lecture 25 robb t. koether - hampden-sydney...
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Parameterized MeshesLecture 25
Robb T. Koether
Hampden-Sydney College
Mon, Oct 26, 2015
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 1 / 30
Outline
1 Parameterized SurfacesA Parameterized SphereA Parameterized Paraboloid
2 ContoursContours of a SphereContours of a Paraboloid
3 Calculating Normal Vectors
4 Assignment 14
5 Assignment
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 2 / 30
Outline
1 Parameterized SurfacesA Parameterized SphereA Parameterized Paraboloid
2 ContoursContours of a SphereContours of a Paraboloid
3 Calculating Normal Vectors
4 Assignment 14
5 Assignment
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 3 / 30
Surfaces Defined by Functions
Let F (x , y , z) = 0 be an equation that implicitly defines a2-dimensional surface in 3-dimensional space.For example,
x2 + y2 + z2 − 1 = 0 defines a sphere.x2 + z2 − y2 = 0 defines a cone.
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 4 / 30
Parameterizing the Surface
Let x , y , and z be given in terms of s and t , with a ≤ s ≤ b,c ≤ t ≤ d .
x = x(s, t)y = y(s, t)z = z(s, t)
Typically, [a,b] and [c,d ] are [0,1] or [0,2π].Then P(s, t) = (x , y , z) is a point on the surface.
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 5 / 30
Outline
1 Parameterized SurfacesA Parameterized SphereA Parameterized Paraboloid
2 ContoursContours of a SphereContours of a Paraboloid
3 Calculating Normal Vectors
4 Assignment 14
5 Assignment
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 6 / 30
A Sphere of Radius 1
Example (A Sphere of Radius 1)Use spherical coordinates, where
s is the angle around the vertical axis (longitude),t is the angle up from the equator (latitude).
Then let
x = cos t sin sy = sin tz = cos t cos s,
with 0 ≤ s ≤ 2π and −π2 ≤ t ≤ π
2 .
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 7 / 30
A Sphere of Radius 1
Example (A Sphere of Radius 1)Then
P(s, t) = (cos t sin s, sin t , cos t cos s)
is a point on the surface.Check:
x2 + y2 + z2 − 1 = (cos t sin s)2 + (sin t)2 + (cos t cos s)2 − 1
= cos2 t sin2 s + sin2 t + cos2 t cos2 s − 1
= cos2 t(
sin2 s + cos2 s)
+ sin2 t
= cos2 t + sin2 t − 1= 1− 1= 1.
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 8 / 30
Outline
1 Parameterized SurfacesA Parameterized SphereA Parameterized Paraboloid
2 ContoursContours of a SphereContours of a Paraboloid
3 Calculating Normal Vectors
4 Assignment 14
5 Assignment
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 9 / 30
A Paraboloid
Example (A Paraboloid)s represents an angle around the central axis.t represents the radius of a circular horizontal cross-section.The paraboloid of height 1 is defined by
x = t sin s
y = t2
z = t cos s
with 0 ≤ s ≤ 2π and 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 10 / 30
A Paraboloid
Example (A Paraboloid)Then
P(s, t) = (t sin s, t2, t cos s)
is a point on the surface of the paraboloid.Check:
x2 + z2 − y = t2 sin2 s + t2 cos2 s − t2
= t2(
sin2 s + cos2 s)− t2
= t2 − t2
= 0.
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 11 / 30
Outline
1 Parameterized SurfacesA Parameterized SphereA Parameterized Paraboloid
2 ContoursContours of a SphereContours of a Paraboloid
3 Calculating Normal Vectors
4 Assignment 14
5 Assignment
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 12 / 30
Contours
Definition (s- and t-Contours)An s-contour is the 1-dimensional curve we get if we hold t fixed andlet s vary over its domain. A t-contour is the 1-dimensional curve weget if we hold s fixed and let t vary over its domain.
Typically, we get a different s-contour for each value of t and adifferent t-contour for each value of s.
