lecture 1 for digital image processing (2nd edition)
TRANSCRIPT
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Digital Image Processing (2nd Edition)
Rafael C. GonzalezRichard E.Woods
Dr Moe Moe Myint
Technological University (Kyaukse)
www.slideshare.net/MoeMoeMyint [email protected] drmoemoemyint.blogspot.com
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2 Miscellanea Lectures: Class A
Tuesday 6-7 Thursday 1-2
Lectures: Class B Monday 1-2 Wednesday 6-7
Labs: Tuesday for Class A and Wednesday for Class B
Web Site:
www.slideshare.net/MoeMoeMyint drmoemoemyint.blogspot.com
E-mail: [email protected]
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3 Contents for Chapter 1
This lecture will cover: What is digital image processing? 1 The origins of digital image processing? 3 Examples of fields that use digital image processing?
7 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
25 Components of an image processing system 28 Summary 30
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4 Introduction
“One picture is worth more than ten thousand words”
Anonymous
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5 Preview Digital image processing methods are interested by two major
applications:
i. Improvement of pictorial information for human perception and processing of image data for storage, transmission
Noise filtering Content Enhancement
Contrast enhancement Deblurring
Remote sensing
ii. Representation for autonomous machine perception
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6 Objectives
i. To define the scope of the field that we call image processing
ii. To give a historical perspective of the origins of this field
iii. To give an idea of the state of the art in image processing by examining some of the principal areas in which it is applied
iv. To discuss briefly the principal approaches used in digital image processing
v. To give an overview of the components contained in a typical, general-purpose image processing system
vi. To provide direction to the books and other literature where image processing work normally is reported
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An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function
f (x , y)
where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x, y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at that point. When x, y, and the amplitude values of f are all finite, discrete
quantities, we call the image a digital image. The field of digital image processing refers to processing digital
images by means of a digital computer. Digital image is composed of a finite number of elements, each of
which has a particular location and value. These elements are referred to as picture elements, image elements,
and pixels. Pixel is the term most widely used to denote the elements of a digital image.
What is Digital Image Processing?
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8 The Origins of Digital Image Processing
Early 1920s: One of the first applications of digital imaging was in the newspaper industry
In 1920s Submarine cables were used to transmit digitized newspaper pictures between London and New York using Bartlane systems.
Specialized printing equipments were used to code the images and reproduced at receiver using telegraphic printers.
In 1921, photographic printing press improved the resolution and tonal quality of images.
Bartlane system was capable of coding 5 distinct brightness levels. It increased to 15 by 1929.
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9
Fig. telegraphic printer
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Fig. A digital picture produced using telegraphic printer(in 1921, 1922 - Atlantic, 1929 – London to New York
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11 After 35 years of improvement in processing technique In 1960s, Improvements in computing technology and the
onset of the space program during the period. In 1964, Computer processing techniques were used to
improve picture of moon transmitted by Ranger 7 at JPL.
This was the basis of modern image processing technique.
Fig. The first picture of the moon by a U.S. spacecraft
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12
Fig. Typical head slice CAT image
1970s: Digital image processing begins to be used in medical applications 1979: Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M. Cormack share
the Nobel Prize in medicine for the invention of tomography, the technology behind Computerised Axial Tomography (CAT) scans
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13 Today: The use of digital image processing techniques has
exploded and they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all kinds of areas Image enhancement/restoration Artistic effects Medical visualisation Industrial inspection Law enforcement Human computer interfaces
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Fig. Noisy Image Fig. Filtered Image
Fig. Low Contrast Image Fig. Enhanced Image
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Fig. Motion Blurred Fig. Deblurred
Restoration
Image EnhancementIm
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Artistic effects are used to make images more visually appealing, to add special effects and to make composite images.
Artistic Effects
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17Medical Visualisation
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18Industrial Inspection
Human operators are expensive, slow and unreliable
Make machines do the job instead
Industrial vision systems are used in all kinds of industries
Can we trust them?
