leasing & hire purchase, factoring & forfeiting and venture capital

Let’s start with

the positive

energy…

Accounting Standard

(AS) 19

LEASING

This Standard should be applied in accounting for

all leases other than:

lease agreements to explore for or use natural resources, such

as oil, gas, timber, metals and other mineral rights; and

licensing agreements for items such as motion picture films,

video recordings, plays, manuscripts, patents and copyrights

lease agreements to use lands.

5

LEASING

Introduction:

• Leasing is distinguished from most other forms of finance by the fact that the lessor is

the legal owner of the leased asset.

• The lessee obtains the right to use the asset in return for periodic payments (lease

rentals) to the lessor.

• Definition: “A lease is a form of contract transferring the use or occupancy of land,

space, structure or equipment in consideration of a payment, usually in form of a rent”

6

LEASING

According to as 19 “A lease is an agreement whereby the

lessor conveys to the lessee in return for a payment or

series of payments the right to use an asset for an agreed

period of time”

A finance lease is a lease that transfers substantially all

the risks and rewards incident to ownership of an asset

An operating lease is a lease other than a finance lease

7

LEASING

A non-cancellable lease is a lease that is

cancellable only:

Upon the occurrence of some remote contingency

with the permission of the lessor

If the lessee enters into a new lease for the same or an

equivalent asset with the same lessor

Upon payment by the lessee of an additional amount such that,

at inception, continuation of the lease is reasonably certain.

8

Concept of Leasing

• Leasing is an agreement between two parties, the leasing company or lessor and the user

or lessee.

• The rentals are predetermined and payable at fixed intervals of time, according to the

mutual convenience of both the parties.

• However, the lessor remains the owner of the equipment over the primary period.

• Lessor

• The legal owner

• Lessee

• Obtains the right to use the asset.

THE FOLLOWING IMPLICATIONS FOR THE LESSER AND LESSE

• The lesser has the duty to deliver the asset to the lessee,

• The lessee has the obligation to pay the lease rentals as specified in the lease agreement

10

CONTENTS OF LEASE AGREEMENT

• Description of the lessor, the lessee, and the equipment.

• Amount, time, and place of lease rental payments.

• Time and place of equipment delivery.

• Lessee’s responsibility for taking delivery and possession of the leased equipment.

• Lessee’s responsibility for maintenance, repairs, registration, etc.

11

TYPES OF LEASE

Financial Lease

Operating Lease

Leverage Lease

Cross border Lease

Wet & Dry Lease

Vendor Leasing

13

Financial Lease

A financial Lease is also known as Capital lease, Long-term lease, Net lease & Close

lease

Under a financial lease, the rate of lease would be fixed based on the kind of lease, the

period of lease, periodicity of rent payment, & the rate of depreciation & other tax

benefits available.

The high cost of equipments such as office equipment, diesel generators, machine tools,

textile machinery, containers, locomotives etc., is leased under financial lease.

14

Financial Lease At the inception of a finance lease, the lessee should recognise the lease as an asset and

a liability.

Such recognition should be at an amount equal to the fair value of the leased asset at

the inception of the lease.

However, if the fair value of the leased asset exceeds the present value of the minimum

lease payments from the standpoint of the lessee,

The amount recorded as an asset and a liability should be the present value of the minimum lease

payments from the standpoint of the lessee.

In calculating the present value of the minimum lease payments the discount rate is the

interest rate implicit in the lease.

Financial Lease An enterprise (the lessee) acquires a machinery on lease from a leasing company (the

lessor) on January 1, 20X0. The lease term covers the entire economic life of the

machinery, i.e., 3 years. The fair value of the machinery on January 1, 20X0 is

Rs.2,35,500. The lease agreement requires the lessee to pay an amount of Rs.1,00,000

per year beginning December 31, 20X0. The lessee has guaranteed a residual value of

Rs.17,000 on December 31, 20X2 to the lessor. The lessor, however, estimates that the

machinery would have a salvage value of only Rs.3,500 on December 31, 20X2.

The interest rate implicit in the lease is 16 per cent.

Financial Lease

This is calculated using the following formula:

Fair value = 𝐴𝐿𝑅

1+𝑟 1+𝐴𝐿𝑅

1+𝑟 2 + … +𝐴𝐿𝑅

1+𝑟 𝑛

+𝑅𝑉

1+𝑟 𝑛

where ALR is annual lease rental,

RV is residual value (both guaranteed and unguaranteed)

n is the lease term,

r is interest rate implicit in the lease

Financial Lease

The present value of minimum lease payments from

the stand point of the lessee is Rs.2,35,480

The lessee would record the machinery as an asset at Rs.2,35,480 with a corresponding

liability representing the present value of lease payments over the lease term (including

the guaranteed residual value)

Financial Lease In the above example, suppose the lessor estimates that the machinery would have a

salvage value of Rs.17,000 on December 31, 20X2. The lessee, however, guarantees a

residual value of Rs.5,000 only

The interest rate implicit in the lease in this case would remain unchanged at 16% .

The present value of the minimum lease payments from the standpoint of the lessee,

using this interest rate implicit in the lease, would be Rs.2,27,792.

As this amount is lower than the fair value of the leased asset (Rs. 2,35,500), the lessee

would recognise the asset and the liability arising from the lease at Rs.2,27,792

OPERATING LEASE

An operating lease is also known as service lease, short-term lease

or true lease.

The lease is for a limited period may be in a month, six months, a

year or few years.

Normally, the lease rentals will be higher as compared to other

leases on account of short period of primary lease.

20

OPERATING LEASE

Lease payments under an operating lease should be recognised as an expense in the

statement of profit and loss on a straight line basis over the lease term unless another

systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern of the user’s benefit.

The lessor should present an asset given under operating lease in its balance sheet under

fixed assets.

Lease income from operating leases should be recognised in the statement of profit and loss

on a straight line basis over the lease term

21

LEVERAGE LEASE

A leverage lease is used for financing those assets which require

huge capital outlay.

The outlay for purchase cost is generally from 50 lakhs to 2

crore.

Asset has economic life of 10 years or more.

