lect 1 history, terms
TRANSCRIPT
7/30/2019 Lect 1 History, Terms
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ANATOMY:
structures
PHYSIOLOGY:
how things work
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Hippocrates 460-375 BCE
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Hippocrates is credited with being the first
person to believe that diseases were caused
naturally, not because of superstition and gods.
• He separated the discipline of medicine from religion,
believing and arguing that disease was not a punishment
inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmentalfactors, diet, and living habits.
• However, Hippocrates did work with many convictions that
were based on what is now known to be incorrect anatomyand physiology,
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Galen 130-200 AC
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A funny dude… • Galen's understanding of anatomy and medicine was
still influenced by the widespread belief in “humors”.
• This stated that the blood, lymph, and bile liquids mustbe in some kind of balance or ill health will result.
•
He was a physician to the gladiators repairing theirwounds. Human dissection was not allowed.
• His anatomical reports, based mainly on dissection of monkeys and pigs, remained uncontested until 1543.
•
Galen conducted many nerve ligation experimentsthat supported the theory, which is still believed today,that the brain controls all the motions of the musclesby means of the cranial and peripheral nervoussystems.
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Vesalius 1514-1564
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Vesalius: “The father of modern anatomy”
•
He was a professor of anatomy in Italy!• He guest lectured at Bologna and Pisa.
• Previously anatomy had been taught primarilyfrom reading classic texts, mainly Galen,followed by an animal dissection by a barber-surgeon whose work was directed by thelecturer.
• Before this, No attempt was made to actuallycheck Galen's claims; these were consideredunassailable.
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In 1539 an Italian judge became interested in Vesalius'
work, and made bodies of executed criminals available
for dissection. He soon built up a wealth of
detailed anatomical diagrams, the first accurate set to
be produced.
Vesalius, on the other hand, carried out humandissection as the primary teaching tool, handling the
actual work himself while his students clustered around
the table.
Vesalius thought that hands-on direct observation wasthe only reliable resource, a huge break with medieval
practice.
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Drawings by Vesalius
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Who were those guys again?
• Who was Hippocrates?
• Who was Galen?
• Who was Vesalius?
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Metabol ism def ined
The sum of all chemical processes
in the body
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Types o f metabo l ic react ions
• CATABOLISM – Tissue breakdown
– Releases energy
• ANABOLISM – Tissue buildup
– Requires energy
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Homeostasis
See pp. 16 - 19
“Homeo” meaning “same”
“stasis” meaning “no change”
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Set point and normal range
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PhysiologyMetabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
Homeostasis
Negative feed backPositive feedback
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Sum of all chemical processes
Breakdown, releasing energy
Building, requires energy
Maintaining a steady internal state
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Homeostatic balance
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Turn to Fig 1.9 in your text
• What are the sensors? What are the
effectors?
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Temperature control
Negative Feedback
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Positive feedback: coagulation
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PhysiologyMetabolism: ?
Catabolism: ?
Anabolism: ?
Homeostasis: ?
Negative feed back: ?Positive feedback: ?
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READ over the section in your text…
• Read the entire section found at the end of
Chapter 1 on “The Language of Medicine”
section 1-7.
• You will find this to be of tremendous help in
this course!
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Anatomical position
Anatomical
Position
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Atlas A
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Saggital Transverse Coronal
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Sectional anatomy
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POSITIONAL TERMS
• Superior
• Anterior
• Medial• Proximal
• Superficial
• Central
• Dorsal
• Inferior
• Posterior
• Lateral• Distal
• Deep
• Peripheral
• Ventral
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Positional terms figure
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What are these positions?
Supine Prone
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Anatomical position
Anatomical
Position
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Anatomic cavities AP
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Anatomic cavities LAT
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Cranial
cavity
(containsbrain)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinalcord)
Cranial
cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Pericardialcavity within
the mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Abdomino-
pelvic
cavity
Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
abdominopelvic
cavities)
Abdominal cavity(contains digestive
viscera)
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and lungs)
(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Th i
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Thoracic
Cavity
• Enclosed by ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscle• Divided into 2 pleural cavities by mediastinum
• Mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except lungs
• Midline wall of tissue that contains heart and great vessels,
esophagus, trachea and thymus.
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Serous Membranes
• Thin slippery membrane lines bodycavities not open to the outside
–parietal layer lines walls of cavities
–visceral layer covers viscera (organs)
within the cavities
• Serous fluid reduces friction
Pleural & Pericardial Cavities
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Pleural & Pericardial Cavities
• Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs
– Parietal pleura lines chest wall
• Visceral pericardium covers heart
– Parietal pericardium lines pericardial sac
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Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa)
Heart
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial space with
serous fluid
Visceral
pericardium
(b) The serosa associated with the heart.