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19 Law Enforcement Image processing techniques are
used extensively by law enforcers Number plate recognition for
speed cameras/automated toll systems
Fingerprint recognition Enhancement of CCTV
images
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20 HCI
Try to make human computer interface more natural Face recognition Gesture recognitionDoes anyone remember the user interface from “Minority Report”?These tasks can be extremely difficult
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21
Fig. The electromagnetic spectrum arranged according to energy per photon
Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing
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22
Infrared Imaging (Performance)
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UV Imaging
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24
X-Ray Imaging
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25 X-Ray Imaging
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Gamma Ray Imaging
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27
Fig. Examples of gamma-ray imaging. (a) Bone scan. (b) PET image
Gamma-Ray Imaging
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28 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
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Table : Thematic bands in NASA’s LANDSAT satellite
29Imag
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30GIS
Geographic Information Systems Digital image processing techniques are used
extensively to manipulate satellite imagery Terrain classification Meteorology
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31 GIS (cont…) Night-Time Lights of the World
data set Global inventory of human
settlement Not hard to imagine the
kind of analysis that might be done using this data
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32 Industrial Inspection Human operators are expensive,
slow andunreliable
Make machines do thejob instead
Industrial vision systems are used in all kinds of industries
Can we trust them?
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33 Imaging in the Microwave Band
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34 Imaging in the Radio Band
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Examples in which other imaging modalities are used
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36 PCB Inspection Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
Machine inspection is used to determine that all components are present and that all solder joints are acceptable
Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are used
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37
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image Acquisition
Image Restoration
Morphological Processing
Segmentation
Object Recognition
Image Enhancement
Representation & Description
Problem Domain
Colour Image Processing
Wavelets and multiresolution
processingCompression
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38
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image Acquisition
Image Restoration
Morphological Processing
Segmentation
Object Recognition
Image Enhancement
Representation & Description
Problem Domain
Colour Image Processing
Wavelets and multiresolution
processingCompression
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39
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image Acquisition
Image Restoration
Morphological Processing
Segmentation
Object Recognition
Image Enhancement
Representation & Description
Problem Domain
Colour Image Processing
Wavelets and multiresolution
processingCompression
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40
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image Acquisition
Image Restoration
Morphological Processing
Segmentation
Object Recognition
Image Enhancement
Representation & Description
Problem Domain
Colour Image Processing
Wavelets and multiresolution
processingCompression
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41
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image Acquisition
Image Restoration
Morphological Processing
Segmentation
Object Recognition
Image Enhancement
Representation & Description
Problem Domain
Colour Image Processing
Wavelets and multiresolution
processingCompression
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42
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image Acquisition
Image Restoration
Morphological Processing
Segmentation
Object Recognition
Image Enhancement
Representation & Description
Problem Domain
Colour Image Processing
Wavelets and multi-resolution
processingCompression
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43
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image Acquisition
Image Restoration
Morphological Processing
Segmentation
Object Recognition
Image Enhancement
Representation & Description
Problem Domain
Colour Image Processing
Wavelets and multiresolution
processingCompression
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44
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image Acquisition
Image Restoration
Morphological Processing
Segmentation
Object Recognition
Image Enhancement
Representation & Description
Problem Domain
Colour Image Processing
Wavelets and multiresolution
processingCompression
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45
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image Acquisition
Image Restoration
Morphological Processing
Segmentation
Object Recognition
Image Enhancement
Representation & Description
Problem Domain
Colour Image Processing
Wavelets and multiresolution
processingCompression
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46
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image Acquisition
Image Restoration
Morphological Processing
Segmentation
Object Recognition
Image Enhancement
Representation & Description
Problem Domain
Colour Image Processing
Wavelets and multiresolution
processingCompression
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47
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image Acquisition
Image Restoration
Morphological Processing
Segmentation
Object Recognition
Image Enhancement
Representation & Description
Problem Domain
Colour Image Processing
Wavelets and multiresolution
processingCompression
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48Components of an Image Processing System
Image displays Computer Mass storage
Specialized image processing hardware
Hardcopy Image processing software
Image sensors
Problem domain
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49 Summary
We have looked at: What is a digital image? What is digital image processing? History of digital image processing State of the art examples of digital image
processing Key stages in digital image processing
Next time we will start to see how it all works…
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50 References
“Digital Image Processing”, 2/ E, Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods, www.prenhall.com/gonzalezwoods.
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51
Questions?