lecture 2 introduction to earth history. icomponents of geology a)physical geology b)historical...
TRANSCRIPT
Lecture 2
Introduction to Earth History
I Components of GeologyA) Physical GeologyB) Historical Geology
II Founders of A) James UssherB) Nicolaus Steno
1) Superposition2) Original Horizontality3) Original Lateral Continuity
C) John StracheyD) Giovanni ArduinoE) Abraham Gottlob WernerF) James Hutton
1) Plutonism2) Uniformitarianism3) Hutton's Corollaries to Superposition
a) Cross-Cutting Relationshipsb) Inclusion
G) William SmithH) Charles LyellI) Charles Darwin
Outline
Geological Science
geology
physical geology
historical geology
the study of the planet Earth - the materialsof which it is made, the processes that act on these materials, the products formed, and the history of the planet and its life forms since its origin.a broad division of geology that concerns itself with the processes and forces involved in the inorganic evolution of the Earth and morphology, and with its constituent minerals, rocks, magmas, and core materials.a major branch of geology that is concerned with the evolution of the Earth and its life forms from its origins to the present day.
Catastrophism
James Ussher(1581-1656)
catastrophism the doctrine that sudden violent, short-lived, moreor less worldwide events outside our present experience or knowledge have greatly modified the Earth's crust accounting for its present configuration as well as for the observed distribution of life forms.
Founders of Historical GeologyNicolaus Steno (1638-1687)
fossil descriptions
first stratigrapher
Steno's Laws
Superposition
Original Horizontality
Original Lateral Continuity
Steno's LawsSuperposition
Steno's LawsOriginal Horizontality
Steno's LawsOriginal Lateral Continuity
Founders of Historical Geology John Strachey (1671-1743)
local stratigraphy of English coal beds
described first angular unconformity
an unconformity in whichyounger sediments rest upon the eroded surfaceof tilted or folded olderrocks.
Founders of Historical Geology Giovanni Arduino (1714-1795)
founder of stratigraphy
Italian mines specialist
Founders of Historical Geology Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749-1817)
neptunism the theory that the rocks of the Earth's crust allconsist of material deposited from, or crystallized out of, water.
Woodward (1733)
mining inspector and teacher
first to systematically classify minerals
Founders of Historical Geology Georges Leopold Cuvier (1769-1832)
founder of vertebrate paleontology
scientific catastrophism
Founders of Historical Geology William Smith (1769-1839)
first geologic map
Principle of Faunal Succession
Life on Earth has evolved through time.Therefore,
Like assemblages of fossils are of like age, and,The rocks containing them are of like age
Founders of Historical Geology James Hutton (1726-1797)
dynamic/cyclic concept of Earth history (rock cycle)
plutonism
deep time
uniformitarianism
recognized significance of unconformities
corollaries to superposition
Hutton's Rock Cycle
Plutonism
the concept of the formation of the Earth by solidification of a molten mass.
plutonism
Kircher (1655)
Deep Time
Uniformitarianism
the fundamental principle that geological processes and natural laws now operating to modify the Earth's crust have acted inmuch the same manner and with essentially the same intensity throughout geologic time, and that past geologic events can beexplained by forces observable today; "The present is the keyto the past."James Hutton (1726-1797)
Hutton's Unconformities
Hutton's CorollariesCross-cutting Relationships
Hutton's CorollariesInclusions
Founders of Historical Geology Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
first geologic time scale
relative time
Founders of Historical Geology Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Evolution of Species through Natural Selection
Components of Historical Geology
geochronology
paleoclimatology
sea level
stratigraphy
plate tectonic movements
paleontology
General Patterns in Earth History
General Patterns in Earth HistoryHeat Flow
Heat production 4 billion years ago was 4 to 6 times as great as it is now
General Patterns in Earth HistoryMajor Trends
General Patterns in Earth HistoryAtmospheric Oxygen
General Patterns in Earth HistoryThe History of Life
MASS EXTINCTION
MASS EXTINCTION
MASS EXTINCTION
MASS EXTINCTION
Range of Global Biodiversity PeriodEra
CEN
OZ
OIC
MESO
ZO
ICP
ALEO
ZO
IC
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
CRETACEOUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONIFEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
General Patterns in Earth HistoryBiodiversity in Earth History
MASS EXTINCTION
General Patterns in Earth HistoryPaleogeography (Tectonics)
600 million years ago
450 million years ago
300 million years ago
today
General Patterns in Earth HistoryClimate
General Patterns in Earth HistorySea Level
General Patterns in Earth HistorySummary