The Lessor acquires the assets as per the terms of the lease

agreement but finances only a part of the total investment, say 20%-

50%

22

Two ways of evaluating…………………1. Lessee’s point

of view

2. Lessor’s point

of view

Lessee’s point of view:

Lease or borrow decisions:

Steps:

Calculate present value of net-cash flow

of the buying option-NPV(B)

Calculate present value of net cash flow

of the leasing option-NPV(L)

Decide whether to buy or lease the asset

or reject the proposal .

How to decide…….

If NPV(B) is positive and greater than NPV(L) then

• If NPV(L) is positive and greater

than the NPV(B)

then lease the asset.

• If NPV(B) as well as NPV(L)

are both negative,

reject the proposal

From the lessor’s point of view

Present value Internal rate

method of return

method

Present value method• Determine cash outflows by deducting tax advantage of owing an asset.

• Determine cash inflows after tax.

• Determine the present value of cash outflows and after tax cash inflows by discounting at weighted

average cost of capital of the lessor.

• Decide in favour of leasing out an asset if p.v. of cash inflows exceeds the p.v. of cash outflows i.e. if

the NPV is positive

Internal rate of return method

• Rate of discount at which the present value of cash inflows is equal to the present

value of cash outflows.

• Can be determined with the help of mathematical formula.

• Can also be determined with the help of present value tables.

ADVANTAGES OF LEASING

• Permit alternative use of funds

A leasing arrangement provides a firm with the use and control over asset without

incurring huge capital expenditure.

• Faster and cheaper credit

Acquisition of assets under leasing agreement is cheaper and faster than any other source

of finance.

31

• Flexibility

Leasing arrangements may be tailored to the lessee’s needs more easily than ordinary financing.

The lessee can utilize more funds for working capital needs.

• Facilitates additional borrowings

Leasing may increase long-term ability to acquire funds. The lessee can utilize more funds for

working capital needs.

• Protection against obsolescence

A firm can avoid risk of obsolescence by entering into operating lease agreement.

32

• No restrictive covenants

The restrictive covenants which are usually imposed under debenture or loan agreement are

absolutely absent in a lease agreement.

• Hundred percent financing

Lease financing enables a firm to acquire the use of an asset without having to make a down

payment. So, hundred per cent financing is assured to the lessee.

• Boom to small firm

It is a boon to small firms and technocrats who are able to make promoters contribution as

required by financial institutions.

33

DISADVANTAGES OF LEASING

• Lease is not a suitable mode of project finance

• Certain tax benefits/incentives such as subsidy may not be available on leased equipment.

• The value of real assets such as land and building may increase during lease period. In

such a case, the lessee loses the advantage of a potential capital gain.

• The cost of financing is generally higher than that of debt financing.

34

•A manufacturer who wants to discontinue a particular line of business

will not in a position to terminate the contract except by paying heavy

penalties.

• In case of lease agreement, it is lessor who has purchased the asset

from the supplier and not the lessee.

• If the lessee is not able to pay rentals regularly, the lesser would suffer

a loss particularly when the asset is a sophisticated one and less

liquid.

• In the absence of exclusive laws dealing with the lease transaction,

several problems crop up between lesser and lessee resulting in

unnecessary complications and avoidable tensions.

35

What are the criteria for a capital lease?

• A capital lease is a lease in which the lessor only finances theleased asset, and all other rights of ownership transfer tothe lessee.

• This results in the recordation of the asset as the lessee'sproperty in its general ledger, as a fixed asset.

• The lessee can only record the interest portion of a capitallease payment as expense, as opposed to the amount of theentire lease payment in the case of the more commonoperating lease.

http://www.accountingtools.com/questions-and-answers/what-are-the-criteria-for-a-capital-lease.html


• The criteria for a capital lease can be any one of the following four alternatives:

• Ownership. The ownership of the asset is shifted from the lessor to the lessee by the end of the lease period; or

• Bargain purchase option. The lessee can buy the asset from the lessor at the end of the lease term for a below-market price; or

• Lease term. The period of the lease encompasses at least 75% of the useful life of the asset (and the lease is noncancellable during that time); or

• Present value. The present value of the minimum lease payments required under the lease is at least 90% of the fair value of the asset at the inception of the lease



• If a lease agreement contains any one of the preceding fourcriteria, the lessee records it as a capital lease.

• Otherwise, the lease is recorded as an operating lease. Therecordation of these two types of leases is as follows:

• Capital lease. The present value of all lease payments isconsidered to be the cost of the asset, which is recorded as afixed asset, with an offsetting credit to a capital lease liabilityaccount. As each monthly lease payment is made to thelessor, the lessee records a combined reduction in the capitallease liability account and a charge to interest expense. Thelessee also records a periodic depreciation charge togradually reduce the carrying amount of the fixed asset in itsaccounting records.



• Operating lease. Record each lease payment as an expense.There is no other entry.

• Given the precise definition of a capital lease, the parties to alease are usually well aware of the status of their leasearrangement before a lease is signed, and typically write thelease agreement so that the arrangement will be clearlydefined as either a capital lease or operating lease.


E21-1 (Capital Lease with Unguaranteed Residual Value) On

January 1, 2007, Burke Corporation signed a 5-year noncancelable

lease for a machine. The terms of the lease called for Burke to

make annual payments of $8,668 at the beginning of each year,

starting January 1, 2007. The machine has an estimated useful life

of 6 years and a $5,000 unguaranteed residual value. Burke uses

the straight-line method of depreciation for all of its plant assets.

Burke’s incremental borrowing rate is 10%, and the Lessor’s

implicit rate is unknown.

LO 2 Describe the accounting criteria and procedures for capitalizing leases by the lessee.

Accounting by the Lessee

Instructions

(a) What type of lease is this? Explain.

(b) Compute the present value of the minimum lease payments.

(c) Prepare all journal entries for Burke through Jan. 1, 2008.

E21-1 What type of lease is this? Explain.



Capitalization Criteria:

1. Transfer of ownership

2. Bargain purchase option

3. Lease term => 75% of economic life of leased property

4. Present value of minimum lease payments => 90% of FMV of property

NO

NO

Lease term 5 yrs.Economic life 6 yrs.

YES 83.3%

FMV of leased property is unknown.

Capital Lease, #3

E21-1 Compute present value of the minimum lease payments.



