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Page 1: Lecture 1€¦ · Web view1,3,5-cyclohextriene has C 6 H 6 unsaturated formula “triene”, cyclo and is very stable compound. The structure contained a six-membered ring of carbon

Organic II Team

2014/2015

[Year]

/Clinical2020CU

Lecture 1

Page 2: Lecture 1€¦ · Web view1,3,5-cyclohextriene has C 6 H 6 unsaturated formula “triene”, cyclo and is very stable compound. The structure contained a six-membered ring of carbon

Organic Chemistry II

Lecture 1

منهج في محاضرة أول نبدأ الله أولهم Organic 2بسم موضوع كذا عن فيه هنتكلم aromaticالليcompounds سؤال على ونتعود إزاي تقاعالت بيهم وبنعمل إزاي وبنحضرهم دول مين وهنعرف

how to obtain certain compound . الـ في هتجيبه قالت عزة د ;(finalاللي

Aromatic compounds

They are compounds containing one or more benzene or benzene-like ring.

.. فيهم يعني البنزين شبه حلقات أو البنزين من أكتر أو حلقة فيهم مركبات عن عبارة doubleدولbonds شكل .ringsوعلى بنزين مش بس

Kekule proved that 1,3,5-cyclohextriene has C6H6 unsaturated formula “triene”, cyclo and is very stable compound.

The structure contained a six-membered ring of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds.

According to Resonance theory:

-The actual structure (III) is hybrid between the 2 Kekule structures (I) & (II).

-Structures (I) & (II) are imaginary contributes in the actual structure III so they are not present.

زي Kekuleالعالم بس شكله البنزين إن double 3عنده cyclohextriene-1,3,5أثبت bonds إن أثبت كمان جدا، ثابت مركب وهو حلقة بين bondsوشكله وطولها طاقتها البنزين singleفي

& double bonds( ..مركب من بيتكون نظريا البنزين )Iوإن الـ( IIو( حلقة وتتكون Pi bondsسواشكل ) في (.IIIاللي

In cyclohextriene: single bond 14 Angstrom, double bond 7 Angstrom.

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In benzene: intermediate bond 10 Angstrom.

Each C—C bond is single in one structure & double in the other C—C bond in benzene intermediate between single and double, and differs from 1,3,5-cyclohextriene which has taller sigma bonds than pi bonds.

The 6 π e’s are delocalized on the 6 carbons “resonance” that appears later as stabilization of the compound.

كل 6π electrons( 2 e’sالـ التالتة pi bondعلى ثابين( 3x2من ومش الحلقة جوه يتنقلوا بيفضلواعنه بينتج وده مكانهم إن resonanceفي عارفين للمركب stabilityبتعمل resonanceواحنا

عموما.الـ* برغم إن ده الكالم من مركب double bondsنستنتج هو بس البنزين، بسبب stableفي جدا

resonance.

و كده البنزين بين نفرق ...cyclohextriene-1,3,5عايزين اللخبطة بدل

1,3,5-cyclohextrieneBenzeneSingle bond: 14 Angstrom.Double bond: 7 Angstrom.

10 Angstrom “intermediate”Bond length

Less stable.More stable.StabilityAddition (as alkenes).Substitution.Type of reactions

From Molecular Orbital explanation of structure of benzene we conclude that:

Benzene is: 1- Planar hexagon.

2- Bond angle = 120 degree.

3- Each carbon is SP2 hybridized.

Aromaticity

Aromaticity which means aromatic characters used to describe certain properties in benzene or compounds like benzene.

These properties are:

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The ring stability resonance stabilization. Reaction by substitution not addition. NMR spectroscopy 7-9. C—C bond length all the same intermediate between single & double.

Aromaticity خصائص عن بتعبر كلمة ..aromatic compoundsدي وكده البنزين زي

- : بسبب البنزين حلقة ثبات دي الخصائص .resonanceمن

بـ- بيتم البنزين .additionمش substitution reactionتفاعل األلكين زي

اسمها 9-7من rangeلها- حاجة قدام * NMR spectroscopyفي محاضرتين في هناخدها ديلسه*.

طول- بين وبيبقى هو هو البنزين في الكربونات بين الروابط زي single & double bondsطول. فوق قلنا ما

Requirements of aromaticity

It must fulfill 4 conditions: (from cyclopropene “3Cs” to cyclo octane “8Cs”).

