lecture 2 theory of management

W E E K 2

M A N A G E M E N T I N P H Y S I C A L E D U C A T I O N & R E C R E A T I O N

J A F F R Y Z A K A R I A

Theory of Management

The Meaning of Management

Faculty of Sport Science & Coaching

The word management is derived from the Italian word , Maneggiare, which

means “to train horses” or literally “to handle”

the French words, Maneger, meaning “to direct a household”, i.e. “ to economize” and Menager, “ an act of guiding or leading”. Etymologically, therefore it means to

handle , direct economically, guide and lead.

Attributes of Management


Management is the art and science of organizing,

preparing and directing human efforts applied to control the forces and to utilize the materials of

nature for the benefit of man



Management is the development of people and not the direction of

things.



Management is the scientific utilization of

men, money and materials to accomplish a

desired purpose.



Management is simply stated and defined as “the getting of things

done through efforts of other people.”

OrganizationOrganization ManagementManagement


Organization is considered as the relationships of the structural elements in business ,including the individuals to carry on the work to accomplish the desired purposes

Management as the planning , directing, controlling and coordinating of those elements

Relationship between Management and Organization

OrganizationOrganization ManagementManagement


Organization refers to the structure or form of an enterprise and the arrangement of all parts thereof in a manner suitable for use in service

Management includes all those in charge of the direction of the work of others, those who will see to it that the parts so arranged and structured are used in service to best advantage.

Relationship between Management and Organization

Structural Factors


Men

Materials

Machines

Methods

Money

Who is Management?

Traditionally, management

means one individual or a

small group of key people who make

the significant decisions and keep the policy making

power and function as an absolute power

over the organization.


What is Good Management?

When competent men are placed as heads of the departments , when these men are responsible for and are in control of all activities and when they work as a team under the leadership of a strong executive.


What is Good Management?

When changes in business activities could be effected on short notice


When is Management Considered Successful?

When industry is efficient and

this efficiency is measured

concretely in terms of quality and quantity of

products produced with the minimum efforts at the least possible

cost.


PLANNING

COORDINATING

DIRECTING

CONTROLLING


Functions of Management

Planning

Is a method technique of looking ahead in order to meet work requirements and to reduce the amount of mental efforts required while work is being done.

It is a continuing process.

It emphasizes prevention rather than correction of delays.

The essence of planning is to remember the value of time, the virtue of patience and the joy of originating.


Coordinating

It means concurrence in purpose and performance to secure harmony in action toward a common end.


Directing

It means the pointing of all efforts toward the known objective.


Control

It includes the restraining, checking and motivating influences exercised by the government.

It requires a knowledge of what is being done, what should be done and what to do in order to rectify unsatisfactory conditions.


P L A N N E D M E T H O D S O F P R O C E D U R E

O N E O F T H E M O S T V A L U A B L E M E C H A N I S M S O R A I D S O F M A N A G E M E N T .

S Y S T E M M A T E R I A L L Y A I D S I N S E C U R I N G T H E D E S I R E D R E S U L T S I N T H E B E S T

P O S S I B L E W A Y W I T H T H E L A T E S T E X P E N D I T U R E O F T I M E A N D E F F O R T .


System, A Fundamental in Operating a Business

Advantages of Proper Use of System


System is the introduction or order and method wherever it is applied



Everyday work becomes routine through a system



System permits those in authority to devote their time and effort to more important work, such as planning, attending to major problems, searching for new markets and products, and the like.



System aids in the control and reduction of costs

Rules for Applying System


System Used in a Particular Concern Should Reflect a Basic General Plan

A System Must Represent a Definite and Useful Purpose.

Maintaining a System Must Prove Worth Its Cost

Rules for Applying System


A System should be clear, simple, easily understood, and adequate to fit the need , but involving the least expenditure of time and effort.

There Should be Frequent Periodic Checking.


Basic Principles of Management

1. The Principle of Policy Making


Definite , clear-cut policies are essential to effective

management

General company policies

Major Policies

Departmental Policies

2. The Principle of Improvement and Adjustment


To be successful, a business must advance ;

it cannot remain dormant.

3. The Principle of Balance


To secure proper development of business

and efficiency in operation , a company

must be internally well-balanced.

4. The Principle of Relationship of Task and Accomplishment


A person works best and accomplishes most when he is given a definite job

to be completed in a given time , the work being of a nature for

which he is mentally and physically suited.

5. The Principle of Individual Effectiveness


Individual effectiveness is increased through

training and improved working conditions

6. The Principle of Simplicity


All Elements which are not essential to successful operation should be

eliminated and all those retained should be

applied in the simplest way.

7. The Principle of Specialization


Scientific distribution of work results in

specialization of effort and task

8. The Principle of Standardization


Whenever practicable, best practices should be

determined , expressed in terms of definite units

or standards and adopted as a pattern for

use in operation or performance and in

planning and control

9. The Principle of Financial Incentive


Remuneration should be in direct proportion to the

value of accomplishment

10. The Principle of Human Relations


Management succeeds or fails as human relations

in business are intelligently or otherwise

handled

11. The Principle of Planning


In order to accomplish anything of importance , there must be planning

in advance of doing.

12. The Principle of Control


Planning is of little value unless there is

subsequent control to make certain that the plans are carried out.

13. The Principle of Cooperation


The efforts of two or more individuals working as a unit toward a common

goal are greater than the sum of the efforts of the individuals working at

individuals.

14. The Principle of Leadership


Wise Leadership is the most important single factor in

successful operationGood leadership implies : The ability to do what sets

out to do The spirit to carry on until

the task set is accomplished The personality and ability

to win cooperation The skill to direct and

control the efforts of others.

15. The Principle of Delegation of Authority and Responsibility


Decisions should be made at the lowest practicable

organization level

Delegation means giving power to do certain things to subordinates and pointing out how that power is to be used.

17. The Principle of Utilization of Executive Ability


Executive ability can be utilized fully by freeing it of the need to attend to

all routine matters.


The executive should have

1. Physical and mental health


Vitality, strength and endurance are required

of executives.

2. Intellect


Clear thinking and intelligence is either creative or judicial

3. Personality


The executive should have maturity , social

orientation , personal magnetism that

commands consent , cooperation, enthusiasm,

the ability to inspire , persuasiveness and tact.

4. Character


The good executive, as a leader, has integrity, and other excellent character

traits

5. Language Facility


The leader should not only know but he should also have the ability to teach and communicate what

he knows.

lecture 2 theory of management

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