely to carbon dioxide and to carbon dioxide and waterwater
Yield only the 2 ATP from Yield only the 2 ATP from glycolysisglycolysis
Steps that follow glycolysis serve Steps that follow glycolysis serve only to regenerate NADonly to regenerate NAD++
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Lactate FermentationLactate Fermentation
C6H12O6
ATP
ATPNADH
2 lactate
electrons, hydrogen from NADH
2 NAD+
2
2 ADP
2 pyruvate
2
4
energy output
energy input
GLYCOLYSIS
LACTATE FORMATION
2 ATP net
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YeastsYeasts
Single-celled fungiSingle-celled fungi Carry out alcoholic fermentationCarry out alcoholic fermentation Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Baker’s yeastBaker’s yeast Carbon dioxide makes bread dough rise Carbon dioxide makes bread dough rise
Saccharomyces ellipsoideusSaccharomyces ellipsoideus Used to make beer and wineUsed to make beer and wine
MSU hard cider project: Sacchromyces MSU hard cider project: Sacchromyces banyan DV10banyan DV10
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Alcoholic Alcoholic FermentatFermentat
ionion
C6H12O6
ATP
ATPNADH
2 acetaldehyde
electrons, hydrogen from NADH
2 NAD+
2
2 ADP
2 pyruvate
2
4
energy output
energy input
GLYCOLYSIS
ETHANOL FORMATION
2 ATP net
2 ethanol
2 H2O
2 CO2
Animals Can’t do this!
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Anaerobic Electron Anaerobic Electron TransportTransport
Carried out by certain bacteriaCarried out by certain bacteria Electron transport system is in bacterial Electron transport system is in bacterial
plasma membrane plasma membrane Final electron acceptor is compound from Final electron acceptor is compound from
environment (such as nitrate), NOT oxygenenvironment (such as nitrate), NOT oxygen
Doesn’t require OxygenDoesn’t require Oxygen Can’t work with OxygenCan’t work with Oxygen
ATP yield is lowATP yield is low Lets bacteria live where other organisms Lets bacteria live where other organisms
can’tcan’t
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Question #4Question #4
Is Insulin a:Is Insulin a:
A. CarbohydrateA. Carbohydrate
B. ProteinB. Protein
C. LipidC. Lipid
D. OrganophosphateD. Organophosphate
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Energy ReservesEnergy Reserves Glycogen is about 1 % of the body’s Glycogen is about 1 % of the body’s
energy reserveenergy reserve Proteins is 21% of energy reserveProteins is 21% of energy reserve Fat makes up the bulk of reserves (78 Fat makes up the bulk of reserves (78
%)%)
Note: In lecture 4 we discussed Note: In lecture 4 we discussed polysaccharides, proteins and lipids.polysaccharides, proteins and lipids.
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Energy from Energy from MacromoleculesMacromolecules
CarbohydrateCarbohydrate GlycogenGlycogen ProteinProtein Lipids (fat)Lipids (fat)
carbohydrates
proteins
EPITHELIALCELL
INTERNALENVIRONMENT
bile salts
FATGLOBULES EMULSIFICATION
DROPLETS
bile salts
+
MICELLES
CHYLOMICRONS
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Glucose is absorbed into bloodGlucose is absorbed into blood Pancreas releases insulinPancreas releases insulin Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cellsInsulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells Cells convert glucose to glucose-6-Cells convert glucose to glucose-6-
phosphatephosphate Phosphate, functional group, phosphorylationPhosphate, functional group, phosphorylation
This traps glucose in cytoplasm where it This traps glucose in cytoplasm where it can be used for glycolysiscan be used for glycolysis
Carbohydrate Breakdown Carbohydrate Breakdown
and Storage and Storage
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Making GlycogenMaking Glycogen If glucose intake is high, ATP-making If glucose intake is high, ATP-making
machinery goes into high gearmachinery goes into high gear
When ATP levels rise high enough, When ATP levels rise high enough, glucose-6-phosphate is diverted into glucose-6-phosphate is diverted into glycogen synthesis (mainly in liver glycogen synthesis (mainly in liver and muscle)and muscle)
Glycogen is the main storage Glycogen is the main storage polysaccharide in animalspolysaccharide in animals
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Using GlycogenUsing Glycogen
When blood levels of glucose When blood levels of glucose decline, pancreas releases decline, pancreas releases glucagonglucagon
GlucagonGlucagon stimulates liver cells to stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen back to glucose convert glycogen back to glucose and to release it to the bloodand to release it to the blood
(Muscle cells do not release their (Muscle cells do not release their stored glycogen. This is their stored glycogen. This is their stored sugar!)stored sugar!)