1.Monocyclic : حلقة من مركب يكون مشأكتر الزم .واحدة مثال.. بنزين زي2.Planar : يكونششكله ما عليه، متعودين اللي زي عادي المركب .3Dيكون كدة معاق أو3.SP 2 hybridized : فيه يا يعني ده بيحمل double bondالشرط المركب سواءشحنة يا

سالبة ) أو -(.C=C, C+, Cموجبة

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Page 5: Lecture 1€¦ · Web view1,3,5-cyclohextriene has C 6 H 6 unsaturated formula “triene”, cyclo and is very stable compound. The structure contained a six-membered ring of carbon

إزاي إنها SP2و carboanionيعني- Cهتقوللي خدنا ! SP3واحنا ؟؟ فات اللي الترمقدام لسه ده الكالم وهناخد كده دايما مش عشان ده فات اللي إنسى عادي هقوللك

.hybridizationحوار عموما 4.Obeys Huckel’s rule : الـ الزم ruleبتقول إن الـ دي و )(4n+2يكون )Pi-electronsعدد

n=0,1,2.)..الـ aromatic cpdsفالـ عدد …pi-electrons : 2,6,10,14,18يكون

Types of compounds

Aromatic: fulfill 4 conditions, highly stable.

Anti-Aromatic: fulfill 1st 3 conditions but doesn’t obey Huckle’s rule (contain 4n pi electrons), highly unstable. “no. of pi-e’s: 4,8,12,16…”

Non-aromatic: fail in one of 1st 3 conditions, stable.

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Aromatic

Anti-aromatic

Non-aromatic

Page 6: Lecture 1€¦ · Web view1,3,5-cyclohextriene has C 6 H 6 unsaturated formula “triene”, cyclo and is very stable compound. The structure contained a six-membered ring of carbon

Cyclic, planar, not all Cs are SP2.. Therefore, non-aromatic.

What will happen if we remove H+ or H- ?A) Removal of H - (hydride): forming carbocation.

Hydrogen ومعها الـ electrons 2خرجت .carbocationويتكون bondبتوع

Cyclic, planar, All Cs are SP2 , obeys Huckel’s rule π e’s = 2 (4n+2 = 2).. Therefore, aromatic.

B) Removal of H + (proton): forming carboanion.

Hydrogen الـ وسابت لوحدها الـ e’s 2خرجت .carboanionويتكون bondبتوع

Cyclic, planar, All Cs are SP2 , doesn’t obey Huckel’s rule π e’s = 4 (4n+2 ≠ 4).. Therefore, anti-aromatic.

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سؤال** ييجي ممكن ده Classify the following compounds (aromatic, anti-aromaticالجزء& non-aromatic) and why**

الـ في اللي األمثلة باقي نكمل ;(slidesيال

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Page 8: Lecture 1€¦ · Web view1,3,5-cyclohextriene has C 6 H 6 unsaturated formula “triene”, cyclo and is very stable compound. The structure contained a six-membered ring of carbon

الـ على مكتوب اللي الكبير الكالم ده !! cyclo octatetraeneإيه هنا

.. المركب شكل إن مكتوب هنا معايا معوق planarإنه نظريابص بيبقى شكلها الحقيقة في بسإن non-planarكده نتيجة تبقى bond angle = 135وده المفروض .120وهي

So the compound is present in tub shape( ده الغريب - non-planar.. Therefore, non (الشكلaromatic.

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Substituted benzene derivatives

Nomenclature A) Monosubtituted benzene derivatives:

Benzene is considered as parent when derivative is for example Halogen X or Nitro group NO2.

Some monosubstituted derivatives have special names as:

التانية؟؟ على دي المجموعات في لمين األولوية دول طب Priority: SO3H > COOH > CHO “in benzaldehyde” > OH > NH2.

B) Disubstituted benzene derivatives

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! Ortho, meta, paraمين في بنستخدمها اللي األرقام زي دي ؟ في nomenclatureدول ييكون لماderivatives( عن قديمة طريقة دي الـ orthoـ،..( 1,2,3بس المكان عن جنب adjacentبتعبر اللي

substituentأول ، meta أول مكان تاني عن substituentبتعبر ، para بالنسبة مكان تالت عن بتعبر.substituentللـ كده قدامه بيبقى

C) Trisubstituted benzene derivatives:

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Reactions

Benzene is considered as nucleophile, so it reacts by electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction not addition.

– عليها veالبنزين charge الـ نتيجة تتفاعل electronسهل cloud فبنعتبرهاnucleophile ألنها من ve chargeمحتاجة + هتاخدها بـ electrophileاللي معاه هتتفاعل .substitution reactionاللي

Mechanism على بيتم :3التفاعل خطوات

Step 1: Generation of electrophile from reagent. *we will know types of E+ & reagents later*

E—Z E+ (electrophile) + Z-

Step 2: Addition of electrophile to benzene to give intermediate carbocation (sigma-complex) in which aromaticity is lost “less stable”. This is rate limiting step.

