learning theories in clinical education of ots
TRANSCRIPT
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This online tutorial forms part of your
ongoing training as a clinical supervisor
with the aim to assist and support you in
the facilitation of the learning of B. OT
students within their clinical placements
at Stellenbosch University.
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Objectives of the tutorial:
• To introduce you to the 5 basic learningtheories.
• To explore the practical application ofthose learning theories within the clinicaleducation setting.
• To offer a self-learning assessment todetermine your coverage of the material.
• To act as a platform for online discussion ofthe material and your related experienceswith students on the clinical supervisors’blog.
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A working knowledge andunderstanding of key learning theoriescan help inform teaching practice byproviding a rational basis for selection ofspecific instructional strategies, fosteringof the articulation of important learningobjectives, and facilitating theimplementation of evaluation strategiesthat are well matched to curricular goals(Torre et al., 2006).
Reference: Torre, D.M., B.J. Daley, J.L. Sebastian, M.E. Elnicki, 2006:Overview of current learning theories for medical educators. TheAmerican Journal of Medicine 10, 903 – 907.
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Knowing about learning theories will help
you to:
• Plan how to facilitate learning of theory /
skill.
• Communicate the aims for learning to
students.
• Match how you test knowledge to your
aims for student learning.
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• Constructivism
• Cognitivism
• Behaviourism
• Humanism
• Social Learning
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Constructivists believe knowledge is
formed within the learner by integrating
learning activities and experiences into
existing knowledge and beliefs, with the
focus on developing
meaning, achieving understanding and
assigning significance to experience.
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• Emphasizing the relation of the new
information or skills learnt within the
clinical work context to existing
information.
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• Building on students frame of reference
by emphasizing the OT process leading
up to these actions, using the information
gained from previous assessment of the
client, and any previous feedback they
had received when completing these
actions, in order to set up treatment
programmes and goals.
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• Relate the new information/skill to
experiences/cases/clients the students
are currently working with, by using them
as examples of concrete ways in which
the new information and skills can be
applied.
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• Critical reflection on students’
assumptions during their evaluation of
client contact sessions and client
response to treatment will also assist in
facilitating realistic assumptions which
can aid in integrating new knowledge
and skills into an existing frame of
reference.
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In this approach, the learner uses their
cognitive tools such as
insight, information
processing, perceptions and memory to
assign meaning to events.
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• Here, the clinical supervisor can act as a
role-model, modelling critical thinking
through using the ‘thinking aloud
approach’ to aid the students in
understanding the clinical reasoning
behind decisions made with regards to
treatment (adding an element of social
learning theory with the use of role-
modelling).
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• Developing of critical thinking can also
be aided by the reflection process (both
during client interaction and after client
interaction).
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Three stages of the reflective process are suggested as follows (Boud, Keogh & Walker, 1996 as contained in Torre et al., 2006):
1. Returning to and replaying the experience.
2. Attending to the feelings that the experience provoked.
3. Re-evaluating the experience.
This technique can be used during post-session evaluation as well as duringtutorials, when specific difficulties orsuccesses in client interactions can bediscussed.
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This approach is useful in development of
competencies and demonstrating
technical or psychomotor skills. The
desired outcome is a change in
behaviour.
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• This theory could be used not only to aid
in developing students’ competency in
clinical skills but also in their written
work, through mastery of each step of
the OT process.
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• Behaviourism can also be utilised in the
assessment process (both formative and
summative) as students are assessed and
feedback is given on their practical
treatment skills and interpersonal
interactions with the client during
treatment.
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• Feedback should focus specifically on
behaviours.
• Discussion of these behaviours aids in
critical reflection on practice and
thereby aids in behavioural change.
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This approach focuses on achieving the
learner’s full potential by facilitating the
learner to become autonomous and
self-directed.
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• Though student learning and interactionwith clients is heavily regulated throughpolicies and procedures as contained inthe clinical manual of the Department ofOccupational Therapy, these policiesand procedures are there due to anethical responsibility to both the studentand the client being treated to ensurethat both are safe during this learningexperience.
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• There is however potential for freedom
within this structure, in that students should
be encouraged to complete their clinical
work as independently as possible, with
seeking of guidance from the clinical
supervisor and clinical occupational
therapist in the area only when they have
exhausted other options for support (such
as reference to class notes and resources
and discussion with fellow students).
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• Students should be encouraged to
independently research their diagnoses,
plan and implement all assessment and
treatment activities, and determine a focus
of treatment. This should occur with the
support of the clinical supervisor, however
should largely be left up to the student,
promoting autonomy and a self-directed
approach to learning.
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This approach focuses on students
assimilating new information and
assuming new roles that require role
modelling, behavioural rehearsal and
attending to observed behaviours.
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• The clinical supervisor / therapist can use
this approach to initiate best practice in
a clinical work setting by modelling
appropriate behaviours within the
clinical work setting, such as approach
and interaction with clients, colleagues
and team members.
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Please proceed back to the clinical supervisors blog by clicking ‘Back’ / on your internet browser.
There you will find a link to the self-directed learning assessment tool for this tutorial.
Many thanks for your participation.
PTO for links to illustrative YouTube videos ...
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• Constructivism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djJVOVoLTno&NR=1
• Cognitivism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BX5mx3YTuWs
• Behaviourism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1f_MWBvrPuk&NR=1
• Humanism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=528pb/K_cQx-w
• Social learning: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjpH0-gDmKU