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October 3, 2005 CIS 700 1

Real-Time Scheduling

CIS700

Insup Lee




Outline

• Real-time systems

• Real-time scheduling algorithms– Fixed-priority algorithm (RM)

– Dynamic-priority algorithm (EDF)




Real-Time Systems

• Definition– Systems whose correctness depends on their temporal

aspects as well as their functional aspects

• Performance measure– Timeliness on timing constraints (deadlines)

– Speed/average case performance are less significant.

• Key property– Predictability on timing constraints




Real-Time System Example

• Digital control systems– periodically performs the following job:

senses the system status and

actuates the system according to its current status

Control-LawComputation

Sensor

Actuator




Real-Time System Example

Multimedia

• Multimedia applications– periodically performs the following job:

reads, decompresses, and displays video and audiostreams




Fundamental Real-Time Issue

• To specify the timing constraints of real-time systems

• To achieve predictability on satisfying their timingconstraints, possibly, with the existence of otherreal-time systems




Scheduling Framework Example

CPU

OS Scheduler

Digital Controller Multimedia




Real-Time Workload

• Job (unit of work)– a computation, a file read, a message transmission, etc

• Attributes– Resources required to make progress

– Timing parameters

Released

Absolutedeadline

Relative deadline

Execution time




Real-Time Task

• Task : a sequence of similar jobs– Periodic task ( p,e )

• Its jobs repeat regularly

• Period p = inter-release time (0 < p )

• Execution time e = maximum execution time (0 < e < p )• Utilization U = e/p

5 10 150



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 10

Deadlines: Hard vs. Soft

• Hard deadline– Disastrous or very serious consequences may occur if

the deadline is missed

– Validation is essential : can all the deadlines be met,

even under worst-case scenario?– Deterministic guarantees

• Soft deadline

– Ideally, the deadline should be met for maximumperformance. The performance degrades in case ofdeadline misses.

– Best effort approaches / statistical guarantees



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 11

Schedulability

• Property indicating whether a real-time system (a setof real-time tasks) can meet their deadlines

(4,1)

(5,2)

(7,2)



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 12

Real-Time Scheduling

• Determines the order of real-time task executions• Static-priority scheduling

• Dynamic-priority scheduling

(4,1)

(5,2)

(7,2)

5

5

10

10 15

15



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 13

RM (Rate Monotonic)

• Optimal static-priority scheduling• It assigns priority according to period

• A task with a shorter period has a higher priority

• Executes a job with the shortest period

(4,1)

(5,2)

(7,2)

5

5

10

10 15

15

T1

T2

T3



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 14

RM (Rate Monotonic)


(4,1)

(5,2)

(7,2)

5

5

10

10 15

15

T1

T2

T3



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 15

RM (Rate Monotonic)


(4,1)

(5,2)

(7,2)

Deadline Miss !

5

5

10

10 15

15

T1

T2

T3



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 16

Response Time

• Response time– Duration from released time to finish time

(4,1)

(5,2)

(10,2)

5

5

10

10 15

15

T1

T2

T3



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 17

Response Time

• Response time– Duration from released time to finish time

(4,1)

(5,2)

(10,2)

Response Time

5

5

10

10 15

15

T1

T2

T3



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 18

Response Time

• Response Time (r i ) [Audsley et al., 1993]

• HP(T i ) : a set of higher-priority tasks than T i

(4,1)

(5,2)

(10,2)

k

T HPT k

iii e

p

r er

ik

)(

5

5

10

10

T1

T2

T3



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 19

RM - Schedulability Analysis

• Real-time system is schedulable under RMif and only if r i ≤ p i for all task T i(pi,ei)

Joseph & Pandya,

“Finding response times in a real-time system”,

The Computer Journal, 1986.



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 20

RM – Utilization Bound

• Real-time system is schedulable under RM if∑Ui ≤ n (21/n-1)

Liu & Layland,

“Scheduling algorithms for multi-programming in ahard-real-time environment”, Journal of ACM, 1973.



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 21



• Example: T 1(4,1), T 2(5,1), T 3(10,1),

∑Ui = 1/4 + 1/5 + 1/10= 0.55

3 (21/3-1) ≈ 0.78

Thus, {T 1, T 2, T 3} is schedulable under RM.



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 22

RM Utilization Bounds

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1 4 16 64 256 1024 4096

The Number of Tasks

U

t i l i z a t i o n





October 3, 2005 CIS 700 23

EDF (Earliest Deadline First)

• Optimal dynamic priority scheduling• A task with a shorter deadline has a higher priority

• Executes a job with the earliest deadline

(4,1)

(5,2)

(7,2)

5

5

10

10 15

15

T1

T2

T3



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 24



(4,1)

(5,2)

(7,2)

5

5

10

10 15

15

T1

T2

T3



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 25



(4,1)

(5,2)

(7,2)

5

5

10

10 15

15

T1

T2

T3



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 26



(4,1)

(5,2)

(7,2)

5

5

10

10 15

15

T1

T2

T3



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 27


• Optimal scheduling algorithm– if there is a schedule for a set of real-time tasks,

EDF can schedule it.

(4,1)

(5,2)

(7,2)

5

5

10

10 15

15

T1

T2

T3



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 28

Processor Demand Bound

• Demand Bound Function : dbf(t) – the maximum processor demand by workload over any

interval of length t

(4,1)

(5,2)

(7,2)

t

5

5

10

10 15

15

T1

T2

T3



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 29

EDF - Schedulability Analysis

• Real-time system is schedulable under EDFif and only if dbf(t) ≤ t for all interval t

Baruah et al.

“Algorithms and complexity concerning the preemptivescheduling of periodic, real-time tasks on oneprocessor”, Journal of Real-Time Systems, 1990.

• Demand Bound Function : dbf(t)– the maximum processor demand by workload over any

interval of length t



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 30

EDF – Utilization Bound

• Real-time system is schedulable under EDF if and onlyif

∑Ui ≤ 1

Liu & Layland,“Scheduling algorithms for multi-programming in ahard-real-time environment”, Journal of ACM, 1973.



October 3, 2005 CIS 700 31

• Domino effect during overload conditions– Example: T 1(4,3), T 2(5,3), T 3(6,3), T 4(7,3)

EDF – Overload Conditions

T1

50 7

T2 T3 T4

3 6

Deadline Miss !

T1

50 7

T3

3 6

Better schedules :

T1

50 7

T4

3 6



October 3 2005 CIS 700 32

RM vs. EDF

• Rate Monotonic– Simpler implementation, even in systems without

explicit support for timing constraints (periods,deadlines)

– Predictability for the highest priority tasks

• EDF– Full processor utilization– Misbehavior during overload conditions

• For more details: Buttazzo, “Rate monotonic vs. EDF:Judgement Day”, EMSOFT 2003.

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