Payment $ 8,668

Present value factor (i=10%,n=5) 4.16986

PV of minimum lease payments $36,144

Journal entry

1/1/07 Leased Machine Under Capital Lease 36,144 Leases liability 36,144

Leases liability 8,668 Cash 8,668

E21-1 Lease Amortization Schedule



10%

Lease Interest Reduction LeaseDate Payment Expense in Liability Liability

1/1/07 36,144$

1/1/07 8,668$ 8,668$ 27,476

12/31/07 8,668 2,748 5,920 21,556

12/31/08 8,668 2,156 6,512 15,044

12/31/09 8,668 1,504 7,164 7,880

12/31/10 8,668 788 7,880 0

E21-1 Journal entries for Burke through Jan. 1, 2008.



Journal entry

12/31/07 Depreciation expense 7,229

Accumulated depreciation 7,229

($36,144 ÷ 5 = $7,229)

Interest expense 2,748

Interest payable 2,748

[($36,144 – $8,668) X .10]

E21-1 Journal entries for Burke through Jan. 1, 2008.



Journal entry

1/1/08 Lease liability 5,920


Cash 8,668

E21-1 Comparison of Capital Lease with Operating Lease

LO 3 Contrast the operating and capitalization methods of recording leases.


E21-1 Capital Lease Operating

Depreciation Interest LeaseDate Expense Expense Total Expense Diff.

2007 7,229$ 2,748$ 9,977$ 8,668$ 1,309$

2008 7,229 2,156 9,385 8,668 717

2009 7,229 1,504 8,733 8,668 65

2009 7,229 788 8,017 8,668 (651)

2010 7,228 7,228 8,668 (1,440)

36,144$ 7,196$ 43,340$ 43,340$ 0

*

rounding

*

E21-10 (Computation of Rental) Morgan Leasing Company signs an

agreement on January 1, 2007, to lease equipment to Cole

Company. The following information relates to this agreement.

1. The term of the non cancelable lease is 6 years with no renewal option.

The equipment has an estimated economic life of 6 years.

2. The cost of the asset to the lessor is $245,000. The fair value of the asset

at January 1, 2007, is $245,000.

3. The asset will revert to the lessor at the end of the lease term at which time

the asset is expected to have a residual value of $43,622, none of which is

guaranteed.

4. The agreement requires annual rental payments, Jan. 1, 2007.

5. Collectability of the lease payments is reasonably predictable. There are

no important uncertainties surrounding the amount of costs yet to be

incurred by the lessor.

Accounting by the Lessor


LO 4 Identify the classifications of leases for the lessor.

Residual value 43,622$

PV of single sum (i=10%, n=6) 0.56447

PV of residual value 24,623$

Fair market value of leased equipment 245,000$

Present value of residual value (24,623)

Amount to be recovered through lease payment 220,377

PV factor of annunity due (i=10%, n=6) 4.79079

Annual payment required 46,000$

E21-10 (Computation of Rental) Assuming the lessor desires

a 10% rate of return on its investment, calculate the amount

of the annual rental payment required.

÷

x

-


E21-10 Prepare an amortization schedule that would be

suitable for the lessor.

10% Recovery

Lease Interest of Lease

Date Payment Revenue Receivable Receivable

1/1/07 245,000$

1/1/07 46,000$ 46,000$ 199,000

12/31/07 46,000 19,900 26,100 172,900

12/31/08 46,000 17,290 28,710 144,190

12/31/09 46,000 14,419 31,581 112,609

12/31/10 46,000 11,261 34,739 77,870

12/31/11 46,000 7,787 38,213 39,657

12/31/12 43,622 3,965 39,657 0

*rounding

*

LO 5 Describe the lessor’s accounting for direct-financing leases.


E21-10 Prepare all of the journal entries for the lessor for

2007 and 2008.


Journal entry

1/1/07 Lease receivable 245,000

Asset 245,000

1/1/07 Cash 46,000

Lease receivable 46,000

12/31/07 Interest receivable 19,900

Interest revenue 19,900


E21-10 Prepare all of the journal entries for the lessor for

2007 and 2008.


Journal entry

1/1/08 Cash 46,000


Interest receivable 19,900



Illustration (LESSEE and LESSOR Computations and Entries) On

Jan. 1, 2007, Velde Company (lessee entered into a four-year,

noncancellable contact to lease a computer for Exceptional

Computer Company (lessor). Annual rentals of $16,228 are to be

paid each Jan. 1. The cost of the computer to Exceptional

Computer Company was $60,000 and has an estimated useful life

of four years and a $5,000 residual value. Velde has guaranteed

the lessor a residual value of $5,000. Velde has an incremental

borrowing rate of 12% but has knowledge that Exceptional

computer Company used a rate of 10% in setting annual rentals.

Collection of the rentals is reasonably predictable and there are

no important uncertainties regarding future unreimbursable costs

to be incurred by the lessor.

Special Accounting Problems

LO 7 Describe the effect of residual values, guaranteed and unguaranteed, on lease accounting.

Illustration (LESSEE) What is the present value of the

minimum lease payments?


Payment 16,228$

PV of annunity due (i=10%, n=4) 3.48685

PV of residual value 56,585

Residual value 5,000


PV of residual value 3,415

Total Present Value 60,000$


Illustration (LESSEE) What type of lease is this? Explain.

Capitalization Criteria:

1. Transfer of ownership

2. Bargain purchase option

3. Lease term => 75% of economic life of leased property

4. Present value of minimum lease payments => 90% of FMV of property

NO

NO

Lease term 4 yrs.Economic life 4 yrs.

YES 100%

FMV of leased property is unknown.

Capital Lease, #3



Illustration (LESSEE) Prepare an amortization schedule that

would be suitable for the Velde.

10%

Lease Interest Reduction of Lease

Date Payment Expense Liability Liability

1/1/07 60,000$

1/1/07 16,228$ 16,228$ 43,772

12/31/07 16,228 4,377 11,851 31,921

12/31/08 16,228 3,192 13,036 18,885

12/31/09 16,228 1,889 14,339 4,546

12/31/10 5,000 454 4,546 0

*

rounding



*

Illustration (LESSEE) Prepare all of the journal entries for

the Velde for 2007 and 2008.


