Presented by:Dr. Akhlas Ahmed

Lecture # 08Preston University

Sociometry The study of the patterns of inter-

relations among people in groups, and the process of their measurement.

Way of mapping preferences among group members

Reveal relation of individual to group Reveal (sub) structure of group Reveal role (s) played by members Predict amount / direction of interaction

Leadership: Sociometry Network centralization related to power and perceptions

of influence based on who (and which subgroups) Communicated with each other most. Analysis of underlying structure

-Path between nodes X and Y?-How many links in path?-What role (s) does each node play?

Analysis of underlying structure Analysis of message flow in network

-How long to move through network?-Types of messages?-Which channels?

Sociometry… Historically, it was developed by Jacob L.

Moreno in 1930s. It is closely associated with small group

research, where its focuses on interpersonal choices.

It is an empirical, phenomenological approach to the study of group structure.

Sociometry can serve as a contrast or complement to the formal study of group structure through archival records.

sociography The term Sociometry refer to research using

quantitative scales. It is sometimes called sociography, which is

a method of presenting data about complex individual relationships and networks in graph form.

Sociometry Tests Sociometry Tests are simply surveys which are

administered to subjects (typically all subjects in a small group) to determine the direction of certain relationships.

This can sometimes be assessed through simple observation. For example, a Sociometry test might ask members of a

department which other members they are most / least likely to consult on important questions; whom they hold in highest / lowest esteem; or with whom they most / least likely to see face-to-face during the previous week.

In each representation, individuals are depicted as points.

Star representation is made up of several lines pointing toward or away from a central point, which represents an individual who is involved in relation ships with each of the other points, and where the arrows represent relationships such as ignoring, reciprocation or rejection.

Chain representations includes a series of relationships; the pair (a mutually reciprocated relationship); the power (short for "power behind the throne," who is the object of attraction of a few very sociometrically attractive individuals; and the isolate (a subject not chosen by anyone).

Sociometry Diagrams

TECHNIQUES USED IN TECHNIQUES USED IN COUNSELINGCOUNSELING

1.1. Techniques for Techniques for getting to know an individualgetting to know an individual2.2. Techniques based on Techniques based on self-expressingself-expressing3.3. Techniques based on Techniques based on others’ viewsothers’ views

WHAT IS SOCIOMETRY?WHAT IS SOCIOMETRY? Socious (in latin) = partnerSocious (in latin) = partner // friendfriend Metrum (in latin) = measurmentMetrum (in latin) = measurment

The word ‘socimetry’ which comes from The word ‘socimetry’ which comes from French to our language means as the effects French to our language means as the effects of social lifeof social life && friendship on an individual.friendship on an individual.

WHAT ARE THE PURPOSES WHAT ARE THE PURPOSES OF APPLYING SOCIOMETRY?OF APPLYING SOCIOMETRY? To learn the interaction & the structure of a groupTo learn the interaction & the structure of a group To discover where exactly an individual exists in that To discover where exactly an individual exists in that

groupgroup To elicit social relationship and the organization type To elicit social relationship and the organization type

of a group through analyzing attitudes & aptitudes of of a group through analyzing attitudes & aptitudes of group members among eachothergroup members among eachother

To identify subgroups,leaders and cliques of a groupTo identify subgroups,leaders and cliques of a group To obtain objective information about the real structure To obtain objective information about the real structure

of a group and group integrity.of a group and group integrity.

The importance and functions The importance and functions of Sociometryof Sociometry It enables us to learn about the group dynamics It enables us to learn about the group dynamics

and evaluate socialization levels of students after and evaluate socialization levels of students after some some social activitiessocial activities and their effects on reaching and their effects on reaching the intended goal.the intended goal.

It helps school administration,teachers and It helps school administration,teachers and counseling department by providing detailed counseling department by providing detailed information about the general structure & the social information about the general structure & the social relationships of the group by preparing social plansrelationships of the group by preparing social plans && programmes to develop them in a better way and programmes to develop them in a better way and to find solutions to the problems.to find solutions to the problems.

After applying these regulations,groups can be re-After applying these regulations,groups can be re-constructed to increase efficiency in their constructed to increase efficiency in their performance.performance.

AREAS THAT SOCIOMETRY AREAS THAT SOCIOMETRY CAN BE APPLIEDCAN BE APPLIED EDUCATIONEDUCATION INDUSTRYINDUSTRY SERVICE AND PUBLIC SECTOR, and SERVICE AND PUBLIC SECTOR, and

sometimes even in:sometimes even in: ARMY ARMY

SOME CHARACTER TYPES SOME CHARACTER TYPES OBSERVED IN SOCIMETRYOBSERVED IN SOCIMETRY LeadersLeaders Isolated onesIsolated ones Rejected onesRejected ones Groups in-pairsGroups in-pairs CliquesCliques Relationships in-chainRelationships in-chain

AApplication of Socimetrypplication of Socimetry A good and clear explanationA good and clear explanation should be made to express the should be made to express the

aim of the technique before the applicationaim of the technique before the application A friendly and attentive classroom atmosphere should be A friendly and attentive classroom atmosphere should be

created.created. Class members should have known eachother since Class members should have known eachother since about 6 about 6

monthsmonths to get valid&reliable results to get valid&reliable results It must be applied to the students who can read and writeIt must be applied to the students who can read and write Socimetry principlesSocimetry principles ought to be taken into account during ought to be taken into account during

applicationapplication Application should be Application should be repeated periodicallyrepeated periodically to see if there is to see if there is

any improvement or change. any improvement or change. Results has to be Results has to be kept as a secretkept as a secret and not to use for other and not to use for other

purposes.purposes.

Thanks