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Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Glucose StorageGlucose Storage1.1. Glucose is used to make ATP firstGlucose is used to make ATP first
2.2. When ATP store is full, glucose is When ATP store is full, glucose is storedstored
3.3. Glycogen is a big branched Glycogen is a big branched polymer of stored glucosepolymer of stored glucose
Glycogen isn’t very soluble so it is Glycogen isn’t very soluble so it is trapped inside the cell where it is trapped inside the cell where it is stored.stored.
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Energy from ProteinsEnergy from Proteins Proteins are broken down to amino acids Proteins are broken down to amino acids
and the amino acids are broken downand the amino acids are broken down Amino group is removed, ammonia forms, Amino group is removed, ammonia forms,
is converted to urea and excretedis converted to urea and excreted Carbon backbones can enter the Krebs Carbon backbones can enter the Krebs
cycle or its preparatory reactionscycle or its preparatory reactions
Key ConceptKey Concept: Proteins can be used : Proteins can be used to make ATP in Krebs Cycleto make ATP in Krebs Cycle
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Energy from Fats (lipids)Energy from Fats (lipids) Most stored fats are triglyceridesMost stored fats are triglycerides
Triglycerides are broken down to glycerol and fatty Triglycerides are broken down to glycerol and fatty
acids acids
Fatty acids are broken down and converted to two Fatty acids are broken down and converted to two
carbon blocks that enter the Krebs cycle (acetyl CoA)carbon blocks that enter the Krebs cycle (acetyl CoA)
Key ConceptKey Concept: Fatty acids are used to make ATP: Fatty acids are used to make ATP
.. Conversion is slowConversion is slow, 2C’s at a time, 2C’s at a time
Before it can even enter Krebs CycleBefore it can even enter Krebs Cycle
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Processes Are Linked Processes Are Linked
Aerobic Aerobic
RespirationRespiration
ReactantsReactants Sugar Sugar
OxygenOxygen
ProductsProducts Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide
WaterWater
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
ReactantsReactants Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide
WaterWater
ProductsProducts Sugar Sugar
OxygenOxygen
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Machinery of Machinery of Noncyclic Electron FlowNoncyclic Electron Flow
photolysis
H2O
NADP+ NADPH
e–
ATP
ATP SYNTHASE
PHOTOSYSTEM IPHOTOSYSTEM II ADP + Pi
e–
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ATP Formation in PlantsATP Formation in Plants
When water is split during photolysis, When water is split during photolysis, hydrogen ions are released into hydrogen ions are released into thylakoid compartment. thylakoid compartment. (Electrochemical GRADIENT)(Electrochemical GRADIENT)
More hydrogen ions are pumped into More hydrogen ions are pumped into the thylakoid compartment when the the thylakoid compartment when the electron transport system operateselectron transport system operates
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ATP FormationATP Formation
Electrical and HElectrical and H++ concentration concentration gradient exists between thylakoid gradient exists between thylakoid compartment and stromacompartment and stroma
HH++ flows down gradients into flows down gradients into stroma through ATP synthesisstroma through ATP synthesis
Flow of ions drives formation of Flow of ions drives formation of ATPATP
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Two Important PathwaysTwo Important Pathways
Light ReactionLight Reaction Makes ATP from Makes ATP from
light energylight energy
Dark ReactionDark Reaction Makes glucose by Makes glucose by
burning ATPburning ATP Uses COUses CO22 from from
the air and water the air and water to make glucoseto make glucose
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Summary of Summary of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
light6O2
12H2O
CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE
C6H12O6
(phosphorylated glucose)
NADPHNADP+ATPADP + Pi
PGA PGAL
RuBP
P
6CO2
end product (e.g. sucrose, starch, cellulose)
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
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Question #5Question #5
Carbon Dioxide Gas is used to build Carbon Dioxide Gas is used to build energy storage molecules in the liverenergy storage molecules in the liver
A TrueA True
B FalseB False
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Please hand your quiz Please hand your quiz sheet to Andrea or Leah sheet to Andrea or Leah
on your way outon your way out
Note: They will only Note: They will only accept one answer form accept one answer form
from each personfrom each personIf you are interested in the first
extra credit project, please come to the front of the class room