Journal entry

1/1/07 Lease computer 60,000

Lease liability 60,000

1/1/07 Lease liability 16,228

Cash 16,228

12/31/07 Interest expense 4,377



Accumulated Depreciation 13,750 ($60,000 – 5,000) / 4 = $13,750


Illustration (LESSEE) Prepare all of the journal entries for

the Velde for 2007 and 2008.

Journal entry

1/1/08 Interest payable 4,377

Lease liability 11,851

Cash 16,228

12/31/08 Interest expense 3,192



Accumulated Depreciation 13,750



Residual value 5,000$


PV of residual value 3,415$

Cost of equipment to be recovered 60,000$

Present value of residual value (3,415)

Amount to be recovered through lease payment 56,585

PV factor of annunity due (i=10%, n=4) 3.48685

Annual payment required 16,228$

Illustration (LESSOR) Calculation of the annual rental

payment.

÷

x

-



Illustration (LESSOR) Prepare an amortization schedule

that would be suitable for the Exceptional.

10% Recovery

Lease Interest of Lease

Date Payment Revenue Receivable Receivable

1/1/07 60,000$

1/1/07 16,228$ 16,228$ 43,772

12/31/07 16,228 4,377 11,851 31,921

12/31/08 16,228 3,192 13,036 18,885

12/31/09 16,228 1,889 14,339 4,546

12/31/10 5,000 454 4,546 0



*

rounding

*

Illustration (LESSOR) Prepare all of the journal entries for

the Exceptional for 2007 and 2008.

Journal entry

1/1/07 Lease receivable 60,000

Equipment 60,000

1/1/07 Cash 16,228






Journal entry

1/1/08 Cash 16,228


Interest receivable 4,377




Illustration (LESSOR) Prepare all of the journal entries for

the Exceptional for 2007 and 2008.


Methods of determining lease rental

First we will take one example then we understand



The following data are furnished by the Hypothetical

Leasing Ltd (HLL):

• Investment cost Rs 500 lakh

• Primary lease term 5 years

• Estimated residual value after the primary period Nil

• Pre-tax required rate of return 24 per cent

• The HLL seeks your help in determining the annual lease

rentals under the following rental structures:

• Equated

• Stepped (an annual increase of 15 per cent),

• Ballooned (annual rental of Rs 80 lakh for years 1–4)


• Solution

• Equated annual lease rentals, Y:

• Y = Investment cost/PVIFA (24, 5 years) = Rs 500

lakh/2.745 = Rs 182.15 lakh

• Stepped lease rental (assuming annual increase of 15 per

cent annually), Y:

• Y × PVIF(24, 1) + (1.15)Y × PVIF(24, 2) + (1.15)2Y ×

PVIF(24, 3) + (1.15)3Y × PVIF(24, 4) + (1.15)4Y ×

PVIF(24, 5) = Rs 500 lakh.

• 0.806Y + 0.7475Y + 0.693Y + 0.6433Y + 0.5894Y = Rs

500 lakh

• 3.4792Y = Rs 500 lakh or Y = Rs 500 lakh/3.4792 =

Rs 143.71 lakh


• Lease rentals (year-wise) (in lakh of rupees)

• Year 1 2 3 4 5

• Lease rent 143.71 165.26 190.05 218.56 251.34

• Ballooned lease rental (Rs 80 lakh for years, 1 – 4)

• Rs 80 lakh × PVIFA(24, 4), + Y × PVIF (24, 5) = Rs

500 lakh

• Rs 80 lakh × 2.404 + 0.341Y = Rs 500 lakh

• 0.341Y = Rs 500 lakh – Rs 192.32 lakh = Rs 307.68

lakh

• or Y = Rs 307.68/0.341 = Rs 902.29 lakh (ballooned

payment)

HIRE PURCHASE

Introduction:

• Hire Purchase is the legal term for a contract, in which persons usually agree to pay for

goods in parts or a percentage at a time.

• When a sum equal to the original full price plus interest has been paid, the buyer may

then exercise an option to buy the goods or return the goods to the owner.

66

HIRE PURCHASE

67

Meaning

The hire purchase Act of India 1972,

defines a hire purchase agreement as an

agreement under which goods are let on

hire and under which the hirer has an

option to purchase them in accordance

with the terms of agreement.

It involves two parties:

Hirer: The party which receives the asset.

Hiree: The party which rents out the asset.

Hire Purchase Agreement

HP agreements must be in writing and signed by both the parties.

They must clearly lay out the following information:

A clear description of the goods

The cash price for the goods

The HP price

The deposit

The monthly installments

Rights to parties

70

FEATURES OF HIRE PURCHASE

• Possession of goods

• Each installment is treated as hire charges.

• Ownership

• Default in the payment

• Terminate the agreement

71

Hirer’s obligations

•To pay the hire installments

•To take reasonable care of the goods (if the hirer

damages the goods by using them in a non-standard

way, he or she must continue to pay the installments and,

if appropriate, compensate the owner for any loss in

asset value)

•To inform the owner where the goods will be kept.

•A hirer can sell the products if, and only if, he has

purchased the goods finally or else not to any other third

party.

•It is pretty much similar to installment but the main

difference is of ownership.

Rights of the Owner

• The owner usually has the right to terminate the agreement

where the hirer defaults in paying the installments or breaches

any of the other terms in the agreement.

• This entitles the owner: to forfeit the deposit to retain the

installments already paid and recover the balance due to

repossess the goods (which may have to be by application to a

Court depending on the nature of the goods and the percentage

of the total price paid) to claim damages for any loss suffered.

Advantages

•Expensive items such as machinery and plant can be acquired

without huge financial investment.

• Interest charged and depreciation of the vehicle are tax

deductible

• Terms can be flexible and fixed repayments make for easy future

budgeting.

•After full payment of the hire purchase agreement, ownership of

the goods is transferred to the hirer.

Disadvantages1. Higher prices:

The buyer has to pay much higher prices than that payable on cash purchase. The seller adds a margin to cover interest and risk.

2. Transfer of Ownership:

The buyer does not get ownership of goods until last installment paid. He cannot sell the goods before final payment.

3. Risk of bad debts:

When the buyer fails to pay installments, the seller may suffer loss. He may have to spend money and time to recover goods from the buyer.

