lecture 3 - land admin response 2004
TRANSCRIPT
Land Administration 451-418/607 Lecture 3 - 2005
LAND ADMINISTRATION RESPONSE
Ian Williamson
2
Objectives
1. Acknowledging the dynamic humankind to land relationship, understand the cadastral and land administration response over the centuries
2. To understand what constitutes a land administration system and why we need it.
3. To understand the role that land administration and land management plays in the operation of a country
3
Relationship between the rate of change of orientation and direction preferences in the primary visual cortex of the cat. Red lines indicate iso-orientation lines along which orientation preference does not change. Dark blue marks regions where orientation preference changes rapidly. The strongest changes are found at the so-called orientation centres from which iso-orientation lines radiate out in a pinwheel-like fashion. Light blue denotes direction fracture lines across which direction preference shows 180ƒ reversals. Image size: 2.7 × 2.1 mm2 of cortex. See Kisvrday et al., Visual Cortex 636-647.
We think spatially.
Spatial concepts map directlyon to the cortex as topologicallycorrect mappings.
Hunter-gatherer societiesuse topologically correct mappings to communicatespatial information.
4
Rosie Fleming - Ngapa Jukurrpa
This painting depicts a water Dreaming. The rain (ngapa) story belongs to Nampijinpa and Nangala women and Jampijinpa and Jangala men. The Ngapa Jukurrpa travelled from east to Mikanji west of Yuendumu. The straight lines represents the ngawarra (flood waters) running through the landscape. The small bar shapes signify mangkurdu (clouds). The small circles are mulju (water soakages).
5
Artist: Malya Teamay
Title: Uluru Tjukurpa
This painting depicts the Tjukurpa at Uluru, the Law and stories of ancestors.
Uluru is a place of powerful Tjukurpa, the main public elements of which are depicted in this painting.
The painting is the Aboriginal interpretation of a “map” of Uluru.
A similar but smaller painting was painted by Malya for the front cover of the book of the Plan of Management for the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park
produced by Parks Australia.
6
…….AND SO DO WE SOMETIMES.
TOPOLOGICALLY CORRECTDIAGRAMS ARE EASILYUNDERSTOOD BY HUMANS
7
The earliest map? 6200 BC Ankara, Turkeyexcavation of Çatalhöyük site in Anatolia
BUT, urbanisation and the start of civil society meant that there was a need for spatial information which was less ‘relative’ and more ‘geographic’; less symbolic and more quantitative.
8
Topologically correct depictions were inadequate for the purposes of government. Consistent scale and consistent orientation appear by 8,500 years ago to meet the needs of government .
Who owns what, where is it and how much tax should they pay?
9
Clay Tablet map from Ga-Sur, 2,500 B.C.Redrawing with interpretation7.6 x 6.8 cm
An ancient property title? In the centre of this 4,500 year old oriented and (apparently) to scale map, a plot of land is specified as 354 iku (12 hectares) and the owner is named as Azala.
10
Property ownership, taxation, defence and facilities management appear to be the main purposes of these artefacts – all government concerns.
Mesopotamian City Plan, Nippur 1500 B.C., showingpart of the defensive city wall and planned repairs. This showsinternal property boundaries precisely, and to scale (in unitsof twelve cubits – six meters). There is emphasis on public structures such as temples, canals, store houses and a park.(Clay tablet 18 x 21 cm)
11
A modern perspective
12
Land Information Systems
Overarching PolicyIssues / Initiatives
shelterfoodwaterenergy
public safetyenvironmentsustainable development
Land Managementagricultureenvironment protectionconservationbiodiversitycatchment managementutilisation
Land Administrationsecurity of tenure / interestsunderpin land marketunderpin land management
spatial / textual record of land interests
survey valuation mapping planning
Spatial information is the bedrock of good decision making and good governance
13
The land business of government
How can we improve it?
What are its boundaries?
Where is it?
What is it worth?
What can be done with it?
Who owns it?
What’s on it?
Who can use it?
2
Land dealings
Private Property Sales 2002/03$35 billion
Private Property Market 2002/03$650 billion
Revenue raising$3.9 billion
2003/04
Property Development:$4.2 billion 2003/04
(invested in new housing alone)
Spatial Information Infrastructure $91 million
2003/04and $220+ million p.a.
in return (2001)
Infrastructure Development$2.9 billion 2004/05 Public Purpose Use
of Land $1 billion2002
Sustainable Development Projectsin excess of $1 billion
2004/08
In serving the community...
… spatial information is a key
Maximising Economic, Social, and Conservation
Value of Land
Primary Industries worth $8 billion
2003/04
After DSE, 2004
15
Good information
Better policy
Better land
administration Sustainable development
United Nations-FIG Bathurst Declaration on Sustainable Development
Presented in Melbourne, 1999
http://www.fig.net/figtree/pub/figpub/pub21/figpub21.htm
16
The cadastral parcel and The cadastral parcel and ownership rightsownership rights
Source: Land Administration (Peter Dale and John McLaughlin)
17
Dynamic humankind to land relationship
Reference: Ting et al, 1998
18
Accepting the dynamic humankind to land relationship,
what has been the land administration response over the
centuries?