الـ تكوّن ما الـ electrophileبعد على البنزين الكترونات intermediateويتكون electrophileتهجمعن ) sigma-complexاسمه الـ carbocationعبارة بين تتنقل بتفضل الشحنة وبيبقى(bondsبس

less stable.

Step 3: It is deprotonation of anion Z- to regenerate aromaticity & give substitution product.

و بتفضل الهيدروجين الكترونات دي الخطوة مع Hفي الـ Z anionتخرج في كان reagentاللي.Monosubstituted benzene derivativeوينتج

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بـ بيتفاعل البنزين بقى ليه أي additionمش substitutionطب األلكين double bondزي فيمثال؟؟

الـ لو intermediateعشان carbocation هو sigma-complexاللي (step بالـ (2 additionاتفاعلمكان + هيطلع ve of carbocationودخل هيبقى aromaticمش والمركب لما.. less stableأصال ألن

بيرجع protonبنشيل طلع aromaticity characterده اللي الناتج .stableويخلي جدااااا By another words, because if the intermediate carbocation undego addition of anion, the resulting product is not aromatic but the loss of proton restores aromaticity & gives a product more stable than the reactant.

Let’s start mechanisms of substitution reactions ;)

But first we should know generally types of electrophiles used in those reactions:

-For nitration NO2 -Sulphonation SO3

-Halogenation Cl2 or Br2 -lewis acid complex.

-Alkylation Alkyl halide- AlCl3 complex.

-Acylation Acylium ion CH3 – C Ξ O+

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Page 13: Lecture 1€¦ · Web view1,3,5-cyclohextriene has C 6 H 6 unsaturated formula “triene”, cyclo and is very stable compound. The structure contained a six-membered ring of carbon

1) Nitration of benzene Reagent used: Conc. HNO3/H2SO4

Electrophile: NO2 + Nitronium ion.Product of the reaction: nitrobenzene. ** سؤال ده الجزء ييجي **ممكن

Mechanism:

STEP 1: Formation of electrophile by reaction of sulphuric acid H2SO4 & nitric acid HNO3 to form NO2

HONO2 (HNO3) + HOSO3H (H2SO4)

: في الهيدروجين كالتالي هيحصل sulphuricاللي acid( هتخلي األقوى إنها nitricفي( Oبماacid عندها عشان عليها وتكون lone pairتهجم ،complex الـ في شايفينه احنا هنا productsاللي

إن.. ve chargeعليه + عارفين كده water is good leaving groupاحنا بيعمل sulphuric acidوكدهdehydrating الـ في لوحدها هتطلع NO2وتسيب productsفالمياه

ويطلع + وكده- HSO4لوحدهاالـ كونّا .electrophileنكون

STEP 2: Addition of electrophile NO2+ to form intermediate carbocation

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إن NO2بماهيحصل + موجبة شحنة هتاخد electron cloudو attractionعليها البنزين NO2بتاعت

+. . العكس مش لموجب سالب من دايما +resonanceويحصل.. الهجوم تتنقل ve chargeو تفضل

ما sigma-complexويتكون HSO4لحدوتنتج - وتخرج هيدروجين تاخد األخر nitrobenzeneتدخل في

(step 3.)

Step 3: Deprotonation of intermediate carbocation by base to regenerate aromaticity:

2 ) Sulphonation of benzene “Reversible reaction”

Reagent used: SO3/ H2SO4 “fuming sulphuric acid.”

Electrophile: SO3.

Product of the reaction: Benzene sulphonic acid.

Conc. Sulphuric alone can be used, but the reaction is slow.

Mechanism

STEP 1: Electrophile in fuming H2SO4 is SO3 but by using conc. Sulphuric alone, SO3 is produced as follows:

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Page 15: Lecture 1€¦ · Web view1,3,5-cyclohextriene has C 6 H 6 unsaturated formula “triene”, cyclo and is very stable compound. The structure contained a six-membered ring of carbon

بالنا +SO3ناخد عليها veمافيش charge( علشان** ؟؟ ليه عندها( Oطب highفيهelectronegativity بتسحبe’s( وتخلي زي partial +veعليها( Sناحيتها .electrophileفتبقى

STEP 2: Addition of electrophile E+:

( قلنا ما partialعليها( Sزي +ve وتكون عليها هتهجم البنزين intermediateفالكتروناتcarbocation.

Step 3: Deprotonation of intermediate carbocation by base to regenerate aromaticity:

بنشيل دي الخطوة .H2SO4و Hفي دخل ما زي طلعStep 4: Proton transfer

بياخد بإنه المركب لشكل ترتيب إعادة زي بس دي الزيادة ويطلّع +H3Oمن protonالخطوةwater + benzene sulphonic acid.

Sulphonation is reversible but nitration is irreversible

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Desulphonation by H3O+ “passing steam through the reaction mixture”.

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