4. Large investment:

The hire purchase seller has to invest considerable funds because payments are received from buyers over a long period of time.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

HIRE PURCHASE AND LEASING

77

OWNERSHIP

LEASING

• In lease, ownership lies with the

lesser. The lessee has the right to

use the equipment and does not

have an option to purchase.

• Leasing is a method of financing

business assets only.

HIRE PURCHASE

• In hire purchase, the hirer has the

option to purchase. The hirer

becomes the owner of the

asset/equipment immediately after

the last installment is paid.

• Hire Purchase is a method of

financing both business assets and

consumer articles.

78

METHOD OF FINANCING

DEPRECIATION

LEASING

• In Leasing, depreciation and

investment allowance cannot be

claimed by the Lesser.

• The entire lease rental is tax

deductible expense.

HIRE PURCHASE

• In Hire Purchase depreciation and

investment allowance can be claimed

by the Hirer.

• Only the interest components of the

Hire Purchase installment are tax

deductible.

79

TAX BENEFITS

SALVAGE VALUE

LEASING

• The lessee, not being the owner of

the assets and does not enjoy the

salvage value of the assets.

• In Leasing the Lessee is not required

to make any deposit.

HIRE PURCHASE

• The hirer, in purchase being the

owner of assets and enjoy the

salvage value of the assets.

• In Hire Purchase, the Hirer is

required to deposit 20% of the cost.

80

DEPOSIT

RENT-PURCHASE

LEASING

• In Leasing, the Lessee take the asset

on a rent basis.

• Lease financing is invariably 100%

financing. It does not required any

immediate down payment or margin

money by the Lessee.

HIRE PURCHASE

• In Hire Purchase the asset is

purchased by the Hirer.

• In Hire Purchase, a margin equal to

20-25% of the cost of the assets to be

paid the Hirer.

81

EXTENT OF FINANCE

MAINTENANCE

LEASING

• In Leasing, the maintenance of

leased asset is the responsibility of

the Lessee.

• The leased assets are shown by way

of footnote only.

HIRE PURCHASE

• In Hire Purchase, the cost of

maintenance of hired assets is to be

borne by the Hirer himself.

• The assets on hire purchase is shown

in the balance sheet of the Hire.

82

REPORTING

PROSPECTS

• Leasing today accounts for 6% of total capital investment in India.

• The 8th plan envisages capital formation of `8000 billion, 50% of which is to take

place in the private sector.

• Leasing will play a significant role to account for at least 15% of gross capital

formation

• The infrastructure financing is very crucial for economic development and it can’t be

accelerated without leasing industry.

83

FACTORINGAND

FORFAITING

FACTORING AND FORFAITING

Factoring is of recent origin in Indian Context.

Kalyana Sundaram Committee recommended introduction of factoring in 1989.

Banking Regulation Act, 1949, was amended in 1991 for Banks setting up factoring services.

SBI/Canara Bank have set up their Factoring Subsidiaries:-SBI Factors Ltd., (April, 1991)CanBank Factors Ltd., (August, 1991).RBI has permitted Banks to undertake factoring services through subsidiaries.

WHAT IS FACTORING ?Factoring is the Sale of Book Debts by a firm (Client) to a financial institution

(Factor) on the understanding that the Factor will pay for the Book Debts as

and when they are collected or on a guaranteed payment date. Normally, the

Factor makes a part payment (usually upto 80%) immediately after the debts

are purchased thereby providing immediate liquidity to the Client.

PROCESS OF FACTORING

CLIENT CUSTOMER

FACTOR

So, a Factor is,

a) A Financial Intermediary

b) That buys invoices of a manufacturer or a trader, at a discount, and

c) Takes responsibility for collection of payments.

The parties involved in the factoring transaction are:-

a) Supplier or Seller (Client)

b) Buyer or Debtor (Customer)

c) Financial Intermediary (Factor)

PROCESS INVOLVED IN FACTORING

• Client concludes a credit sale with a customer.

• Client sells the customer’s account to the Factor and notifies the customer.

• Factor makes part payment (advance) against account purchased, after adjusting for commission and interest on the advance.

• Factor maintains the customer’s account and follows up for payment.

• Customer remits the amount due to the Factor.

• Factor makes the final payment to the Client when the account is collected or on the guaranteed payment date.

CHARGES FOR FACTORING SERVICES

• Factor charges Commission (as a flat percentage of value of Debts purchased) (0.50% to 1.50%)

• Commission is collected up-front.

• For making immediate part payment, interest charged. Interest is higher than rate of interest charged on Working Capital Finance by Banks.

• If interest is charged up-front, it is called discount.

TYPES OF FACTORING

Recourse Factoring

Non-recourse Factoring

Maturity Factoring

Cross-border Factoring

RECOURSE FACTORING

Upto 75% to 85% of the Invoice Receivable is factored.

Interest is charged from the date of advance to the date of collection.

Factor purchases Receivables on the condition that loss arising on account of non-recovery will be borne by the Client.

Credit Risk is with the Client.

Factor does not participate in the credit sanction process.

In India, factoring is done with recourse.

NON-RECOURSE FACTORING

Factor purchases Receivables on the condition that the Factor has no recourse to the Client, if the debt turns out to be non-recoverable.

Credit risk is with the Factor.

Higher commission is charged.

Factor participates in credit sanction process and approves credit limit given by the Client to the Customer.

In USA/UK, factoring is commonly done without recourse.

MATURITY FACTORING

Factor does not make any advance payment to the Client.

Pays on guaranteed payment date or on collection of Receivables.

Guaranteed payment date is usually fixed taking into account previous collection experience of the Client.

Nominal Commission is charged.

No risk to Factor.

CROSS - BORDER FACTORINGIt is similar to domestic factoring except that there are four parties,

viz., a) Exporter,b) Export Factor,c) Import Factor, andd) Importer.

It is also called two-factor system of factoring.Exporter (Client) enters into factoring arrangement with Export Factor

in his country and assigns to him export receivables.Export Factor enters into arrangement with Import Factor and has

arrangement for credit evaluation & collection of payment for an agreed fee.

Notation is made on the invoice that importer has to make payment to the Import Factor.

Import Factor collects payment and remits to Export Factor who passes on the proceeds to the Exporter after adjusting his advance, if any.

