lecture - 2 cse 3323 the computer industry: historical, social and professional issues lecture: dr...

Lecture - 2

CSE 3323The computer industry:

historical, social and professional issues

Lecture: Dr Ronald Pose

Room: 122, Building 26E-mail: [email protected]

http://irb.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/history/eniac-hc.jpg

Lecture - 2

Today’s Lecture• Introduction and course outline• History – Abacus to the Jacquard Loom • Issue – An introduction to ethics


CSE 3323 The computer industry:


Class Format• Lectures provide an introduction to the topics

you should investigate further. Lectures will be divided into:– History lecture– Issues lecture

• The Break (15 minutes) gives you an opportunity to read articles in preparation for the discussion section

• Discussions with the whole class or when divided into groups allow you to express your views and better form your own opinions

• Case Studies let you apply your understanding



Passing CSE3323• CSE3323 is a very broad subject.• There is a lot of reading material

provided / linked to. Try avoid it and you may fail.

• There is a large research and writing component.

• In order to do well (D to HD) you will need to do your own research into topics covered in lectures.



Passing CSE3323

"If God intended for us to go to lectures He wouldn't have created double-sided

photocopiers." IC RagMag 1991/92

• Handouts will be double sided to save paper• Much of the important material will come from

discussion and will therefore not be in slides• You are encourage to take notes of class

discussions, but more importantly you are encouraged to participate in discussion.



Outcomes

What you should gain for this subject is a better understanding of

the history of the computer industry and issues that will effect you in later years as Professionals

in the Computer Industry.

Lecture - 2

History Part 1

Abacus to the Jacquard Loom

3,000 BC to 1801 CE

3000 BC 1801 CE




ComputingCompute – v, To determine by calculation;

reckon; calculate- The MacQuarie Dictionary (2nd Ed), 1991

Computer – n, 1. One who computes2. An apparatus for performing mathematical computations electronically according to a series of stored instructions called a program.

- The MacQuarie Dictionary (2nd Ed), 1991- First coined by Sir Thomas Browne (1646) re: def 1: the calculation of calendars



Abacus - 3000 BC

• An early computational tool, originally composed of a set of stone tables called abaci

• A ways of representing countable objects e.g. sheep, wheat etc

• The abacus was popular during the Middle Ages

• Picture (next slide), Ref1 , Ref2

http://www.computer.org/history/development/graphics/0500abac.jpg

http://www.computer.org/history/development/early.htm

http://virtualmuseum.dlib.vt.edu/cgi-bin/ShowPage/early.html?Whence=Chronology

http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/museum/eci_abacus.htm



Abacus

http://www.computer.org/history/development/graphics/0500abac.jpg



Algorithm 1200 AD

• Mukhammad ibn Musa Al'Khowarizmi

• a 12 century Tashkent cleric

• Published a book about written processes that could achieve some goal in calculation

• The word Algorithm is a corruption of Al'Khowarizmi



John Napier

1612 John Napier, 1st published use of the decimal point and logarithms

1620s Napier’s work lead to the creation of the slide rule



Blaise Pascal - 1642

• Created an “adding machine” with automatic carrying

• The device was created to aid his father – a tax collector

• The first automatic calculation device (calculator)*

* Wilhelm Schickard wrote about a calculating machine in 1623 but no copy of it has been found. Ref1 , Ref2

• Ref

http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Schickard.html

http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Pascal.html

http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Pascal.html



Jacquard Loom - 1801• An automatic loom was

invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard. The loom pioneered the use of punch cards.

• Riots occurred as workers feared being made redundant by the machines.

www.manovich.net/ digital-cinema.html

http://www.manovich.net/digital-cinema.html



Lecture - 2

Issue 1

Computer Ethics




Ethics

“‘Ethics’ has been defined as the code or set of principles by which people live. Ethics is about what is considered to be right and what is considered to wrong”

Tom Forester and Perry Morrison, Computer Ethics (2nd ed), MIT, USA 1994



Ethics 2

Ethics n.pl. (also treated as sing.)

1 moral philosophy.

2 a moral principles.

2 b set of these.

Source: Pocket Oxford Dictionary, Oxford University Press, UK, 1994



Ethical Theories

• Relativism (Spinoza 1632-1677)

• Utilitarianism (J.S. Mill, 1806-1873)– A subset of Consequentialism

• Kantianism (Kant, 1724-1804)– Also known as Deontologism

Reference: Tom Forester and Perry Morrison, Computer Ethics (2nd ed), MIT, USA 1994 – Introduction.



Relativism

• Ethics is always relative

• Right and wrong depend on culture

• There are no universal “rights” or “wrongs”



Consequentialism & Utilitarianism

• “Right” or “Wrong” depends on the consequences

• The consequences to society is the primary concern

• Utilitarianism additionally says “good” is what gives the greatest benefit to the largest number of people



Kantianism

• Actions are right or wrong in and of themselves (circumstances have no impact)

• The impact on individuals is important

• If the means is “bad” the result can never justify it (making the result good)



End of Slides

List of images and sources follows.

You may wish to visit these sites as they Mostly contain further content as well

As the image.

• The ENIAC Computer• http://irb.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/history/IBM4381.htm

• The Colossus • www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/ electronic.html

• Babbage’s Difference Engine

• www.kcl.ac.uk/humanities/ history/Computing.shtml

• An Abacus• http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/museum/eci_abacus.htm

Border Images

http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/electronic.html







http://www.kcl.ac.uk/humanities/history/Computing.shtml







Border Images

• UNIVAC• www.nersc.gov/.../Scans.2.June.11/ Scans.2.June.11.html

• IBM 701 • http://www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/

701/701_intro.html

• IBM System/360• http://www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/

mainframe_2423PH2022.html

• The MITS Altair 8800 • http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~csclub/museum/items/

mits_altair_8800.html

http://www.nersc.gov/~deboni/Computer.history/MachineScans/ScansJune11/Scans.2.June.11/Scans.2.June.11.html





http://www.nersc.gov/~deboni/Computer.history/MachineScans/ScansJune11/Scans.2.June.11/Univac.1.big.jpg

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