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Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background – geology, tectonics and sea-level

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Page 1: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background – geology, tectonics and sea-level

Page 2: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

•What is the geologic setting of the Worlds big rivers?•What controls the course of big rivers?•What influence does sea-level have on the course of big rivers?

Page 3: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity
Page 4: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

• Tectonics – sets relief

• Climate – e.g. glaciations

• Base level – e.g. sea-level

• Volcanism

Page 5: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity
Page 6: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/Vigil.html

Page 7: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity
Page 8: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity
Page 9: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

http://www.starrynighteducation.com/sntimes

Page 10: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

from Potter and Hamblin, 2006

Page 11: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

from Potter and Hamblin, 2006

Page 12: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

• Plate Convergence• Plate Separation• Regional Tilting• Crustal Doming• Basins and Arches• Shear and Megashears• Faulting

from Potter and Hamblin, 2006

Page 13: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

Longitudinal Foreland Basin

Page 14: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

Longitudinal Foreland Basin

Page 15: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

Transverse Systems: Amazon

Page 16: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

Transverse Systems:Amazon –

lets look in the past!

from Horne et al., 2010

Page 17: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

Transverse Systems: Mississippi

Page 18: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

Intrabasinal Setting: Brahmaputra

Page 19: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

Intrabasinal Setting: Mekong

Page 20: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity
Page 21: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

from Potter and Hamblin, 2006

Himalayas…uplift

since c. 40-50 my

ago

Page 22: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

from Cox, 1989

from Potter and Hamblin, 2006

Page 23: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

Tight bend in the Changjiang

diversion c. 1.7million years ago?

Kong et al., 2012

Page 24: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

……..river capture, volcanism, desertification and glaciation

Page 25: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

from Potter and Hamblin, 2006

Page 26: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

Tectonics, climate and sea-level

Page 27: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity
Page 28: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

The Sunda Shelf

Alqahtani et al., 2015

Page 29: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

Chapter 2: pages 7-17Geology of Large River SystemsSampat Tandon and Rajiv Sinha

Page 30: Lecture 3: Big Rivers: setting the background geology ...classes.geology.illinois.edu/17SprgClass/GeogESE_222/Big Rivers...Major active fault or fault zone; ... location, or activity

Big Rivers: setting the background – climate, hydrology and sediment yields.

Revision/discussion questions.