Where foreign currency is involved, Factor covers exchange risk also.

STATUTES APPLICABLE TO FACTORING

• Factoring transactions in India are governed by the following Acts:-

a) Indian Contract Act

b) Sale of Goods Act

c) Transfer of Property Act

d) Banking Regulation Act.

e) Foreign Exchange Regulation Act.

WHY FACTORING HAS NOT BECOME POPULAR IN INDIA

• Banks’ reluctance to provide factoring services

• Bank’s resistance to issue Letter of Disclaimer (Letter of Disclaimer is mandatory as per RBI Guidelines).

• Problems in recovery.

• Factoring requires assignment of debt which attracts Stamp Duty.

• Cost of transaction becomes high.

Impact on Balance Sheet

• Factoring, as a financial service has a positive impact on the Balance Sheet as can be illustrated with the help of an example:

• Balance Sheet: Pre-factoring Position

Current Liabilities (CL) Amount Current Assets (CA) Amount

Bank borrowing against Inventory 100

i. Inventory 70 Receivables 80

ii. Receivables 50 120 Other current assets 20

Other current liabilities 30

Total 150

Net Working Capital (CA-CL) 50

Total 200 Total 200

• Original Current Ratio 1.33: 1 (200 : 150)

• Assume the borrower decides to factor his debts. The Receivables aggregating Rs. 80 crore are purchased by a factor who in turn makes advance payment of 80% i.e. Rs. 64 crore. He retains Rs. 16 crore (factor reserve) which will be repaid on payment by the customer.

• Impact of factoring on balance sheet

• Reduction in Current Liabilities. An advance payment of Rs. 64 crores (i.e. 80% of 80 crore) is utilised in repaying the bank borrowings against receivables to the tune of Rs. 50 crores and for meeting other current liabilities to the tune of Rs. 14 crores. The net effect of factoring transaction is that the current liabilities get reduced by Rs. 64 crore

• Improvement in Current Ratio. The current ratio improves from 1.33: 1 (before factoring) to 1.58 : 1. The new current ratio is better for the client and his credit rating goes up before public eye.

FORFAITING

“Forfait” is derived from French word ‘A Forfait’ which means surrender of fights.

Forefaiting is a mechanism by which the right for export receivables of an exporter (Client) is purchased by a Financial Intermediary (Forfaiter) without recourse to him.

It is different from International Factoring in as much as it deals with receivables relating to deferred payment exports, while Factoring deals with short term receivables.

FORFAITING (contd…)

• Exporter under Forfaiting surrenders his right for claiming payment for services rendered or goods supplied to Importer in favour of Forefaiter.

• Bank (Forefaiter) assumes default risk possessed by the Importer.

• Credit Sale gets converted as Cash Sale.

• Forfaiting is arrangement without recourse to the Exporter (seller)

• Operated on fixed rate basis (discount)

• Finance available upto 100% of value (unlike in Factoring)

• Introduced in the country in 1992.

MECHANICS OF FORFAITING

EXPORTER IMPORTER

FORFAITER AVALLING BANK

HELD TILL MATURITY

SELL TO GROUPS OF INVESTORS

TRADE IN SECONDARY MARKET

ESSENTIAL REQUISITES OF FORFAITING TRANSACTIONS

• Exporter to extend credit to Customers for periods above 6 months.

• Exporter to raise Bill of Exchange covering deferred receivables from 6 months to 5 years.

• Repayment of debts will have to be avallised or guaranteed by another Bank, unless the Exporter is a Government Agency or a Multi National Company.

• Co-acceptance acts as the yard stick for the Forefaiter to credit quality and marketability of instruments accepted.

IN FORFAITING:-

Promissory notes are sent for avalling to the Importer’s Bank.

Avalled notes are returned to the Importer.

Avalled notes sent to Exporter.

Avalled notes sold at a discount to a Forefaiter on a NON-RECOURSE basis.

Exporter obtains finance.

Forfaiter holds the notes till maturity or securitises these notes and sells the Short Term Paper either to a group of investors or to investors at large in the secondary market.

COSTS INVOLVED IN FORFAITING

• Commitment Fee:- Payable to Forfaiter by Exporter in consideration of forefaiting services.

• Commission:- Ranges from 0.5% to 1.5% per annum.

• Discount Fee:- Discount rate based on LIBOR for the period concerned.

• Documentation Fee:- where elaborate legal formalities are involved.

• Service Charges:- payable to Exim Bank.

FACTORING vs. FORFAITING

POINTS OF DIFFERENCE

FACTORING FORFAITING

Extent of Finance Usually 75 – 80% of the value of the invoice

100% of Invoice value

Credit Worthiness

Factor does the credit rating in case of non-recourse factoring transaction

The Forfaiting Bank relies on the creditability of the Avalling Bank.

Services provided Day-to-day administration of sales and other allied services

No services are provided

Recourse With or without recourse Always without recourse

Sales By Turnover By Bills

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

BILLS DISCOUNTED

FACTORING FORFAITING

1. Scrutiny Individual Sale Transaction

Service of Sale Transaction

Individual Sale Transaction

2. Extent of

Finance

Upto 75 – 80% Upto 80% Upto 100%

3. Recourse With Recourse With or Without Recourse

Without Recourse

4. Sales Administration

Not Done Done Not Done

5. Term Short Term Short Term Medium Term

6. Charge Creation

Hypothecation Assignment Assignment

VENTURE CAPITAL

VENTURE CAPITAL• Venture capital (VC) is financial capital provided to early-stage, high-potential, high risk, growth startup companies. In broad terms, venture capital is the investment of long term equity finance where the venture capitalist earns his return primarily In the form of capital gains.

Venture Capital Fund

• Venture capital means funds made available for startup firm and small

businesses with exceptional growth potential.

• The SEBI has defined Venture Capital Fund in its Regulation 1996 as ‘a

fund established in the form of a company or trust which raises money

through loans, donations, issue of securities or units as the case may be

and proposes to make investments in accordance with the regulations’.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VENTURE CAPITAL

• Illiquidity: Easy liquidity by cashing out in short-term is not an option for venture capital funding.

• Long-term commitment: Venture capital financing is a long term, illiquid investment, it is not repayable on demand.

