RESEARCH ON ELT I

Lecture II

Rida Wahyuningrum

English Department

Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

By the end of this course, you will be

able to :

mention the definition

and types of hypothesis

What is

Hypothesis?

Hypo-thesis

A research hypothesis

is the statement

created by researchers

when they speculate

upon the outcome of a

research or

experiment.

Hypothesis is a tentative

prediction about the nature

of the relationship between

two or more variables.

A research question is essentially

a hypothesis asked in the form of

a question.

Every true experimental design

must have this statement at the

core of its structure, as the

ultimate aim of any experiment.

Hypotheses are single tentative

guesses, good hunches—assumed for

use in devising theory or planning

experiments intended to be given a

direct experimental test when possible

(Rogers, 1966)

DEFINITION

A hypothesis is a

conjectural statement of

the relation between two

or more variables

(Kerlinger, 1956)

DEFINITION

Hypothesis is a formal statement that

presents the expected relationship

between an independent and dependent

variable

(Creswell, 1994)

DEFINITION

DEFINITION

A hypothesis can be defined as a

tentative explanation of the research

problem, a possible outcome of the

research, or an educated guess about

the research outcome

(Sarantakos, 1993)

DEFINITION

A hypothesis is a

statement or explanation

that is suggested by

knowledge or observation

but has not yet been

proved or disproved

(Clark & Hockey,1981)

NATURE

OF

HYPOTHESIS

1. It can be tested—

verifiable or falsifiable

2. Hypotheses are not

moral or ethical

questions

3. It is neither too specific

nor too general

4. It is a prediction of

consequences

5. It is considered

valuable even if proven

false

EXAMPLE

You are an English teacher teaching students of

junior high school level. You would like to know what

motivates them to read. You know that students of

that age love some characters of motion pictures

and stories to be told.

So you will offer some kinds of reading to

them. You design an experiment to find

out which type of reading that attracts the

students most that they will take to read.

You can formulate

an experimental

hypothesis :

When offered all five types of

reading, the students will

preferentially take comics.

When offered all five

types of reading, the

students will

preferentially take the

type they like best.

Incorrect hypothesis will be:

TYPES OF

HYPOTHESES

NULL HYPOTHESES

It is designated by Ho or HN

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES

It is designated by H1 or HA

The Null Hypothesis represents a

theory that has been put forward,

either because it is believed to be

true or because it is to be used

as a basis for argument, but has

not yet been proved.

Note:

It has serious outcome if

incorrect decision is made.

The Alternative Hypothesis is a

statement of what a hypothesis

test is set up to establish.

- Opposite of Null Hypothesis

- Only reached if Ho is rejected

- Frequently “alternative” is actual

desired conclusion of the

researcher.

EXAMPLE

In a trial of new curriculum, the

NULL HYPOTHESIS might be that :

the new curriculum is no better, on

average, than the current

curriculum.

The ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

might be that:

The new curriculum has a different

content, on average, compared to

that of the current curriculum.

We would write H1:

The two curriculums have different

contents, on average.

The ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

might be that:

The new curriculum is better, on

average, than the current curriculum.

We would write H1:

The new curriculum is better than the

current curriculum, on average.

Rida Wahyuningrum

English Department

Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya