lecture 2 zoology

8/16/2019 Lecture 2 Zoology

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LECTURE 2:PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT,ANIMALARCHITECTURE AND CLASSIFICATION

ZOO 2403: GENERALZOOLOGY

By: Miss Kasthuri Jewarethnam


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WHAT IS AN ANIMAL?

• Eac !"#$ %& %'(a)*+ a++#$c*-c &$a!.'$+:

• U)*/.$ c$+

• U)*/.$ !*++.$+• U)*/.$ a1a#!a!*%)+

• T$ +!.1" %& a)*a+ $(*)+*! a) .)1$'+!a)1*)( %&!$+$ &$a!.'$+


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ANIMAL ARCHITECTURE

• L$5$+ %& %'(a)*6a!*%) *) %'(a)*+a c%#$7*!"

• T$'$ a'$ 8 a9%' ('a1$+ %& %'(a)*6a!*%) $ac

$*)( %'$ c%#$7 !a) !$ #'$5*%.+


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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• Protoplasmic level: %cc.'+ *).)*c$.a' %'(a)*++ O'(a)$$+ *!*)!$ c$ ca''" %.! +#$c*a*6$1 &.)c!*%)+

P'%!%6%a)+ a'$ $7a#$+

• 2 Cellular level: C$+ a'$ a(('$(a!$1 a)1c$+ $)(a($ *) a 1*5*+*%) %& a%', $*)(

+#$c*a*6$1 &%' #a'!*c.a' !a+;+ E7a#$+:C%%)*a #'%!%6%a) ('%.#+


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• 3 Cell-tissue level: S**a' c$+ a(('$(a!$ *)!%#a!!$')+ %' a"$'+ &%'*)( !*++.$+ N$'5$ )$! *)C)*1a'*a)+


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• 4 Tissue-organ level: O'(a)+ a'$ a1$ .# %&%'$ !a) %)$ ;*)1 %& !*++.$ a)1 a5$ a+#$c*a*6$1 &.)c!*%)

• E7: Fa!%'+


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Flatworm (Turbellaria)


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• 8 Organ-system level: O'(a)+ %'; !%($!$' !%#$'&%' &.)c!*%)+ M%+! c%#$7 $5$ %&%'(a)*6a!*%)

• E7a#$+ %& %'(a) +"+!$+ *)c.1$ c*'c.a!%'",'$#'%1.c!*5$, 1*($+!*5$, '$+#*'a!%'" M%+! a)*a#"a $7**! !*+ $5$ %& %'(a)*6a!*%)


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ANIMAL SYMMETRY

• T$'$ a'$ !'$$ !"#$+ %& +"$!'"• S#$'*ca

• Ra1*a

• >*a!$'a


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ANIMAL SYMMETRY

• S#$'*ca +"$!'" %cc.'+ a*)" a%)(#'%!%6%a)+

• Ra1*a +"$!'" %cc.'+ a%)( !$

C)*1a'*a)+


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ANIMAL SYMMETRY


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A variety of descriptive terms are used to A variety of descriptive terms are used to

describe orientation in bilateral animals.describe orientation in bilateral animals.


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ANIMAL >ODY PLANES


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DEVELOPMENT OF >ODY PLANS

• A) a)*a+ %1" '$+.!+ &'% 1*5*+*%) %& c$+1.'*)( $'"%)*c 1$5$%#$)!

• D*@$'$)c$+ *) 1$5$%#$)!a #a!!$')+ a5$ $$).+$1 !% ca++*&" %'$ c%#$7 a)*a+ +% a).)1$'+!a)1*)( %& a+*c $'"%%(" *+ )$c$++a'"!% &%% !*+


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DEVELOPMENT OF >ODY PLANS

• E'"%%("

• Z"(%!$

• C$a5a($

• >%1" ca5*!*$+

• S$($)!a!*%)

• >%1" #a)+

• A)*a !*++.$+


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PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT

O)c$ a) $(( *+ &$'!**6$1 *! $c%$+ a zygote T*+ c$ 1*5*1$+ *)!% a a'($ ).$' %& c$+ca$1 blastomeres

2 C$a5a($ %& c$+ #'%c$$1+ .)!* a .*1B-$1%% a %& c$+ *+ &%'$1 T*+ *+ ablastula

3 I) .!*c$.a' a)*a+ %!$' !a) +#%)($+ !$a+!.a *)5a(*)a!$+ !% $(*) &%'*)( !$ &.!.'$(.! A! !*+ +!a($ !$ $'"% *+ a gastrula


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THE ZYGOTE

• T$ 6"(%!$ *+ a &$'!**6$1$((

• C%*)a!*%)+ %& !%1*@$'$)! ($)$!*c c%1$+

• I)c'$a+$+ 1*5$'+*!" a)1

ca)($+ %& +.'5*5a


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EM>RYONIC CLEAVAGE


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CLEAVAGE PATTERNS

• Bc$ +!a($• T% !*$'+ %& c$+

• T%# &%.' c$+ a" *('a!$

• Y$+ S#*'a c$a5a($• N% Ra1*a c$a5a($

• T$ +*#$ ac!*%) %& c$

*('a!*%) a+ a9%' *#ac!+%) a! ;*)1+ %& a)*a+!*+ $'"% $c%$+


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THE >LASTULA


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TISSUE MIGRATION


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THE GASTRULA


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4 T$ *)5a(*)a!*)( a"$' %& c$+ &%' a($' a"$' ca$1 !$ endoderm T$$)1%1$' +.''%.)1+ a)1 1$-)$+ a %1"