• Equity participation: Venture capital is actual or potential equity participation through direct purchase of shares, options or convertible securities. The objective is to make capital gains by selling-off the investment, once the enterprise becomes profitable.

• Participation in management: Venture financing ensures continuing participation of the venture capitalist in the management of the entrepreneur’s business.

PROCESS OF VENTURE CAPITAL FINANCING

• Deal Origination.

• Screening.

• Due diligence.

• Preliminary evaluation

• Detailed evaluation

• Deal Structuring.

• Post-investment Activity.

• Exit plan.


DEAL ORIGINATION

ReferralSystem

IntermediariesActive Search


• SCREENING


RISK ANALYSIS


• PRODUCT RISK

• MARKET RISK

• TECHNOLOGICAL RISK

• ENTREPRENEURIAL RISK


• DEAL STRUCTURING


• POST INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES

EXIT PLAN

METHODS OF VENTURE FINANCING

• EQUITY

When a venture capitalist contributes equity capital,

he acquires the status of an owner and becomes

entitled to share in the firm’s profits as much as he is

liable for losses.


• CONDITIONAL LOAN

A conditional loan is repayable in the form of a

royalty after the venture is able to generate sales.

In India VCF’s charge 2-15% royalty.


• INCOME NOTE

It is a hybrid security which combines the features

of both conventional and conditional loan. The

entrepreneur has to pay both interest and royalty on

sales but at low rates.

Venture Capital Funds Set Up during 1987-1994*top 5(capital based)

VC Fund Set Up By Year Size million

Venture Capital

Unit Scheme II

TDICI 1990 RS 1000

Venture Capital

Fund Scheme

IDBI 1987 RS 543.6

IL&FS Venture

Fund

IL&FS Venture

Corporation Ltd

1991 RS 500

Venture Capital

Unit Scheme I

TDICI 1989 RS 300

Venture Capital

Unit Scheme III

RC&TF Corporation 1991 RS 300

Venture Capital Funds in India

VCFs in India can be categorized into following five groups:

Those promoted by the Central Government controlled developmentfinance institutions. For example:

• ICICI Venture Funds Ltd.

• IFCI Venture Capital Funds Ltd (IVCF)

• SIDBI Venture Capital Ltd (SVCL)

Those promoted by State Government controlled development financeinstitutions.

• Punjab Infotech Venture Fund

• Gujarat Venture Finance Ltd (GVFL)

• Kerala Venture Capital Fund Pvt Ltd.

CONT…

Those promoted by public banks.

• Canbank Venture Capital Fund

• SBI Capital Market Ltd

Those promoted by private sector companies.

• IL&FS Trust Company Ltd.

• Infinity Venture India Fund.

Those established as an overseas venture capital fund

• Walden International Investment Group

• HSBC Private Equity.

Rules & Regulations for VC in IndiaAS PER SEBI:

VCF are regulated by the SEBI (Venture Capital Fund) Regulations, 1996:

The following are the various provisions:

• A venture capital fund may be set up by a company or a trust, after a

certificate of registration is granted by SEBI. On receipt of the certificate of

registration, it shall be binding on the venture capital fund by the provisions of

the SEBI Act.

• A VCF may raise money from any investor (Indian, NRI or foreign) provided

the money accepted from any investor is not less than Rs 5 lakhs. The VCF

shall not issue any document or advertisement inviting offers from the public

for subscription of its security or units

CONT….

• SEBI regulations permit investment by venture capital funds in equity or

equity related instruments of unlisted companies.

• At least 80% of the funds should be invested in venture capital companies

and no other limits are prescribed.

• A VCF is not permitted to invest in the equity shares of any company or

institutions providing financial services.

• The securities or units issued by a venture capital fund shall not be listed on

any recognized stock exchange till the expiry of 4 years from the date of

issuance .

Provisions of Income-Tax :

• The Income Tax Act provides tax exemptions to the VCFs under Section

10(23FA) subject to compliance with Income Tax Rules.

• Restrict the investment by VCFs only in the equity of unlisted companies.

• VCFs are required to hold investment for a minimum period of 3 years.

• The Income Tax Rule until now provided that VCF shall invest only up to 40%

of the paid-up capital of VCU and also not beyond 20% of the corpus of the

VC.

• After amendment VCF shall invest only upto 25% of the corpus of the

venture capital fund in a single company.

• There are sectoral restrictions under the Income Tax Guidelines which

provide that a VCF can make investment only in specified companies

National Housing Bank

INTRODUCTION

• The Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, while presenting the Union Budget for

1987-88 on February 28, 1987 announced the decision to establish the

National Housing Bank (NHB) as an apex level institution for housing

finance.

• National Housing Bank Bill (91 of 1987) providing the legislative framework

for the establishment of NHB was passed by Parliament in the winter session

of 1987

• In pursuance of the above, NHB was set up on July 9, 1988 under the

National Housing Bank Act, 1987.

• NHB is wholly owned by Reserve Bank of India, which contributed the entire

paid-up capital.

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

• NHB has been established to achieve, inter alia, the following objectives –• To promote a sound, healthy, viable and cost effective housing finance

system to cater to all segments of the population and to integrate the housing finance system with the overall financial system.

• To promote a network of dedicated housing finance institutions to adequately serve various regions and different income groups.

• To augment resources for the sector and channelise them for housing.

• To make housing credit more affordable.

• To regulate the activities of housing finance companies based on regulatory and supervisory authority derived under the Act.

• To encourage supply of buildable land and also building materials for housing and to upgrade the housing stock in the country.

• To encourage public agencies to emerge as facilitators and suppliers of serviced land, for housing.

Source of finance

• DIRECT HOUSING FINANCE

• Direct Housing Finance refers to the finance provided to individuals or groups of individuals including co-operative societies.

• INDIRECT HOUSING FINANCE

• Banks should ensure that their indirect housing finance is by way of term loans to housing finance institutions, housing boards, other public housing agencies, etc

HOUSING LOANS UNDER PRIORITY SECTOR

The following housing finance limits will be considered as Priority Sector Advances:

1. Direct Finance

(i) Loans up to Rs. 15 lakh in rural, semi-urban, urban and metropolitan areas for construction of houses by individuals, with the approval of their Boards.

