lec 2 anatomy structure function 2

How?

Anatomy, Structure and Function

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https://ag.purdue.edu/agry/Documents/Ejeta-Food-Security-Journal.pdf For a history:

UC

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Davis Riverside

Iowa State University (IA) Purdue (IN) Cornell (NY) MIT (MA)

College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Mission: research relevant to CA Department of Plant Sciences

College of Biological Sciences Mission: basic research Department of Plant Biology

https://ag.purdue.edu/agry/Documents/Ejeta-Food-Security-Journal.pdf







Why did my car window fog up this morning?

• Outside was 13oC (56F) • Inside was 25oC • Droplets form on the inside of

the window • What was the humidity inside

the car?

ftp://ftp.licor.com/perm/env/LI-610/Manual/610card.pdf

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Water vapor pressure and dewpoint estimation at sea-level:1) Saturated vapor pressure -where air temperature meets 100%RH curve 2) Water vapor pressure - find intersection of air temperature line and and RH curve, read vapor pressure off y-axis 3) Dewpoint temperature -calculate vapor pressure as in (2) find intersection with 100%RH curve.

A good reference:





• Outside was 13oC (56F) • Inside was 25oC • Droplets form on the inside of the

window • What was the humidity inside the car?

• Step 1: Draw/write what you know


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A good reference:







• Step 1: Draw/write what you know • Step 2: Ask what process is occurring?

Use the answer to solve the question. i.e. Why did fog happen? Condensation occurred (dewpoint or saturation) Add that point to your diagram.


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A good reference:









• Step 3: Ask what process is occurring? i.e. What is happening to the air? It is cooling from 25oC to 13oC and condensation occurs. We have to connect the two temperatures.


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A good reference:

?









• Step 3: Ask what process is occurring? i.e. What is happening to the air? It is cooling from 25oC to 13oC and condensation occurs. We have to connect the two temperatures.

• Step 4: Ask what process is occurring? i.e. During the cooling is water being added or removed from the air? No, so the vapor pressure stays the same.


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A good reference:




Need a translation from Proper English?

• Oops: Evaporation not Evapouration • I say: “Vapour” You say: “Vapor” • How do you say “mauve” (the colour)?

• No! It is not Marv!



• Plant Cells • Organelles • Tissues • Organs

What is the plant made of?

What shape is the plant?

Why have these structures?

http://plantphys.info/plant_biology/ Need a starting point?

http://plantphys.info/plant_biology/

“Plants have souls that animals don't”


http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/09/130926-genius-macarthur-kevin-boyce-fossil-plants/














"But with plants, you have cellular anatomy preserved. Every plant cell

has a strong cell wall. Plants have souls that animals don't—

it was pretty literally that."



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhynia_stem.jpg




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhynia_stem.jpg


Plant and Animal Cells

• Structural differences

Plant Cells Animal Cells

Cell walls present No cell wall outside cell membrane

Plastids (pigment cells) No plastids

- Lysosomes + Lysosomes (digestion of waste)

Centrioles only in lower forms (still do mitosis)

Centrioles always present

Large vacuoles filled with cell sap Vacuoles, if present, are small


Idealized Plant Cell

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/


Cells

• Primary cell walls – Constituents (from sycamore)

• Hemicellulose - 65% (polysaccharide containing glucose, mannose, xylose and others)

– May be branched, random amorphous structure

• Cellulose - 23% – Polysaccharide containing glucose alone – Usually straight chains – Very strong

• Protein - 10% • Pectic substances - 2%


Cell Wall Constituents

http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/


Cell Wall Structure

http://www.abcbodybuilding.com

http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/


Cells

• Primary cell walls – Elasticity

• Important for growth • Young’s elastic modulus (units = pascal)

– E = force per unit area / volume change over original volume

– E = F/A / ΔV/V (volume measurements) – E = ΔP / ΔV/V (pressure measurements) – If E is large, the material is “stiff”, resistant to changes in

shape


Cells

• Secondary cell walls – Constituents

• Cellulose - 45% • Hemicellulose - 30% • Lignin - 24%

– Not a polysaccharide, but a macromolecule of phenolic monomers

– Phenolic structure

• Pectin - 1% – Secondary wall is inside primary wall


Primary and Secondary Cell Walls

Constituent Primary (%) Secondary (%)

Hemicellulose 65 30

Cellulose 23 45

Protein 10 -

Lignin - 24

Pectic Substances 2 1


Cell Size

• Most plant cells 20 - 300 µm in length – Trivia: 95% of

organisms on earth are smaller than a chicken’s egg

– Limitations • Surface area - volume

relationship – SA = 4 π r2 – V = 4/3 π r3

» Physical forces needed for support

» Inhibition to diffusion

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Why is it important no to have too large a cell?

