lecture 1: the current internet and its problems

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Lecture 1:Lecture 1:The Current Internet and its The Current Internet and its ProblemsProblems

D.Sc. Arto Karila

Helsinki Institute for Information Technology (HIIT)

[email protected]

T-110.6120 – Special Course on Data Communications Software: Publish/Subscribe Internetworking

www.psirp.org

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ContentsContents

Practical arrangements

1. Internet history

2. Why the Internet only just works

3. Other issues

4. Evolution vs. revolution

5. PSIRP & ICT SHOK

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PracticalitiesWelcome to the course!

Staff Professor: Arto Karila, D.Sc. [email protected] Assistant: Mark Ain, M.Sc. [email protected]

We will have several guest lecturers throughout the course.

Language English

Lecture schedule: Mon 14:15 – 16:00 T2 Wed 12:15 – 14:00 T2

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Practicalities (cont’d)Practicalities (cont’d) Prequisites

Basic understanding of internetworking concepts and principles Targeted to senior and graduate students

Credits 4 ECTS

Grading Pass/fail

Assessment Active participation in the lectures (mandatory attendance) Completion of a weekly learning diary Completion of a questionnaire at the beginning and conclusion of the course

Your grade is determined by the number and quality of learning diaries and questionnaires submitted. If we have grounds to suspect that you haven’t put a reasonable effort into your submission, or if we discover that your submission is doctored in any way, you will receive a failing mark.

The surveys and questionnaires are interesting and informative! Help us, help yourselves; take them seriously!

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Practicalities (cont’d)Practicalities (cont’d) Academic honesty

http://information.tkk.fi/en/studies/cse/teachers/guidelines/

“…dishonest behaviour is defined as practice where the student's purpose is to give false representation of his/her own or other student's knowledge and in an attempt to influence the grading of the course. Examples of dishonest behaviour include cheating in an exam, copying someone else's project work or taking an exam for someone else.”

All cases of academic dishonesty will be dealt with harshly. The bottom line: it’s not worth it.

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1. Internet history


3. Other issues


5. PSIRP & ICT SHOK

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Internet 2006-01-15

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History of the Internet…History of the Internet… 1957: Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

was founded after the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik

1968: ARPA started the development of the ARPANET

1969: The first four nodes of the ARPANET were connected (the first message: ”lo”)

1974: Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf defined the basic Internet architecture (TCP/IP)

1975: DARPA started the development of Internet technology

1983: On 1/1/1983 the whole ARPANET was converted to TCP/IP

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History of the Internet (cont’d)History of the Internet (cont’d) 1988: FUNET joined the Internet

1989: DataNet (by Telecom Finland) was published and BGP-1 defined

1990: NSFNET was founded

1991: The first World Wide Web (WWW) client Mosaic was published at CERN

1993: CIDR and BGP-4 were adopted

1990’s: The Internet secured its position as the leading network architecture

2000: The number of Internet hosts exceeded 100,000,000

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Growth of the InternetGrowth of the Internet

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1. Internet history


3. Other issues


5. PSIRP & ICT SHOK

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Why the Internet only just worksWhy the Internet only just works

See: Why the Internet only just works, M. Handley, BT Technology Journal, Vol 24 No 3, July 2006

Throughout its life, the Internet has only just worked and all of the major changes have been made at the last possible time

CIDR and NAT were introduced because of the exhaustion of the IPv4 address space

These were supposed to be temporary solutions, waiting for IPv6 to break through, but they have become permanent

At the same time firewalls proliferated

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Why the Internet only just works (cont’d)Why the Internet only just works (cont’d)

The original end-to-end principle of the Internet no longer works because of the middle boxes (firewalls and NAT)

This has lead to it being virtually impossible to make any changes to the transport layer (TCP/UDP)

This has lead to a vicious circle: Developers cannot use a new protocol because it cannot

traverse firewalls and NAT It is not worth while for the developers of firewalls and NAT to

change the middle boxes because there are no users of new transport protocols

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Problems with the current InternetProblems with the current Internet

No major changes have been made to the core protocols of the Internet since 1993

The core protocols of the Internet are ossified while the needs have developed significantly

Among the well understood requirements for the Internet are the following:

Multicast Mobility Multi-homing Security Quality of Service (QoS)

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Problems with the current Internet (cont’d)Problems with the current Internet (cont’d)

Solutions to the needs listed on the previous slide have been developed but not widely deployed

Operators don’t have incentives to bring new features to the market because they are only useful if they are interoperable with other operators, in which case they give no competitive advantage

Junk mail (Spam) is a growing problem

With the proliferation of Voice over IP (VoIP), junk calls (Spam over IP Telephony – SPIT) are growing