(ii) Loans up to Rs.1 lakh in rural and semi urban areas and Rs. 2 lakhs in urban areas for repairs to damaged houses by individuals.

2 Indirect Finance

• (i) Assistance given to any governmental agency for construction of houses, or for slum clearance and rehabilitation of slum dwellers, subject to a ceiling of Rs. 5 lakh of loan amount per housing unit.

(ii) Assistance given to a non-governmental agency approved by the National Housing Bank for the purpose of refinance for reconstruction of houses or for slum clearance and rehabilitation of slum dwellers, subject to a ceiling of Rs. 5 lakh of loan amount per housing unit.

HDFC HOUSING FINANCE SERVICES

• Home Loan

• Home Improvement Loan

• Home Extension Loans

• Land Purchase Loans

• Top – Up Loans

LIC HOUSING FINANCE SERVICES

• Purchase of flats/house

• Construction

• Extension of flats/house

• Plot purchase

• Repairs/renovation to existing flats/house

SBI HOUSING FINANCE SERVICES

• SBI Surakshit Home Loan

• SBI Yuva Home Loan

• SBI Home Loan PAL ( Pre-Approved Limit )

• SBI Maxgain (Home Loan as an overdraft)

• SBI Realty

• NRI Home Loans

• Gram Niwas

Performance of 57 HFCs in FY 2012-13

Parameters HousingLoans

Other Loans Total

Loans Sanctioned 40314 17564 57878

Loans Disbursed 32713 12650 45362

Loans Outstanding(As on March 31,2013) 2,85,711 1,01,333 3,87,044

Housings loans as percentageto total loans and advances 73.81%

GNPA percentage as a total ofloan outstanding

1.09 %

Amount in crore

http://www.inrsymbol.in/


NHB – Performance Highlights :2012-

13 (upto 31st March 2013)

Cumulative Refinance Disbursements crossed Rs. 1 lakh crore

Disbursed Rs. 15750 crore under its various refinance schemes in FY

2012-13. Of this, Rural areas accounted for 43% and loans below Rs. 15

lakh accounted for 75.63%.

A total of Rs. 4000 crore has been allotted under RHF in FY 2012-13 of

which Rs. 3224.62 crore have been disbursed upto 31st March 2013

covering more than 1 lakh housing units.

Under its Housing Micro Finance (HMF) programme, 40210 housing units

located both in urban and rural areas have been financed through MFIs.

NHB – Performance Highlights…Contd.

NHB, as a Central Nodal Agency for ISHUP, a scheme of MoHUPA, has

disbursed subsidy claims amounting to Rs. 7.85 crore covering 8885

beneficiaries across 8 states

In 2012-13, NHB as a Nodal Agency for 1 % Interest Subvention Scheme , has

disbursed Rs.380 crore upto 31st Mar, 2013 to banks & HFCs

NHB will be managing the CRGFTLIH set up by MoHUPA, GOI and GRGFS

as notified by GOI. 31 MLIs have signed MoU.

For the benefit and use of all stake holders of the housing industry, NHB has

been releasing Residential Price Index known as NHB-Residex since 2007. The

Index is released on quarterly basis and now covers 26 cities. The latest Index

released is for January-March 2013.

Refinance Disbursements by NHB in

FY 2012-13 (as on 31-3- 2013)

Institution Category Regular

Scheme

RHF GJRHRS Total

Housing Finance Companies 2900 1302 1865 6067

Scheduled Commercial Banks 6007 1802 1650 9459

Regional Rural Banks 103 120 - 223

Cooperative Sector - - - -

Total 9010 3224 3515 15749

42.79 % of the total disbursement was towards RHF and GJRHFS

Amount in crore



Golden Jubilee Rural Housing Finance Scheme (GJRHFS)

NHB Roles:

1. Monitoring of the scheme by setting annual targets and

encouraging the PLIs to fund under the scheme

2. Sending information to the GoI on the scheme status and updates

Status Update for the FY 2012-13 (April 2012 - March 2013) : Total

achievement has been 4,18,784 units against a target of 4,00,000 units i.e.

achievement of 105 %

Target allocated for FY 2012-13: 4,50,000 units to Banks, HFCs and RRBs

Target vs Achievement 2012-13

Institution April 2012 – March 2013 Percentage Achievement

vis-à-vis target Target Achievement

No. of units No. of units

Housing

Finance

Companies

1, 40,000 2,02,941 145%

PSB’s & RRBs 2, 60,000 2,15,963 83 %

TOTAL 4,00,000 4,18,784 105 %

Recent Developments in Housing Sector

Focus on Affordable Housing for Low Income and Rural Housing

Focus on Energy Efficient homes

Setting up of Central Registry of Securitization Asset Reconstruction and

Security Interest of India (CERSAI) , Credit Risk Guarantee Fund Trust for

Low Income Housing (CRGFTLIH) and India Mortgage Guarantee

Company Pvt Ltd (IMGC)

Increase in the number of cities under NHB’s RESIDEX, now covering 26

cities

Allowing External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs) for low-cost affordable

housing projects by HFCs and builders

144

Formulation of draft Real Estate Regulation & Development Bill Formulated

Tailor made products like RML and RMLeA for senior citizens

Introduction of Long Term Fixed Rate Mortgages for low income segments

Initiation of Housing Start Up Index by RBI in collaboration with MoHUPA

Dhanendra Kumar Committee recommending setting up of a technology-

enabled single-window portal for streamlining the process of approvals for

real estate projects

Release of Report on Housing Stock, Amenities and Assets in Slums Based

on House listing & House Census- 2011

Release of Technical Committee report on Housing requirements in Urban

areas during the 12th Five Year Plan by MoHUPA.

Recent Developments…Contd.

Union Budget - 2013-14

for Housing Sector

Interest deduction up to 1.00 lakh for new home

loans up to 25.00 lakh

Setting up of Urban Housing Bank Fund with initial

corpus of 2,000 crore

Increase in RHF to 6,000 crore

Securitization Trusts exempted from Income Tax

Existing exemptions from service tax for low cost

housing and single residential units to continue









leasing & hire purchase, factoring & forfeiting and venture capital

Education

lease accounting

lessors accounting

effect of residual values

illustration lessee

capital lease

type of lease

velde company lessee

lessor computations