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Water and CO2 diffusion


Organelles

• Cytoplasm or cytosol – aqueous matrix

• Plasma membrane (plasmalemma) – 0.01 µm (10 nm) thick

• Chloroplast (4-5 µm) – Chlorophyll – Thylakoid

• System of membranes – Grana

• Stacks of thylakoids • Embedded in stroma • Own DNA

http://www.daviddarling.info/


Organelles

• Other plastids (pigment containing organelles) – Leucoplasts

• Colorless (Greek leucos = white) • Storage (starch, lipid, proteins) or

biosynthesis

– Chromoplasts • Other pigments than chlorophyll • Oil soluble carotenoids (Carrots)

http://content.answers.com

http://www.cas.muohio.edu/


Organelles

• Mitochondrion (0.5 - 1 µm) – Site of cellular respiration – Contains its own DNA – Divide by fission (like bacteria)

• Nucleus (5-21 µm)

http://library.thinkquest.org/

http://faculty.ircc.edu/faculty/tfischer

Why do chloroplasts and mitochondria have two plasma-membranes and their own DNA?


http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter4/animation_-_endosymbiosis.html

Video of this:







Does your garage look like this?



Organelles

• Vacuole – Variable sizes

• Tonoplast – Can occupy 80-90% of cell volume – Functions

» Storage (dumping ground) » Osmotic regulation (by tonoplast) » Turgor pressure » Especially important in guard cells (stomata) » Maintenance of cytosolic pH


http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/

Diversity of Form

• Succulents


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Split_Aloe.jpg/768px-Split_Aloe.jpg

Stem succulence

Leaf+stem succulence http://www.glenhirstcactiandpalms.co.uk/plantsforfree.html






http://www.glenhirstcactiandpalms.co.uk/plantsforfree.html

http://www.glenhirstcactiandpalms.co.uk/plantsforfree.html


http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dissected_Lithops_0133_(3137859955).jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lithops_lesliei_2.jpg

Stan Shebs






Diversity of Form

• Succulents


http://www.brown.edu/Research/Edwards_Lab/reprints/ogburn_edwardsABR2010.pdf

- Drought avoidance adaption (water storage) - Stomatal closure during the drought - Low Surface area to Volume ratio - Root decoupling from dry soil - Water storage within vacuoles in various tissues - Never more stressed than midsummer corn!

- Salinity adaption (salt storage)

- Toxic salt storage in vacuoles (keep low conc.) - Balanced with organic ionic molecules in cytoplasm - High osmotic concentration keeps water flowing from salty soils.

Read more:






Organelles

• Endoplasmic reticulum – Protein synthesis

• Ribosomes

• Golgi apparatus – Processing and Post office

• Plasmodesmata – Strands of cytoplasm that extend through the walls of adjacent

cells – Importance - thought to unite cells of a tissue into one functional

whole – symplast


Organelles

• Endoplasmic reticulum – Protein synthesis

• Ribosomes

• Golgi apparatus – Processing and Post office

• Plasmodesmata – Strands of cytoplasm that extend through the walls of

adjacent cells – Importance - thought to unite cells of a tissue into one

functional whole – symplast

http://www.dac.neu.edu/


Organelles

• Microbodies – Peroxisome

• Antioxidative • Photorespiration*

– Glyoxysome • Break down fats as they are converted to

carbohydrate during germination


Quan

Sticky Note

degradation of fat in seed to make carbohydrate


Types of Cells

• Parenchyma – Photosynthesis – Storage

• Collenchyma – Structural support (celery fibers)

• Sclerenchyma – Sclereid (pears) – Fiber (load bearing)


Tissues

• Middle lamella – Calcium and magnesium pectates

• Dermal tissue – Epidermis – Cuticle – Root hairs

http://home.earthlink.net/~dayvdanls


Tissues

• Middle lamella – Calcium and magnesium pectates

• Dermal tissue – Epidermis – Cuticle – Root hairs

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/

http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/


Ground tissue

• Palisade parenchyma (leaf) • Spongy mesophyll (leaf) • Cortex (stem and root) • Pith (stem) • Pericycle (root) • Endodermis (root) http://www.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissue

Great Wikipedia site:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissue


Yano and Terashima (2001)


Ground tissue

• Palisade parenchyma (leaf) • Spongy mesophyll (leaf) • Cortex (stem and root) • Pith (stem) • Pericycle (root) • Endodermis (root)

http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/


Ground tissue

• Palisade parenchyma (leaf) • Spongy mesophyll (leaf) • Cortex (stem and root) • Pith (stem) • Pericycle (root) • Endodermis (root)

