lecture 13: population ecology & ecosystem. basic genetics and inheritance 1.introduction...
DESCRIPTION
Population EcologyTRANSCRIPT
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LECTURE 13: POPULATION ECOLOGY &
ECOSYSTEM
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BASIC GENETICS AND INHERITANCE1. Introduction2. Basic Genetics &
Inheritance– Gene– Chromosome– Loci– Allele– Features– Gametes– Zygote– Diploid
– Dominant & Recessive
– Homozygous– Heterozygous
3. Review4. Inheritance
– Principle of Inheritance
– A Punnett square5. Genetic Problems6. Genetic
engineering
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Population Ecology
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Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms
and their environment
• Not concerned with individuals• Populations - same area, same time• Population ecology - looks at the
dynamics of populations that are similar between species
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• Population density - number of individuals of a given species in a specific area at a given time
• Range - geographic area or limit of a population• Dispersion - frequency or patterns of individuals
within a range:• uniform• random• clumped
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Population change• Growth rate = births - deaths
+immigration - emigration• Doubling rate (time it takes for a
population to double) = 0.7/growth rate (see page 911)
• Biotic potential = maximum rate of population growth given ideal circumstances
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Limits on growth• Environmental resistance - combination
of the limiting factors and effects• Limiting Factors - any resource or
requirement that acts to limit population when in short supply
• Carrying capacity (K) - the greatest population that can be maintained indefinitely by a given system or place
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Density dependent factors• As population increases the rate of
growth is slowed by density dependent factors either by increasing the death rate or decreasing the birth rate
• predation, disease, intraspecifc (within a species) competition and interspecific competition
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Density independent factors
• Weather events• natural disasters
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Survival tactics - reproduction• r strategies - (r = growth rate) - small
body size, large brood, short life span, may be opportunistic and found in disturbed or variable environments
• K strategies - (K=carrying capacity) - large body small brood, long life, care for young, constant or stable environments
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Human population growth• 1800 human population reaches 1 billion• 1930 - in 130 years 2 billion• 1960 - in 30 years 3 billion• 1975 - in 15 years 4 billion• 1987 - in 12 years 5 billion• 1999 - in 12 years 6 billion
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What are the density dependent limits to growth
acting on human population?
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Demographic transition• Preindustrial stage - high birth and death
rates - slow population growth • transitional stage - lower death rate but birth
rate remains high - rapid population growth• industrial stage - birth rate declines - rate of
growth slows• post industrial stage - low birth and death
rates
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Communities of organisms• Producers - autotrophs• Consumers - heterotrophs• primary and secondary• Decomposers - heterotrophs
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No organism lives in isolation. Every living thing is part of a community.
• Predation - pursuit and ambush• Defenses - camoflage, chemical
defense, mimicry - (batesian mimicry or mullerian mimicry)
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Mutualism
• A symbiotic relationship• both partners benefit
– rhizobium bacteria and plants– pilot fish and sharks?
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Commensalism
• One benefits , the other is neither harmed nor helped– epiphytes– sea ducks and sting rays
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Parasitism
• Parasite and host• pathogen - parasite that causes disease
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Niche
• The ecological role of an organism is its niche
• fundamental niche- potential niche• realized niche- actual• interspecific competition leads to
competitive exclusion - absolute overlap cannot exist in nature
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Diversity in communities
• Isolated or places with harsh environments have less diversity
• edge effect - diversity is usually greatest at the margins
• old communities (tropical rainforests) tend to be more diverse than new communities (Canadian shield, artic)
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Succession• Primary succession - change in species
composition over time in a habitat not previously inhabited by organisms
• Pioneer community - first community to appear
• Secondary succession - change in species composition over time in a habitat already modified by previous organisms
• Climax community -
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Ecosystems and Environment
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Biogeochemical cycles
• All materials flow through the environment over time- materials cycle through the environment
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Energy
• Energy flows through the environment• Sunlight to chlorophyll to photosynthesis to
sugars to plant biomass to….• Food chains - energy passes from one
organism to another - it is a one way trip- energy passed through the environment in a linear fashion- unlike materials
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Food chains
• Trophic levels• available energy and biomass decrease at
each trophic level • Gross primary productivity - rate at which
energy is captured and stored in plant tissues
• Net primary productivity - energy after plant’s requirements
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Major ecosystems
• Biomes - large distinct ecosystem– tundra– tiaga or boreal forest– temperate rainforest– temperate deciduous forest– temperate grasslands– chaparral
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Biomes
– Deserts– savanna– tropical rainforests
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Aquatic ecosystems• lakes and ponds
– littoral zones - nearest to shore– limnetic zones - open water– profundal zone - no light
• marine– intertidal - very productive– pelagic - open ocean– euphotic - light is present (100m)– neritic - 100m to 200m– oceanic - no light
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Stratification in water
• In summer warm layers on top, colder at the bottom, separated by thermocline
• in fall, water turns over and some mixing between layers occurs
• in winter cold at top, warmer at bottom• in spring another turnover!• Spring turnover stimulates algae growth...
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Environmental Issues
• Habitat destruction• pollution• foreign or exotic species• deforestation• global warming• ozone depletion
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REVIEW
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2. Colorblindness
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of• A heterozygous
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3. Sex Determination
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C• The major pieces).
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• Genes
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6. Hemophilia
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7. Gene Therapy
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39
• group