lect1_manag1

DATADATA

Facts about situationFacts about situation

NeutralNeutral

Right data should be collectedRight data should be collected

Data should be updated Data should be updated regularlyregularly

Raw material extracted from Raw material extracted from environmentenvironment

Cash registerCash register

Aero plane travelingAero plane traveling

Cooking a cakeCooking a cake

ContextualizedContextualized

StructuredStructured

CategorizedCategorized

CondensedCondensed

When we addWhen we add

something to datasomething to data

Information Information

Assign value to dataAssign value to data

TransformationTransformation

Decision makingDecision making

Problem solvingProblem solving

AA

Find and send easilyFind and send easily

CC

Format and organize Format and organize

TT

Current for up-dated decisionsCurrent for up-dated decisions

Complete understandingComplete understanding

OfOf

InformationInformation

Absorb informationAbsorb information

FilterFilter

ExperienceExperience

BeliefsBeliefs

Brought upBrought up

CapabilitiesCapabilities

Useful actionsUseful actions

Problem solvingProblem solving

Decision makingDecision making

Information + Personal know-Information + Personal know-howhow

KnowledgeKnowledge

DynamicDynamic

Ever changingEver changing

Why not static ?Why not static ?

Based on non-static thingsBased on non-static things

2020thth Century Century

Information Information + Know- + Know-howhow

21st Century21st Century

InformationInformation + + Know-Know-howhow

Know-how Know-how

??

Creation of value form Creation of value form informationinformation

Types of knowledgeTypes of knowledge

Expressed knowledgeExpressed knowledge

What we know we knowWhat we know we know

Car owner’s manualCar owner’s manual

Travelers guideTravelers guide

Formulas, methodologies, Formulas, methodologies, documentsdocuments

Expressible knowledgeExpressible knowledge

What we know we know but What we know we know but not notednot noted

Family business secretsFamily business secrets

Know - what ( How things Know - what ( How things work )work )

Know - what ( How things Know - what ( How things work )work )

++

Know - what ( How things work )Know - what ( How things work )++

Know - whoKnow - who ( Experts ) ( Experts )

Inexpressible knowledgeInexpressible knowledge

What we know that can’t be What we know that can’t be notednoted

Where it is present ?Where it is present ?

Minds of peopleMinds of people

Changing information Changing information


++

ExpertiseExpertise


++

ExpertiseExpertise

==

Best solutionBest solution

Hat RibbonHat Ribbon

Knowledge assetsKnowledge assets


DataData


DataData InformationInformation


DataData InformationInformation Expressed knowledgeExpressed knowledge


DataData InformationInformation Expressed knowledgeExpressed knowledge Expressible knowledgeExpressible knowledge


DataData InformationInformation Expressed knowledgeExpressed knowledge Expressible knowledgeExpressible knowledge Inexpressible knowledgeInexpressible knowledge

ManagementManagement

??


Convert Convert

information into knowledgeinformation into knowledge

??

Apply knowledgeApply knowledge

For For

Value addition and competitive advantageValue addition and competitive advantage

??

Knowledge ManagementKnowledge Management

Historical overviewHistorical overview


Master to apprentice in ancient Master to apprentice in ancient times.times.



Aristotle.Aristotle.



Aristotle.Aristotle. Nonaka.Nonaka.



Aristotle.Aristotle. Nonaka.Nonaka. Data storagesData storages



Aristotle.Aristotle. Nonaka.Nonaka. Data storages.Data storages. Artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence. ( speech, language )( speech, language )


Master to apprentice in ancient times.Master to apprentice in ancient times. Aristotle.Aristotle. Nonaka.Nonaka. Data storages.Data storages. Artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence. ( speech, language )( speech, language )

Expert systems. Expert systems. (cloning of human (cloning of human reasoning )reasoning )



Expert systems. Expert systems. (cloning of human (cloning of human reasoning )reasoning )

Neural networksNeural networks ( input-output pathways ) ( input-output pathways )



Expert systems. Expert systems. (cloning of human reasoning )(cloning of human reasoning )

Neural networksNeural networks ( input-output pathways ) ( input-output pathways )

Information explosion.Information explosion.