P it
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Peritoneum
•
Visceral peritoneum – serous membrane
that covers the
abdominal viscera
•Parietal peritoneum – serous membrane
that lines the
abdominal wall
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Other Body Cavities
• Oral and digestive cavities
• Nasal cavity
•
Orbital cavities• Middle ear cavities
• Synovial cavities
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Abdominal
quadrants
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Abdominal subdivisions in the real world
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Epigastric
Umbilical, periumbilical
Suprapubic-right above pubic bone
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Double duty
• Even though the previous slide shows
“internal” divisions of the abdomen, note that
these terms carry a surface meaning as well
• For example, pain in the “umbilical region”
might refer to pain on that area of the
abdominal surface, or to a deeper pain
internally
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Cervical
(a) Anterior/Ventral
Pubic (genital)
Cephalic
Frontal Orbital Nasal
Oral Mental
Thoracic
Axillary Mammary
Sternal Abdominal
Umbilical
Pelvic
Inguinal (groin)
Upper limb
Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital
Antebrachial (forearm)
Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand)
Palmar Pollex Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg)
Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Digital Hallux
Thorax
Abdomen Back (Dorsum)
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Cervical
Back (dorsal)
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
Scapular Vertebral
Lumbar Sacral Gluteal
Perineal (between
anus and external
genitalia)-area underneat
Upper limb
Acromial Brachial (arm)
Olecranal Antebrachial(forearm)
Manus (hand)
Metacarpal
Digital Lower limb
Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot)
Calcaneal Plantar
Cephalic
Otic Occipital (back
of head)
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
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There will be a few blanks left over!
Femoral
CervicalBrachial
Buccal
Umbilical
Popliteal (posterior side only)
Phalangeal (two spots)
CarpalTarsal
Sternal
Nasal
Acromial
Orbital
Aural
Lumbar (posterior)
Inguinal
Crural
Patellar (anterior)
Antecubital
(the anterior side of cubital)
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Bottom-up organization
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Define:
• Cells:
• Tissues
• Organs:
• Organ systems:
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You must be able to briefly define / describe all
of the following
ORGAN SYSTEMS:(see Fig A.11)
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• Skeletal system
• Muscular system
• Nervous system
• Integumentary system
• Respiratory system
• Digestive system• Endocrine system
• Cardiovascular system
• Lymphatic system
• Urinary system• Reproductive system
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Example:
Integumentary
System
• Skin, hair, nails
•
Protection fromexternal environment
• Maintains bodytemperature
• Hormone production
• Immune function (firstdefense in immunesystem)
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Example:
SkeletalSystem
• Bones, ligaments,cartilage
• Provides support
• Allows movement
•
Reservoir for minerals(calcium)
• Blood cell production
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Wh d b b h
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What do you remember about the
skeletal system?
• Without looking at your notes!
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Example: Muscular
System
• Muscles
• Tendons
• Produces movement
• Produces heat
• Reservoir for protein
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Raise your hand if you can name two functions of
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Raise your hand if you can name two functions of
the muscular system…
• Hint – you just didone of them…
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Example: Nervous
System• Brain, spinal cord,
peripheral nerves,
sense organs
• Control and
coordination of bodyprocesses
• Receives andprocesses information
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Endocrine
System• Hormone production,
for the purpose of
control and regulationof body functions
• Works in conjunction
with the nervoussystem
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Cardiovascular
System
• Circulation of blood
• Provides tissues with
essential gases and
nutrients
•
Removes metabolicwaste
• Immune function
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Lymphatic
System
• Returns tissue fluid
(lymph) to the
bloodstream
• Assists in mounting
an immune response• Filters body fluid
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Respiratory
System
• Gas exchange
• Acid-base (pH)
balance
• Protection against
foreign invaders• Produces hormones
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Digestive
System• Assimilate nutrients
• Protection against
foreign invaders
• Detoxification
• Hormone production
• Regulate internalchemical
environment
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Urinary
System• Filters blood
• Removes metabolic
waste
• Regulates internal
chemical environment
• Controls blood pressureand fluid balance
• Hormone production
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Reproductive
System• Maintains species
continuity
• Maintains speciesgenetic diversity
• Controls hormonalbalance
• Important role ingrowth anddevelopment