lecture 2 - colonial era

8/13/2019 Lecture 2 - Colonial Era

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YOUR FUTUREBEGINS HERE

MPW 1233

Malaysian Studies

By

Hj. Kamal Abd Razak

MBA Techno-Entrepreneurship

[email protected]

012-6550746
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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THE COLONIAL ERA


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Colonial Era

Columbus discovered America in

1492,and brought gold and wealthback to Spain,in order to balance Spainishsupremacy in Europe, Portugalhas to find a way..


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COLONIZATION

Malaysia was once a colonized land.

Was subjugated by other powers for total period of446 years since 1511 until 1957.

Portuguese 1511-1641 Dutch 1641-1824

British 1824-1942

Japan 1942-1945 British 1945-1957


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COLONIZATION

Portuguese, Dutch, British, Japanese andBritish had colonized the country before.

But only British and Japanese colonizedthe whole country and left impact on thepeople


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COLONIZATION

Colonists and the Features of Domination
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/Colonists%20and%20the%20Features%20of%20Domination%20table.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/Colonists%20and%20the%20Features%20of%20Domination%20table.doc


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Portuguese Colonization

Chronicles that brings to Malacca

colonization by Portuguese


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Sequent of Events

1488- Bartholomew Diaz discovered route fromEurope to Cape of Good Hope, Africa.

1498-Vasco Da Gama sailed to India, and builtsettlement in Calicut.

1509- Alfonso de Albuquerque appointed asVice Roy in India, and sent a trade group toMalacca led by Lopez de Sequiera.

1510- Portuguese conquered Goa.

1511- Portuguese attacked and capturedMalacca.


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Portuguese in malacca in the year 1509


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Malacca town in 1511


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Reasons for Portuguese to go East

Control the spice trade ( spice ingredients ofpreservation)

Control important trade route to the East, tobalance the superiority of Arabs traders andSpaniards.

Discover the sea route to the east through Cape ofGood Hope

Process superior sea power and naval expertise Spread Christianity


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PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION

In 1511, the Vice Roy of India, Alfonso deAlbuquerque, organized an expedition toattack Malacca.

Albuquerque captured Malacca on 24August 1511 with superior artillery.


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A fortress, A Famosa, was built inNovember 1511 to defend Malacca fromany attacks.


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Reasons for the fall of Malacca toPortuguese:-

1. Administrative inefficiency by Sultan

Mahmud.2. Conflict between Malays and Tamil

Muslim

3. Disloyalty of the traders.4. Establishment of Aceh as a new port.


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Melakas fall gave Portugal the control

over the main Asia main trade routes


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Introduced own system to strengthenpolitical and economic position in the East

Posts of Bendahara, Temenggung andSyahbandar were remainedbut limited

jurisdictions


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Portuguese mercantile policy displayedextreme greed

Traders had to pay high tax, sell goods atlow price and obtain special permit beforeconducting business


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In their greed to control spice tradeMuslims traders were treated poorlythey later turned to other ports like Johor,

Acheh and Demak


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With assistance from Johor, Dutchdefeated Portuguese

After 130 years of occupation, Portuguesefell to the Dutch


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Dutch Colonization

Portugal became the richest country inEurope after Malacca fell, Lisbon becameimportant port in spice trade.

Dutch established V.O.C in 1602 tocompete with the Portuguese


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Dutch Colonization

Dutch and Johor had relationships since1606, the Dutch granted Johor supremacyand Johor will help the Dutch to oust

Portuguese from Malacca. Johor at that time was under the rule of

Sultan Abdul Jalil.

1641, Portuguese was defeated by theDutch and Johor.


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Dutch Colonization

In 1650 Dutch, attempted to monopolizetin trade in Perakfailed by oppositionfrom the local people, and even to force

the Sultan of Perak to sign a treaty to sellthe tin only to the Dutch.

Dutch had to give up their desire for tinmonopoly following an attack by PanglimaKulup Ali in 1650 to the Dutch settlementsin Pulau Pangkor and Hilir Perak.


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Dutch Colonization

Johor-Dutch friendship was severelytested by commercial rivalry between thetwo parties

Situation reached its peak in 1782Dutchlaid siege to Riau.

Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie


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Dutch Colonization

Meanwhile in Selangor, Sultan Ibrahimwhom the Dutch accused for not wantingto sell the tin and for favoring the English

East India Company.

Sultan Ibrahim (with help from Rembauand RajaHaji)attacked the Dutch


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Dutch Colonization

Attack failedconflict between Selangorand Dutch dragged on to 1786

Dutch tried its best to stifle Johors power

1784 agreementSultan Mahmud III wasforced to surrender Riau ( Riau Indonesia

was once under the Johor Sultanate)


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Dutch Colonization

The Sultans disenchantment was

intensified when the Dutch sent a Residentto Riau.

1787Johor launched a military attack onDutch in Riaulater Dutch recapturedRiau in the same year


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Objectives of the Dutch Colonization

To dominate the spice trade ( MalukuIsland)

To dominate tin industry in the Malaystates

To chase out Portuguese from the Malayarchipelago.


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BRITISH COLONIZATION OF

PENANG, SINGAPORE AND MELAKA


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Britains colonization of Penang was

achieved through deception and

aggressiveness by Francis Light


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BRITISH COLONIZATION

Penang was considered strategicallylocated to serve as a military as well ascommercial base.

Penang was part of the territory of Kedah.


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Back then


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Kedah was facing threats from Siam andBurma

Sultan Muhammad Jiwa offered British toset up settlements for protectionin caseof an attack


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Offer was not takenreoffered by SultanAbdullah (due to threats in the palace andexternal factors)

SultanMuhammad Jiwa laid out severalconditions:


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British would protect the waters of Kedah

Enemies of Kedah considered enemies of

British too

Expenses incurred in war would be borne by

East India company


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Ships could trade freely in Kedah or Penang

Compensation of $30 000 peso paid to

Sultan

British would protect Kedah from enemy

attack


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Francis Light signed the agreement withoutobtaining permission form his superiors in India.

Later, East India Company turned down Kedahsconditions to safeguard their interests with Siam andSelangor


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Sultan Abdullah ordered British to leave Penang

The situation become tense when British refused to

leave.

British attacked Seberang Peraibefore Kedahcould take any action


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serious defeat on Kedah

Sultan was forced to accept Britishs conditions

imposed by the British in 1791


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Britishs conditions:

acknowledging Britishs right to occupy Penang with

annual payment of $6000 peso as compensation

With this agreement, British colonial rule of Penang

began


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British in Penang had difficulty in obtaining foodsupplies as Penang depended for the supply offood.

Kedah tried to obstruct the supply of food to Penang


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Being weak Kedah was in no position to resistBritish pressure.

handing over Seberang Perai in 1800.

Under this agreement, Sultan will receive Annualcompensation of $10 000 peso paid

No indication of protection given for Kedah


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BRITISH IN SINGAPORE

British realized that Penangs geographical position

was too far to the north.

Began to look for new base elsewhere in the region

close to the Straits of Malacca Task was given to Stamford Raffles

Stamford Raffles found Singapore and considered itsuitable


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Raffles found out that there was a successiondispute between two sons of the Johor ruler SultanMahmud III

Raffles recognized Tengku Husin (the elder son) asthe Sultan of Johor


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In gratitude of Raffles support, Tengku Husinallowed British to set up a settlement in Singaporethrough an agreement signed in 1819

Conditions of the agreement:


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British would protect Tengku Husin

Annual compensation of $3000 paid

Stipulated not to have relationship with anyother European power

A l D t h T t 1824


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Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824

Was signed on 17 March 1824 with the main aim ofending all rivalry between the British and the Dutch.

A number of terms had been agreed :

A l D t h T t 1824


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Territories to the North and east of Straits ofMalacca were given to British

Those to the west and south of the Straits came

under Dutch influence Dutch handed over Malacca to the British inexchange for Bencoolen (Bangkahulu)

Anglo Dutch Treaty 1824


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With this exchange, three important ports in theMalay Peninsula-Penang, Singapore and Malacca-were now under control of the British.

In 1826 three territories become known as theStraits Settlement


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lecture 2 - colonial era

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