http://www.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth

http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/ecotree/


Vascular tissue

• Xylem • Phloem

http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/

http://www.lclark.edu/~seavey/

Quan

Sticky Note

xylem transport water phloem transport sugar


Stem

http://plantphys.info/

http://plantphys.info/plant_biology/stems.shtml

Great website



Quan

Sticky Note

Primary Growth: Apical meristem is responsible for primary root and stem growth in vascular plants. Primary Root Growth: is concentrated near the tip and results in the root growing in length. The root tip contains 4 zones of development: The root cap, which protects the area behind it and softens the soil ahead of it by producing a polysaccharide. The apical meristem, is an area of rapidly dividing cells. It will replace the cells of the root cap as they wear away and push cells above them that will develop into the main tissues of the plant. The zone of elongation, is an area where the cells elongate 10 times their original length. This elongation helps push the root into the soil. The zone of maturation, is the area farthest from the root tip. Here the new cells will specialize and carry out the functions of the epidermal, ground, and vascular tissue. The primary tissues in a dicot root are arranges in a central x pattern for the xylem with the phloem located in each of the angles of the xylem. In a monocot the vascular tissues are alternated in a circle. Primary Stem Growth: begins at the tip of the terminal bud in the area called the apical meristem. The cell divisions are responsible for the stem's growth in length. The primary vascular tissue in monocots takes on a scattered arrangement. In a dicot, it takes a circular pattern. Secondary Growth: Increases the girth of a stem it is caused by the vascular and cork cambium. Vascular Cambium: meristematic parenchyma produces xylem on the inside and phloem on its outer side. The secondary xylem accumulates and forms the wood. The secondary phloem does not accumulate and is sloughed off with the bark. Cork Cambium: forms in the outer cortex. Produces cork and epidermal tissues. Wood has 2 zones: Heartwood- the older (inner) layers of xylem blocked with resins. It is non -functional in water transport. Sap wood- outer xylem, vascular cambium, phloem and cork cambium. Conducts water and food.


Organs • Meristems “stem cells”

– Shoot – Root – Cambium – Intercalary

http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/ http://www.nsci.plu.edu/~jmain/

Quan

Sticky Note

Cambium is layer or layers of tissue, also known as lateral meristems, that are the source of cells for secondary growth. There are two types of cambium - Cork cambium & Vascular cambium. Apical meristem is a meristem at the tip of a plant shoot or root that causes the shoot or root to increase in length = primary growth.

Quan

Sticky Note

apical meristem = shoot and root

War zone! Monocot versus Dicot


http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botglosi.htm

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss8/monocotdicot.html

For more on dicot monocot differences:

http://www.extension.org/pages/58085/basics-of-grass-growth#.Uks864bEPNs

Intercalary meristems are basal in grasses (major monocot clade): - leaf blade - sheath - internode Allows greater regrowth from disturbance But secondary growth is relatively limited in monocots

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFCdAgeMGOA

Watch grass growing! http://www.youtube.com/wat

ch?v=G2RuVxdr0mA

Watch beans growing!







http://www.extension.org/pages/58085/basics-of-grass-growth.Uks864bEPNs










http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2RuVxdr0mA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2RuVxdr0mA

Is there a difference between the two stem segments I handed out?


Without secondary thickening, are there any tall monocots?


Without well developed secondary thickening, are there any tall monocots?


30m

http://theorganicartist.wordpress.com/page/48/

Bamboo cross-section:




A thought experiment aka an example of how to deal with math without doing algebra

• The bending of structure follows this form: • M = EIK • M = the force needed to bend the structure to a certain curvature • E = the modulus of elasticity of the structure (~ anatomy) (high value = stiff) • I = the strength associated with shape (~ morphology) • K = the curvature obtained by the force

• Outcomes:

– EI determines how plants respond to forces (E~anatomy; I~shape) • How tall a tree can be. How strong a branch/leaf is. Best shape or anatomy relative to investment costs.

– You can understand a formula by putting numbers into it (in Excel or in your head)


Presenter

Presentation Notes

Bamboo and palms

Savannah’s are grass vs tree war zones


Savanna: grass or tree dominated?

• Light • Fire • Browsers vs. grazers • Human impacts • Below ground resources

– Water – nutrients

• Plant physiology!

Grasses (Monocots) Trees (Dicots)

Low costs of producing structure results in:

Plastic – responsive growth to changes

Less fast growing

Rapidly resprout or reseed after fire

Larger below ground reserves

Fast recovery from herbivory Larger below ground reserves

No stems or wood Slower growth as must make stems

Dense fibrous roots – competitive for nutrients

Extensive and deeper roots – able to go where grass roots can’t, competitive for water

Other traits High C:N ratio – slow decomposition Low C:N ratio – faster decomposition

Create hot fires

Support high herbivore densities incl. mixed feeders

Safe once tall (2-3m)

Not competitive at low light Competitive at low light

Physiological differences between grasses and trees that lead to differential responses to environment

=?= =?=

+Forests +herbivore pressure

++tree competition

+nutrient limitation +water limitation

+fire, herbivory

+fire, herbivory


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ficus_watkinsiana_on_Syzygium_hemilampra-Iluka.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caryota_urens1.jpg





http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caryota_urens1.jpg

Palms and stranglers



Flower

http://www.shaneeubanks.com/

Exercise 2: Plant anatomical structural adaptation

• Bring a photo (or a specimen*) of an interesting plant anatomy or structure to class on Thursday. Print it if you can, or bring it on smart phone…

• Before class think about: – Why the plant has it? And why it has that form? (functional significance) – What physiological/physical principles determine the form of the item?

• We will discuss this more in class in groups. • * please don’t break or deface any public plants


From FAO56

ETo = reference evapotranspiration

Landscape coefficient/crop coefienct

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Californian crop water use

ETc

lec 2 anatomy structure function 2

Documents

saturated vapor pressure

dewpoint temperature

rh curve

f inside

car window

dewpoint estimation

oc droplets form

good reference