lec 9_pavement design
DESCRIPTION
rajen koleyTRANSCRIPT
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Pavement Engineering
What is a Pavement?A structure built on existing ground to facilitate rapid, safe, reliable & comfortable traffic movement
Pavement engineering involve the study of:• Pavement Materials• Pavement Structural Analysis• Pavement Design• Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation• Pavement Management Systems
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Pavements are designed based on “serviceability”
Serviceability is an indication of how good a ride the traveling public gets!
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Pavement Structure
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Types of Pavements
Flexible Pavements Rigid Pavements
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Flexible Pavement Surfaces
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Hot Mix Asphalt Surface
Hot Mix Asphalt Binder Course
Stabilized Base
Granular Subbase
Natural Subgrade
Prime Coat
Prime Coat
Tack Coat
Typical Flexible Pavement Configuration- High Traffic Volume
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Hot Mix Asphalt Surface
Granular Base
Natural Subgrade
Prime Coat
Typical Flexible Pavement Configuration
- Low Traffic Volume
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Typical Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete (HMAC) Paving Operation
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Asphalt Concrete Paving
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Seal Coat Pavement (a.k.a. Chip Seal, Surface Treatment)
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Surface Treatment (or Seal Coat or Chip Seal)
Granular Base
Natural Subgrade
Typical Flexible Pavement Configuration
- Low Traffic Volume
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Seal Coat Construction – Asphalt Spray
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Seal Coat Construction – Aggregate Spread
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Seal Coat Construction – Rolling
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Rigid Pavement Surfaces
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Portland Cement Concrete Surface Slab
Stabilized Base
Granular Subbase
Natural Subgrade
Prime Coat
Prime Coat
Typical Rigid Pavement Configuration- High Traffic Volume
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Portland Cement Concrete Surface Slab
Granular Base
Natural Subgrade
Prime Coat
Typical Rigid Pavement Configuration- Low Traffic Volume
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Paving of a Concrete Pavement
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Types of Rigid Pavements
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)
Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)
Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP)
Pre-stressed Concrete Pavements (PCP)
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Types of Rigid Pavements Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)
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Types of Rigid Pavements Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)
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Types of Rigid Pavements Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP)
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Types of Rigid Pavements Prestressed Concrete Pavement (PCP)
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Use of Aggregates in Pavement Construction
Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete (HMAC)
Portland Cement Concrete (PCC)
Granular Base and Subbase Layers
Seal Coats
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Classification of Aggregates Based on Origin (Natural & Artificial)
Based on Density of Particles
– Normal Weight (SG 2.5-2.8); Lightweight (SG 1.5-2.0) Based on Method of Processing (Crushed/uncrushed) Based on Affinity to Water
– Hydrophilic (siliceous); Hydrophobic (Carbonaceous) Based on Particle Size
– Coarse Aggregate (Larger than #4 sieve)– Fine Aggregate: #4(4.75mm) to #200 sieves (75 m)– Mineral filler (finer than #200 sieve)
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Natural & Artificial Aggregate Types
Natural aggregates from:
Igneous Rocks (Granite) Metamorphic Rocks (Marble, Gneiss, Quartzite) Sedimentary Rocks (Limestone, Dolomite, Sandstone, Caliche)
Artificial aggregates from: Byproducts of Industrial Processes (Blast-furnace slag; Iron-
ore gravel) Manufactured Aggregates (Lightweight aggregate, Hydrated fly
ash)
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Coarse & Fine Crystals - Igneous Rocks
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Microstructure of Limestone & Marble- Sedimentary vs. Metamorphic
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Excavation
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Crushing
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Transportation
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Sizing
Stockpiling
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Some Distinct AggregatesConcrete Sand
Screenings
¾” Crushed Limestone
1” Crushed Gravel
3/8” Pea Gravel
3/8” Crushed Trap Rock
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Criteria for Selection of Aggregates
Stabilized (Bound) Materials
Compatibility with binder Durability -Resistance to freeze-thaw, degradation Stability (or strength) of the Mix
Unstabilized Materials
Strength Durability Drainability Low frost susceptibility
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Important Aggregate Properties Gradation (ASTM C-33)
Specific Gravity & Absorption (ASTM C-127, C-128)
Hardness or Resistance to Wear (ASTM C-131)
Durability (Resistance to wet-dry, freeze-thaw, heat-cool)
Shape and Surface Texture
Deleterious Substances (ASTM C-40, C-142)
Surface Chemistry
Particle Crushing Strength
Standard Tests by ASTM, AASHTO, State DOTs
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Los Angeles Abrasion Test
Before
After
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Soundness Test
Before After
5 Cycles of Soaking and Oven Drying
Magnesium Sulfate or Sodium Sulfate Solution
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Aggregate Gradations
Continuous GapUniform
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* Uniformly graded- Few points of contact- Poor interlock (shape dependent)- High permeability
* Well graded- Good interlock- Low permeability
* Gap graded- Only limited sizes- Good interlock- Low permeability
Types of Gradations
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Aggregate Size Definitions
Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size– one size larger than the first sieve to
retain more than 10%
Maximum Aggregate Size– one size larger than nominal maximum
size
10010010010090907272656548483636222215159944
100100999989897272656548483636222215159944
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Aggregate Moisture States
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Asphalt Concrete Mixes
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Asphalt Concrete 3-phase system (aggregate, asphalt cement, air) Mix design to achieve maximum stability
– Aggregate type & gradation– Asphalt content (% by weight of total mix)– % Air voids
Mix design methods– Marshall Method– Hveem Method– Superpave Method
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Marshall Mix Design Method Compaction Testing
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SHRP (Superpave®) Gyratory Compactor
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Design Parameters Six Mix Design Parameters
– Stability– Flow– Unit weight of compacted mix– Voids in mineral aggregate (VMA)– Percent voids in mix– Voids filled with asphalt (VFA)
Mix Design Method– Calculate asphalt content for maximum stability, maximum unit
weight and median air voids (4%)– Average the three asphalt contents above– Check 6 parameters for compliance with design criteria
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Asphalt Concrete Phase Diagram
Aggregate Solids
Absorbed Asphalt
Effective(free) Asphalt
Air VoidsVAV
VEA
VAGG
VT
MAGG
MAA
MEA
MT
MTA
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Distresses in Flexible Pavements
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Pothole
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Rutting
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Alligator Cracking
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Longitudinal Cracking
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Transverse Cracking
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Block Cracking & Edge Cracking
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Flushing & Bleeding
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Raveling in HMAC & Seal Coats
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Failures
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Airfield Pavement Failure
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Airfield Pavement Failure
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Distresses in Rigid Pavements
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Longitudinal & Transverse Cracking
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Corner Crack & Diagonal Crack
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Spalling
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Faulting
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Punchout
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Failures
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Failed Crack
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Shattered Slab
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Pumping from Slab Edge
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Polished Aggregate & Scaling
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Blow-Ups (Buckling & Shattering)
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Condition Assesement
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PhotoLog Van
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CT Photolog
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Pavement Profiling
Laserand
Acceler-ometerin here
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Pavement Profile
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US24 Pavement Profile
WB High Freq.
The high frequency roughnessdoes not have a significantaffect on truck dynamics
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US24 Pavement Profile
WB Low Freq.
Low frequency variationsare long bumps that canget trucks bouncing
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US24 Pavement Profile
EB Low Freq.