SCMSCM

ProductionProduction

Apply knowledge to what we already Apply knowledge to what we already dodo

InnovationInnovation

Apply knowledge to what is newApply knowledge to what is new

Information handlersInformation handlers

Information handlersInformation handlers

Knowledge workersKnowledge workers

(solve problems + Add value )(solve problems + Add value )

Work harderWork harder

Work harderWork harder

Work smarterWork smarter

KM KM ( Hibbard 1997 )( Hibbard 1997 )

Gathering firm’s collective expertiseGathering firm’s collective expertise


Gathering firm’s collective expertiseGathering firm’s collective expertise Data basesData bases


Gathering firm’s collective expertiseGathering firm’s collective expertise Data basesData bases BooksBooks


Gathering firm’s collective expertiseGathering firm’s collective expertise Data basesData bases BooksBooks ProcessesProcesses


Gathering firm’s collective expertiseGathering firm’s collective expertise Data basesData bases BooksBooks ProcessesProcesses People’s mindsPeople’s minds


Gathering firm’s collective expertiseGathering firm’s collective expertise Data basesData bases BooksBooks ProcessesProcesses People’s mindsPeople’s minds Distribute to places for biggest Distribute to places for biggest

payoff.payoff.

KM KM ( Sveiby2000 )( Sveiby2000 )

Art of creating value Art of creating value

KM KM ( Sveiby2000 )( Sveiby2000 )

Art of creating value Art of creating value From company’s intangible assetsFrom company’s intangible assets

KM KM ( Brooking 1996 )( Brooking 1996 )

Accumulating knowledge assetsAccumulating knowledge assets

KM KM ( Brooking 1996 )( Brooking 1996 )

Accumulating knowledge assetsAccumulating knowledge assets Use effectively for competitive Use effectively for competitive

advantage.advantage.

Why KM now ?Why KM now ?

Time span of competitive Time span of competitive advantageadvantage

Type writersType writers

High speed of informationHigh speed of information

Two faces of Two faces of ii explosion explosion

300 million pages on Internet 300 million pages on Internet

( 1999 )( 1999 )

300 million pages on Internet 300 million pages on Internet

( 1999 )( 1999 )

1 billion pages on Internet1 billion pages on Internet

(2002)(2002)

Knowledge is key value added Knowledge is key value added in products and servicesin products and services

Knowledge values more than Knowledge values more than physical assetsphysical assets

Tobin’s Q formulaTobin’s Q formula

GM’sGM’s = $30 billion= $30 billion ( 2000 )( 2000 )

MSMS = $361 billion= $361 billion ( 2000 )( 2000 )

MSMS = $361 billion= $361 billion ( 2000 )( 2000 )

MSMS = $37 billion= $37 billion ( 2000 ) ( 2000 )

Total valueTotal value

Total value – Tangible assetsTotal value – Tangible assets

Total value – Tangible assets Total value – Tangible assets

= =

Knowledge assetKnowledge asset

GlobalizationGlobalization

Today’s business world not Today’s business world not dealingdealing

withwith

ConsumersConsumers

ProsumerProsumer

ProsumerProsumer

Aware of their needsAware of their needs

ProsumerProsumer


ActiveActive

ProsumerProsumer


ActiveActive

Give feed backGive feed back

No more No more

knowledge hoardingknowledge hoarding

Early retirementsEarly retirements

Early retirementsEarly retirements Rapid job changesRapid job changes

Early retirementsEarly retirements Rapid job changesRapid job changes Tense working environmentTense working environment

Early retirementsEarly retirements Rapid job changesRapid job changes Tense working environmentTense working environment DownsizingDownsizing

