learning theories to instructional design
TRANSCRIPT
Pat Donohue
Learning◦ The act or process of acquiring knowledge or skill.”
(Dictionary)
Instruction:◦ “selection and arrangement of information, activities,
approaches and media◦ By an instructional expert◦ To help students◦ Meet predetermined learning goals” (Theory into Application,
p.25)
Instructional Design◦ “..a self-correcting, systems approach that seeks to apply
scientifically derived principles to the planning, design, creation, implementation, and evaluation of effective and efficient instruction” (Schrock, p.11).
Review
04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012
Pat Donohue
Theory =◦ Series of explanations about phenomena that, over
time, are accepted as true (does not mean it IS true).
◦ Hypothesis = single questions about phenomena that can be tested (i.e.: Will a ball roll faster than a ring down hill?) Hypothesis + hypothesis + hypothesis (tested and
shown to be true or predictable that together explain a bigger concept or set of concepts) = Theory
Construct = a testable concept or principle
Review
04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012
04/13/2023Pat Donohue
Learning Theory
Learning = what is it?◦ Constructs linking observed changes in
performance with what brings those changes about.
Learning Theory:◦Results: what is changed?
◦Means: what process produced the change?
◦Inputs: “triggers” = the resources, experiences, preferences of the learner that are put through the learning process.
04/13/2023Pat Donohue
Learning and Epistemology
Learning is generated from 2 sources:1. Knowledge =
What we know and How we know (epistemology)
2. Nature of Mind = Mental phenomena:
Associations among ideas,Complex schemas,Neurochemical changes,Cultural preferences, etc. …
04/13/2023Pat Donohue
Ways we believe Traditions (accepted over time)
Accepted Knowledge Traditions:
About the CONTENT of Knowledge
Pragmatism
Objectivism
Interpretivism
Epistemologies
04/13/2023Pat Donohue
Epistemologies
Valid Sources of Knowledge:
1. Empiricism = what is learned from sensory experience.
2. Rationalism = only what the mind constructs.
3. Nativism = some knowledge is innate in us.
04/13/2023Pat Donohue
All three Epistemological traditions are evident in the
learning theories we will study in
this course.”
Really
?
Pat Donohue
Early 1900s-20s: Advent of scientific investigation◦ Thorndike – interest in studying learning as
subject◦ Also – advocated educational measurement◦ Bobbitt – schools should prepare citizens◦ Dalton Plan – learning outcomes & self-pacing
1930s: Development of instructional systems◦ Great Depression & Progressive Movement◦ Ralph Tyler’s 8-Year Study (high school > college)
History of ID Development
04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012
Pat Donohue
1940s: The problem of military preparation◦ Real birth of instructional technology◦ Use of media (film, radio, visual aids)◦ “Mediated instruction”
1950s: Programmed Instruction◦ B. F. Skinner – “theory of reinforcement” –
“Operant Conditioning”◦ Military creation of “task analysis”
History of ID Development
04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012
Pat Donohue
1960s: Instructional Systems◦ Identified instructional “components”◦ 1965 Gagne’s Conditions of Learning ◦ Development of evaluation procedures◦ Governmental Support … ESEA established◦ Broadening of AV into instructional methods
1970s: ID Models Flourished◦ Systematic evaluation of over 60 models that came out
of the 60s.◦ Creation of “Needs Assessment” to determine which
models were meeting learning needs.◦ Development of instructional systems design as a
professional field
History of ID Development
04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012
Pat Donohue
1980s: Microcomputers – Apples > PCs◦ ID process enters education◦ ID process enters business and industry◦ PI > CAI > individualized development of
instruction◦ Expanse of the Internet
1990s: Birth of the World Wide Web◦ Connected learning◦ Multimedia◦ Semantic Web
History of ID Development
04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012
Pat Donohue
1. The Web as Platform2. Harnessing Collective Intelligence3. Data is the Next Intel Inside4. End of the Software Release Cycle5. Lightweight Programming Models6. Software Above the Level of a Single
Device7. Rich User Experiences
O’Reilly’s Web 2.0 > ???
04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012
04/13/2023Pat Donohue
Theories
Once it is clear in our minds where we stand on learning in general, then the theoretical perspective or perspectives that are most relevant [to you] will emerge
(Schunk, 2012, p.3)
Theory,
Learn
ing &
Instru
ction
According to Spector:
A Theory explains a CONCEPT
Concepts are not Facts: They can be concrete, abstract or a combination of both
According to Schunk:
Learning = a change in Behavior | Cognition.
Instruction = Teaching | ‘Training’
Your question is, “How do you explain the difference between the three? And, “So What?”
Pat Donohue
Instructional Theory is, “the development of principles and strategies to help learners move from states of not knowing and not being able to do certain things to states of knowing and being able to perform.” (Spector, 2012, p.96)
04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012
Instructional Theory
Instructional Design
/instructional design/(n): The process by which instruction is improved through the analysis of learning needs and systematic development of learning materials [see: www.instructionaldesign.org]
Instructional design theory is prescriptive in nature; that is to say that the theory suggests with some degree of probability how to sequence material and activities using various strategies in order to achieve desired outcomes with a particular group of earners. (Reigeluth, 1983)
Inst
ruct
iona
l
Prin
cipl
es
Learners progress through stages/phases
Material should be organized & presented in small steps
Learners require practice, feedback and review
Social models facilitate learning & motivation
Motivational & contextual factors influence learning
(Schunk, 2012, p.19
Ahh – A GREAT outline of instructional design parts!
Instructional
Design
Models
ADDIE• Analyze (needs)
• Design (learning plans)
• Develop (materials)
• Implement (instruction & environment)
• Evaluate (outcomes)
Learners + Materials + Learning Environment +What we know about how people learn = Instructional Design Theory / Models
Design & Development Methods:
• Waterfall Method• Rapid Design• Agile Design• Iterative Design
04/13/2023Pat Donohue
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YOqgXjynd0
A quick review of three classical theories:
3 L
earn
ing
Para
dig
ms
Behaviorism (1920-1960)
Based on observable changes in
behavior: trained by repetition &
reward Cognitivism (1960-1990)
Based on the thought process
behind the behavior: train the
mind to remember Constructivism (1990–>)
Based on the idea that we all
construct our own perspective of
the world through experience and
our mental schema.
From Mergel (1998)