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 13 / 30
Outline
1 Parameterized SurfacesA Parameterized SphereA Parameterized Paraboloid
2 ContoursContours of a SphereContours of a Paraboloid
3 Calculating Normal Vectors
4 Assignment 14
5 Assignment
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 14 / 30
Contours on a Sphere
Example (Contours on a Sphere)Recall that the sphere is defined by
x = cos t sin sy = sin tz = cos t cos s.
Let t = π3 and find the s-contour.
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 15 / 30
Contours on a Sphere
Example (Contours on a Sphere)We get
x = cosπ
3sin s =
12
sin s
y = sinπ
3=
√3
2
z = cosπ
3cos s =
12
cos s.
This is the circlex2 + z2 =
14
at the height y =√
32 .
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 16 / 30
Contours on a Sphere
Example (Contours on a Sphere)Now let s = π
3 and find the t-contour.We get
x = cos t sinπ
3=
√3
2cos t
y = sin t
z = cos t cosπ
3=
12
cos t .
This is a circle of radius 1 in the plane x =√
3z.
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 17 / 30
Outline
1 Parameterized SurfacesA Parameterized SphereA Parameterized Paraboloid
2 ContoursContours of a SphereContours of a Paraboloid
3 Calculating Normal Vectors
4 Assignment 14
5 Assignment
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 18 / 30
Contours on a Paraboloid
Example (Contours on a Paraboloid)
Find the s-contour of the paraboloid for s = π3 and t = 1
2 .For the paraboloid,
Find the s-contour when t = 12 .
Find the t-contours when s = 0 and when s = π2 .
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 19 / 30
Outline
1 Parameterized SurfacesA Parameterized SphereA Parameterized Paraboloid
2 ContoursContours of a SphereContours of a Paraboloid
3 Calculating Normal Vectors
4 Assignment 14
5 Assignment
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 20 / 30
Finding Normal Vectors
At a point P(s, t),A vector tangent to the s-contour is given by
∂P∂s
.
A vector tangent to the t-contour is given by
∂P∂t.
Thus, a normal vector to the surface is
n =∂P∂s× ∂P
∂t.
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 21 / 30
Finding Normals
Example (Finding Normals)Find the normals to the surface of the sphere defined byx2 + y2 + z2 = 1.Let
P(s, t) = (cos t sin s, sin t , cos t cos s).
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 22 / 30
Finding Normals
Example (Finding Normals)Then
∂P∂s
= (cos t cos s,0,− cos t sin s)
∂P∂t
= (− sin t sin s, cos t ,− sin t cos s).
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 23 / 30
Finding Normals
Example (Finding Normals)Then
n = (cos2 t sin s, cos t sin t cos2 s + cos t sin t sin2 s, cos2 t cos s)
= (cos2 t sin s, cos t sin t + cos t sin t , cos2 t cos s)
= cos t(cos t sin s, sin t , cos t cos s)
= cos t(x , y , z)
N =n|n|
= (x , y , z).
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 24 / 30
The Direction of the Normals
Caution: This proceed is as likely to produce vectors that point“inward” as it is to produce vectors that point “outward.”It depends on the parametrization.If the vectors point inward, then use the negative of the vector.
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 25 / 30
The Paraboloid Mesh
Example (The Paraboloid Mesh)Find the normal vectors for a paraboloid.Which way do they point?Which way should they point?
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 26 / 30
Outline
1 Parameterized SurfacesA Parameterized SphereA Parameterized Paraboloid
2 ContoursContours of a SphereContours of a Paraboloid
3 Calculating Normal Vectors
4 Assignment 14
5 Assignment
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 27 / 30
Assignment 14
Assignment 14
Find a parameterization of the cone x2 + z2 = y2, including thenormal vectors.
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 28 / 30
Outline
1 Parameterized SurfacesA Parameterized SphereA Parameterized Paraboloid
2 ContoursContours of a SphereContours of a Paraboloid
3 Calculating Normal Vectors
4 Assignment 14
5 Assignment
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 29 / 30
Assignment
AssignmentRead pp. 359 - 368, Classic Lighting Model.
Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Parameterized Meshes Mon, Oct 26, 2015 30 / 30