19
Reference: Ting and Williamson, 1998
THE LAND ADMINISTRATION RESPONSE TO THE CHANGING HUMANKIND TO LAND RELATIONSHIP
20
Economic driver for land administration in rural Economic driver for land administration in rural areasareas
Source: Feder 1986
Titled Land
More security to lenderMore security to farmers
More supply of long-term creditMore demand for investments
More Investment
More demand for variable input
More supply of short-term credit
More variable input use
Higher output
Higher land price Higher income
21
Land administration definitions
The processes of regulating land and property development and the use and conservation of land, the gathering of revenues from the land through sales, leasing and taxation, and the resolving of conflicts concerning the ownership and use of land (Dale and McLaughlin, 1999)
22
Land administration definitions
• Land administration is the process of determining, recording and disseminating information about the tenure, value and use of land when implementing land management policies (UNECE, 1996).
• It is considered to include land registration, cadastral surveying and mapping, fiscal, legal and multi-purpose cadastres and parcel based land information systems, and in many systems information supporting land use planning and valuation/land taxation systems.
23
Land administration definitions
• Those public sector activities required to support the alienation, use, valuation, and transfer of land (Dale and McLaughlin, 1999)
• The functions involved in implementing land management policies.
24
Land Administration Arrangements(Enemark, Williamson and Wallace, 2004)
25
The definition of cadastre
• A cadastre is the core or basis of a land administration system and is defined as a parcel based and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities).
• It usually includes a geometric description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, and ownership or control of those interests, and often the value of the parcel and its improvements (FIG, 1995).
26
27
Land Management
• "the management of all aspects of land including the formation of land policies" (Dale & McLaughlin 1988)
• "the process of managing the use and development of land resources in a sustainable way." (Bill Robertson, 1998)
28
Managing land consists of …
• Monitoring and information gathering
• Planning and testing models to develop alternative actions
• Policy making
• Implementing policy including legal reform
• Further monitoring and review of policy effectiveness
29
Land management arrangements (Dale and McLaughlin, 1988)
Country Background
Land Policy
ResourceManagement
LandManagement
LandAdministrationArrangements
LandInformationManagement
30
Placing land Administration in Placing land Administration in contextcontext
Source: Land Administration (Peter Dale and John McLaughlin)
COUNTRY
Geography Economy
History Law
Government Land Law
Development Policy
Land Tenure Arrangements
Market-Place Considerations
Land Policy
Land Administration Arrangements
Public Lands Private Lands
Land Settlement
Land Survey
Land Registration
Land Valuation
and Assessment
Land Use Control and
Management
Infrastructure Utilities
31
Land policy frameworkLand policy framework
Source: Land Administration (Peter Dale and John McLughlin)
National Development Strategies
Land Policies
Land Titling and Registration
Land Market
National Development
32
Ownership, value and useOwnership, value and use
Source: Land Administration (Peter Dale and John McLaughlin)
(Landownership)(Landownership)
(Land Values)(Land Values)
Ministry for Finance
Legal profession
Ministry for Justice
Banks and Financial Institutions
(Land Use)(Land Use)
Ministry for Planning,
Development and EnvironmentMinistry for
Agriculture and Forestry
33
But what is a land market?
34
Evolution of Land MarketsWallace and Williamson, 2004
Own Lease
Planning rights
Development vehicles
Securities
Time shares
Mortgage backed
certificates
Insurance products
Property trusts
Unit trusts
Corporate investment
vehicles
Futures
Options
Land information
Trading trusts
Sharecrop
Basic Opportunities
LandSpatial Commodity
Basic Rights Commodities
Complex Commodities
Complex Commodities market
Under Construction
Marine rights
Land permits Resource rights
Trade waste discharges
Water rights
Carbon credits
Utilities
Wallace and Williamson, 2004
36
What is the spatial dimension of land administration?
37
Humankind to land relationship and Land Administration
Changing Humankind-land Relationship
Sustainable Development Strategies
Land Administration Systems
Spatial Business Systems
Spatial Data Infrastructures
Technology
38
Re-engineering land administration systems
• Managing land in developed countries continues to be problematic with historic tenures and agricultural practices eg Australia
• Managing land in developing countries is a particular problem where rapid population growth causes increasing pressure on rural areas, forests and indigenous peoples, while at the same time causing massive migration to the cities
39
Impact of Global Drivers on re-engineering Land Administration Systems
Vision for human-kind
to land relation- ship
Strategic planning
Benchmarking and Feedback
Existing Land Administration
System
Conceptual Land Administration
System
Operational Land Administration
System
Social System
Sustainable Development
Globalisation
Micro-economic reform
UrbanisationTechnology
Implementation
Global Drivers of Change
40
Exam Question
Describe the land administration response to the changing humankind to land relationship over the last 200 years in western societies