ca5*!" ca$1 !$ gastrocoel

8 T$ c$+ )%! *)5%5$1 *) &%'*)( !$

*)5a(*)a!*%) c%)+!*!.!$ a)%!$' ($'a"$' !$ ectoderm T$ $c!%1$'+.''%.)1+ a ca5*!" ca$1 !$ blastocoel


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W$) !$ *)5a(*)a!*)( (a+!'%c%$ &%'+ ac%#$!$ !.$ " &%'*)( a +$c%)1 %#$)*)( !%!$ %.!+*1$ *! *+ !$) ca$1 !$ gut

• I) !$ c)*1a'*a)+


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I) %+! a)*a+


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TISSUE DEVELOPMENT

• T$ 6"(%!$ 1*5*1$+, .)!* 1*@$'$)! a"$'+ %& c$+ &%'

• Eac a"$' a+ 1*@$'$)! $)5*'%)$)!a c%)1*!*%)+, a)1'$ac!+ 1*@$'$)!"

• Eac a"$' %& c$+ $c%$+ 1*@$'$)!*a!$1, *)!%1*@$'$)! !*++.$+• Ec!%1$'

• E7!$')a a"$' %& !*++.$+

• F%'+ )$'5%.+ +"+!$, !%%! $)a$, a)1 $#*1$'*+• E)1%1$'

• F%'+ c%.)a' c$+ *)*)( %& .!*#$ %'(a) +"+!$+

• M$+%1$'• F%'+ c%))$c!*5$ !*++.$, .+c$+, (%)a1+,


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TISSUE FORMATION


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>ODY CAVITY FORMATION

• M*('a!*%) %& a)*ac$+ $a1+ !% !$&%'a!*%) %&

1*@$'$)! !*++.$+

• F.'!$' *('a!*%)

a" $a1 !% !$&%'a!*%) %& a %1"ca5*!"


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• T$ a" *) *c !$ $+%1$' &%'+, a)1$!$' %' )%! a ca5*!"


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THE COELOME

• F.*1B-$1 ca5*!*$+ #'%5*1$ a "1'%+!a!*c +;$$!%)

• T.$B*!*)BaB!.$ *)c'$a+$+ $7***!" a)1+.'&ac$ a'$a

• T$ *)!$')a ca5*!" *+ c%#$!$" *)$1 *!

$+%1$'• F%'a!*%) %& $+$)!$'*$+


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COELOMS

• T'*#%a+!*c %'(a)*++


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ACOELOMATE


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PSEUDOCOELOMATE


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EUCOELOMATE


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ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION

• Ca++*-ca!*%) $(*)+ *! !*++.$+:

• N% !'.$ !*++.$+


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PROTOSTOMES ANDDEUTEROSTOMES

• W*!*) !$ $.c%%a!$+ !$'$ a'$ !% a9%'$5%.!*%)a'" *)$a($+ !a! +#*! $a'" *) !$*+!%'" %& a)*a+ a)1 &%% /.*!$ 1*@$'$)!1$5$%#$)!a #a!a"+

T$+$ a'$ !$ #'%!%+!%$+ %.! -'+! a)11$.!$'%+!%$+ %.! +$c%)1


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PROTOSTOMES ANDDEUTEROSTOMES

• P'%!%+!%$+ *)c.1$ !$ a))$*1+, %.+;+, a)1a'!'%#%1+

• D$.!$'%+!%$+ *)c.1$ !$ $c*)%1$'+ a)15$'!$'a!$+


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ANIMAL TISSUES

• Ma1$ &'% a)*a c$+, *c a'$ .)*/.$• E.;a'!"%!*c c$+• N% c$ a %' c%'%#a+!+• S!'*c!" $!$'%!'%#*c

• C%))$c!*5$ !*++.$• >*)1*)( a)1 +.##%'!*5$ &.)c!*%)

• M.+c.a' !*++.$

• R$+#%)+*$ &%' c%)!'ac!*%)+ a)1 %5$$)!

• N$'5%.+ !*++.$• T'a)+*!+ *)&%'a!*%)


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ANIMAL CELLS


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CELL STRUCTURE


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SIMPLE CELLS

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Simple Columnar Epithelium


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STRATIFIED CELLS


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CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Loose Dense


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Cartilage

Bone


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Blood Cells


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MUSCLE TISSUE


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NERVOUS TISSUE

lecture 2 zoology

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