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Worms, viruses, Trojan horses, spyware, and several other types of malware are spreading fast throughout the Internet

Phishing is a growing problem

Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks are very common and there still is no efficient defense strategy against Distributed DoS (DDoS)

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The current inter-operator routing protocol BGP-4 does not fulfill modern requirements but there is no successor to it in sight

Tier-1 operators (AT&T, MCI, Sprint, C&W etc.) are a group of about a dozen global operators with mutual peering agreements

In Practice they form a cartel, which wants to cement the market and is not advocating development

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1. Internet history


3. Other issues


5. PSIRP & ICT SHOK

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IPv6IPv6 IPv6 was defined in 1995 and expected to spread fast

It is still hardly used in Western countries

The main improvement of IPv6 is moving from 32-bit to 128-bit addresses

IPv6 was defined at a time when nobody could foresee all of the uses and needs of the Internet that we have now

CIDR and NAT have eased the shortage of IPv4 addresses but now they are really running out

The transition to IPv6 will be a long one and it won’t solve most of the problems

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Trust and reputationTrust and reputation Trust is irrational – however, there is a mathematical foundation for it

The Internet was developed for a community where everybody was assumed trustworthy

Now that the Internet is used by everybody, it is vital to enable communication between parties that don’t trust each other

We need mechanisms by which people and companies can build and evaluate trust

Good reputation can be made an asset worth protecting

Combining privacy and reputation is challenging

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MicroeconomicsMicroeconomics Over the past ten years, microeconomics have grown in

importance

We need economic mechanisms that encourage people to do good for the community

The Internet was developed with public funds for research and education without any commercial considerations

If we want to inject resources into the network, it must be possible for the party paying for them to also receive (some of) the revenues

We need to create ways for companies and people to improve their own economies by doing things beneficial for the community

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Unsolicited trafficUnsolicited traffic A rather simple solution to spam would be to sign all e-mail headers

and white-list senders

An inherent problem of the Internet is that it operates on the terms of the sender – anybody can send to anybody and the network makes a best effort to deliver

In the publish/subscribe model the “sender” publishes and “recipient” subscribes – you can now avoid spam by not subscribing to it

Now the subscriber can be anonymous while the publisher needs to have a name

Efficient distribution of multimedia is possible by using multicast and caching

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1. Internet history


3. Other issues


5. PSIRP & ICT SHOK

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Evolution vs. revolutionEvolution vs. revolution The Internet has developed from the 1970’s in an

evolutionary way, with no big changes

As concluded before, this has led into a situation where it is very hard to make changes to the core protocols

Among researchers and developers of the Internet, there is a growing opinion that something fundamental has to be done at some point

It the Internet was to be redesigned from scratch, it would probably be very different than what the current Internet has evolved to today

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Evolution vs. revolution (cont’d)Evolution vs. revolution (cont’d)

Various clean-slate solutions are current research topics and some of them may lead into a new Internet

It is possible that all the protocol layers, including the Internet Protocol, will change

However, it looks like any new solution would have to be able to operate as overlay above the existing IP infrastructure, in order to have a change to proliferate

The publish/subscribe paradigm (pub/sub) mentioned earlier is one of the most promising new paradigms

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1. Internet history


3. Other issues


5. PSIRP & ICT SHOK

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Example: PSIRPExample: PSIRP PSIRP – Publish/Subscribe Internet Routing Paradigm

Envision a system that dynamically adapts to evolving concerns and needs of their participating users

Publish–subscribe based internetworking architecture restores the balance of network economics incentives between the sender and the receiver

Recursive use of publish-subscribe paradigm enables dynamic change of roles between actors

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PSIRP ApproachPSIRP Approach

Clean-slate design… Question ALL fundamentals Challenge our thinking Take nothing for granted, including industry structures Clear vision

…with late binding (to reality) Consider migration and evolvability in separate work

items How to get our design into real deployments, e.g., overlay vs. IP

replacement? Even consider necessary evolution of industry (&

regulatory) structures How do industries need to evolve in certain scenarios?

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ICT SHOK Future Internet ProgramICT SHOK Future Internet Program

Start: April 2008 50 person years/year + SMEs

Mission:Enhance the Internet technology and ecology as a platform for innovationwhile providing strong governance over the use of the network resourcesand information in such a way that especially mobile use of the network

and its services will be natively supported

Mission:Enhance the Internet technology and ecology as a platform for innovationwhile providing strong governance over the use of the network resourcesand information in such a way that especially mobile use of the network

and its services will be natively supported

WP 4Testbed

WP 1Routing

WP 3InformationNetworking

WP 2Transport

WP 0Management & cross-work

WP 5Dissemination

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Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!

Questions? Comments?Questions? Comments?

lecture 1: the current internet and its problems

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