lec 3 socio
TRANSCRIPT
Lecture 3Sociology with Anthropology
1st Quarter –1st SemesterSY 2011-2012
ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
SOCIETY
Is a science concerned with the study of man
Main focus: the feature that is unique to humans – the cultural behavior.
ANTHROPOLOGY
ANTHROPOLOGYPolitical Science
Education
Sociology
Economics
Medicine
Man’s government
Man’s production, distribution, & consumption of
goods
Man’s healthMan’s society
Man’s formal training
Paleontological Evidence of Evolution: The Fossil Record
Paleontology – the study of extinct animals.
- the study of remains of ancient organisms that are occasionally preserved in earth layers of different age.
Fossils – remains of the past organisms
Fossils: SkeletonImprints of body structuresFrozen animals Preserved animals found in
logs
Paleontological Evidence of Evolution: The Fossil Record
Fossil recordAdds time depth to the
biological pictureYields actual ancestral types
from which relatively similar living forms of organisms could have been derived
Provides diachronic proof of common ancestry
Paleontological Evidence of Evolution: The Fossil Record
Dating Pre-Historic RemainsMethods:
Relative Dating Method Is used if the concern
evolutionary sequences makes important to know which forms of life came after which.
Object/specimen can be arranged in chronological order but the exact age may not be known.
Ex: flourine, uranium, & nitrogen tests
Absolute MethodCan determine the exact or approximately
exact ages.Determines the evolutionary sequences of
two crucial fossils or cultural depositsEx: (a) Physico chemical dating (uses
uranium & thorium); (b) Potassium argon dating (used to determine the age of rocks in deposits, not the fossil)
Dating Pre-Historic Remains
Carbon 14 (C14) dating◦ Used with organic materials like wood,
bone seeds, & other organic materials. Biological Analysis
(a) Pollen Analysis or Polynology – analyzes the relative frequencies of different kinds of pollen in reconstructing local climatic conditions in recent deposits.(b) Dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) – it uses the fact that tree grows faster in wet years than in dry years, shown on the annual growth rings.
Dating Pre-Historic Remains
Mechanisms of Human Evolution (The Origin of Man)
How do species originate?
Has it undergone the gradual process of evolution over a number of generations?
Natural Selection (Charles Darwin, 1882 & Alfred Wallace)They demonstrated that inheritable
variations are differentially affected by the environment.
They asserted that those who possess adaptively valuable qualities in their environment will be at an advantage in comparison with those who do not possess such qualities
Mechanisms of Human Evolution
Genetics (Gregor Mendel)Genes – carry hereditary traits
- subject to occasional unpredictable alterations (mutations)
Mechanisms of Human Evolution
Origin of Man
The Bible says that God created man
Evolutionary theories say that man evolved from apes
Origin of Man
Human EvolutionProconsul
Discovered by Leakey in Rusinga Island
3 species:Proconsul Africanus (gibbon-sized type)
Proconsul Nyanzae (chimpanzee-sized type)
Proconsul Major (gorilla-sized type)
Ramapithecus brevirostis Emerged from dyopithecinesDiscovered where lateral incisors,
premolars and the first 2 molars showed that the upper jaw was more manlike.
Its dental structures points squarely in the direction of man.
Human Evolution
AustralopithecinesExtinct ape men of early
Pleistocene AfricaFeet and legs were
thoroughly man-likeSkulls were more ape-likeTeeth, bones of lower
extremities and the hips are more human-like
Human Evolution
Pithecanthropines East Asian Apes of the middle
Pleistocene periodSmall frontal lobe of the brainWalked erectCulture consisted of quartize pebble
toolsUsed fire for cooking and warmthOccasionally cannibalism
Human Evolution
Pithecanthropus erectus – Javanese variety; discovered by Eugene Dubois at Trimil Central Java. Upright ape-man.
Human Evolution
Human Evolution Pithecanthropus
pekinensis – Chinese variety; discovered by Dr. Von Koenigswald.
Peking man cranial capacity
averaging about 1,000 cubic cm
Flat skull Small forehead limb bones are
indistinguishable from those of modern humans.
Teeth are essentially modern
Pithecanthropines Pithecanthropus
robustus - Teeth were essentially human
Brain volume is 770-1000 cubic cm
Discovered by Davidson Black in a cave of Peking (Cheukouten)
Human Evolution
Neanderthal Man Discovered during the middle Palaeolithic
eraHas flat, heavy skull & slant foreheadLarge brow ridgesBroad flat noseHeavy jutting jawWas replaced by the Homo sapiens
Human Evolution
Homo sapiens (modern man)Varieties of modern man:
Cro-magnon of FranceSlightly taller and more ruggedly built man than the contemporary European man
White-skinned
Human Evolution
Humans Zoological Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Order Primata Suborder Anthropoidea Infraorder Catarrhini Superfamiliy Hominoidea Family Hominidae Tribe Hominini Genus Homo Species Homo sapiens Subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens
Primate Tendencies (Anthropoid Primates):·Grasping·Smell to Sight·Nose to Hand·Brain Complexity·Parental Investment·Sociality
Primates Common Behavior:·Learning·Tool·Predation and Hunting
Human vs. Other Primates:·Sharing and Cooperation·Mating and Kinship