Roots of KMRoots of KM


BusinessBusiness


BusinessBusiness EconomicsEconomics


BusinessBusiness EconomicsEconomics PsychologyPsychology


BusinessBusiness EconomicsEconomics PsychologyPsychology InformationInformation

KM involvesKM involves


PeoplePeople


PeoplePeople ProcessesProcesses


PeoplePeople ProcessesProcesses TechnologyTechnology

KM processesKM processes

Creation of knowledgeCreation of knowledge



Distribution of knowledgeDistribution of knowledge



Distribution of knowledgeDistribution of knowledge

Application of knowledgeApplication of knowledge

Existence before useExistence before use

Existing resourcesExisting resources

Fostering environmentFostering environment

PackagesPackages

AcquireAcquire

BuyBuy

MergersMergers

Social networksSocial networks

Distributing knowledgeDistributing knowledge

Good distribution systemGood distribution system


Early findingEarly finding



Proper packagingProper packaging




Timely deliveryTimely delivery

Locate the sourceLocate the source

DocumentsDocuments

ProcessesProcesses

PeoplePeople

Right form Right form

Right contextRight context

RegionalRegional

CulturalCultural

FunctionalFunctional

Enable employeeEnable employee

to find to find

what he needswhat he needs

Timely deliveryTimely delivery

Push technologyPush technology

Push technologyPush technology

Avoid over loadingAvoid over loading

Pull technologyPull technology

Pull technologyPull technology

Avoid extra informationAvoid extra information

Application of knowledgeApplication of knowledge

MedicineMedicine

The Holy QuranThe Holy Quran

Application Application

IsIs

Creation of valueCreation of value

PuzzlePuzzle

Proper shapeProper shape

Easy to understandEasy to understand

Compatible Compatible

with with

work environmentwork environment

Motivated employeeMotivated employee

Suits Suits

employees job requirementemployees job requirement

Requirements AlignedRequirements Aligned

with with

Company’s objectivesCompany’s objectives

Educate employeesEducate employees

Tacit knowledgeTacit knowledge

50% to 95%50% to 95%

Fuel Fuel

for for

Innovation & Creativity engineInnovation & Creativity engine

Only competitive advantageOnly competitive advantage

inin

Unpredictable business Unpredictable business environmentenvironment

FishFish

Vision without actionVision without action

Action without visionAction without vision

Vision with action can change Vision with action can change the worldthe world

Arthur BarkerArthur Barker

System analystSystem analyst

System analystSystem analyst

Knowledge developerKnowledge developer

Tacit knowledgeTacit knowledge

Explicit knowledgeExplicit knowledge

Nonaka’s model of KCNonaka’s model of KC


Tacit to tacit communicationTacit to tacit communication

( socialization )( socialization )

DiscussionsDiscussions


Tacit to explicit communicationTacit to explicit communication

( externalization )( externalization )

BrainstormingBrainstorming


Explicit to explicit communicationExplicit to explicit communication

( communication )( communication )

TechnologyTechnology


Explicit to tacit communicationExplicit to tacit communication

( internalization )( internalization )

Deduce idea from reportDeduce idea from report

Evaluating expertEvaluating expert

Levels of expertiseLevels of expertise


Highly expertHighly expert



Moderate expertModerate expert



Moderate expertModerate expert

New expertNew expert

Single expertsSingle experts

More expertsMore experts

Understanding expert styleUnderstanding expert style

Holding of sessionsHolding of sessions

Understanding experienceUnderstanding experience

Language problemLanguage problem

Type of interviewsType of interviews

Arrangement of questionsArrangement of questions

Reliability of informationReliability of information

Response biasResponse bias

InconsistencyInconsistency

Ending the interviewEnding the interview

Other techniquesOther techniques

On-site observationOn-site observation

Brain stormingBrain storming

Electronic brain stormingElectronic brain storming

Consensus decision makingConsensus decision making

The Delphi methodThe Delphi method

Concept mappingConcept mapping

Black boardingBlack boarding

Knowledge transferKnowledge transfer

Knowing-doing gapKnowing-doing gap

Atmosphere of trustAtmosphere of trust

Push reasoning before processPush reasoning before process

Do than talkDo than talk

Tolerate mistakes for learningTolerate mistakes for learning

Cooperation & CollaborationCooperation & Collaboration

NotNot

CompetitionCompetition

Asses job satisfactionAsses job satisfaction

Collective sequential transferCollective sequential transfer

Explicit inter team transferExplicit inter team transfer

InternetsInternets

IntranetsIntranets

ExtranetExtranet

B2BB2B

Chat roomsChat rooms

Video communicationVideo communication

CRMCRM

Organizational learningOrganizational learning


Company’s collective abilityCompany’s collective ability

ToTo



ToTo


AndAnd



ToTo


AndAnd

Learn from informationLearn from information

RICE modelRICE model


ResponsivenessResponsiveness




CompetencyCompetency




CompetencyCompetency

EfficiencyEfficiency

CreativityCreativity

Emerges when existing solutions Emerges when existing solutions

No longer serve the purposeNo longer serve the purpose


Are responses to challenging problemsAre responses to challenging problems

lect1_manag1

Documents

ancient times

artificial intelligence

scmproductionapply knowledge

situationneutralright

doinnovationapply knowledge

language expert systems

value addition

datainformation assign