Learning Strategies for Students: Learning DisabilityEncouraging, supportive classroomStudent made to feel a valued member

of classRecognize efforts, improvement and

task completionOpportunities for positive self-

expression, beginning first in a small group setting

Learning Strategies for Students: Learning Disability Attach daily schedules,/timetables to student

notebook Have a buddy system Allow more time on assignments Encourage alternate forms of presentation,

e.g. spoken instead of written Encourage risk-taking

Learning Strategies for Students: Learning Disability Involve students in setting goals for

completion of workUse manipulatives, visuals and lots of

hands-on activities

Learning Strategies for Students: Learning DisabilityAdaptive technologySQ4R and Kurzweil 3000GRADES and textHELPSQ3R Survey, Question, Read, Recite,

ReviewPARS Preview, Ask questions, Read,

Summarize for younger students

Learning Strategies for Students: Learning Disability REAP Read, Encode, Annotate, Ponder ReQuest reciprocal questioning Teacher

and student take turns asking questions on initial sentences in a selection prior to reading and to base reading activities on anticipated questions. Person responding to questions has book closed.

Learning Strategies for Students: Learning DisabilityRAP Read, Ask questions, ParaphrasePlan, Write and Revise Opinion EssaysSNAP See problem, Name plan, Act on

plan, Pat on backSRE Scaffolded reading experienceTime management

Learning Strategies for Students: Learning DisabilityCOPS Capitalization, Overall

appearance, Punctuation, Spelling and Sentence Structure

TOWER Think, Order ideas, Write, Edit, Rewrite for writing assignments

Learning Strategies for Students: Learning DisabilityLook at the pictureThink about the storyTry a word. Does it sound like one you

know?Read the whole sentence-go back and

try a word. Does it make sense?

Strategies for Reading Unknown or Forgotten WordsLook at 1. The first letters 2. The middle letters 3. The ending If you still can’t get the word quickly

keep reading. It is not necessary to read every word

all of the time.

SPECOSpellingPunctuation, : ? ! ” ”Endings, s, es, ed, d, ingCapitalsOmitted (words left out)

SPECOWrite SPECO at bottom of pagePlace a checkmark above each letter in

SPECOTeacher may assign all or part of

SPECOTeacher marks work for errors and

makes a notation below appropriate letters or in the margin beside the error

Learning Strategies for Students: Learning DisabilitySCORER strategy for test-takingSchedule timeLook for Clue wordsOmit difficult questionsRead carefullyEstimate answersReview the work

SQRQCQ assists with word problems in Math Survey of the word problem what Question is being asked Read problem more carefully Question processes required for answer Compute answer Question again to check answer

Learning Strategies for Learning Strategies for Students: Learning DisabilityStudents: Learning Disability

Problem SolvingStudy the problem. Read it-underline

the questionOrganize the facts-underline the factsLine up a plan-write down the factsVerify your plan-with a (= - x /)

computationExamine your answer-check your

computation

Study Skills ProgramSet specific goalsKnow individual strengths to select and

modify strategiesKnow what motivates studentsExplain and demonstrateProvide opportunities for continued

practice and guided instruction

Teaching Strategies to improve academic/social life Incidental teaching-explain a lesson due to

conflict in classroom Analyzing an incident and explain alternatives Coaching emotional response-explain and

handle emotions Peer tutoring Collaborative teaching-cooperative learning

and problem solving TTYPA-making connections with a partner

Teaching Strategies to improve academic/social lifePartners thinking aloud-one student is

problem-solver and the other is monitorCooperative learning

Strategies for Self-Advocacy Self-awareness: aware of strengths and

weaknesses Career exploration: possible career choices Self-advocacy: communicate needs, interest,

desires and rights Self-determination: set goals/make choices

and reach them to the best of their ability

Continuum of AccommodationsValid Develop test-taking skills Individual administrationEnhanced instructionsPhysical accommodationsLarge print Braille

Continuum of AccommodationsPossibly validExtended timeEliminating biased itemsReading content questionsExaminer aid Calculator for math problemsUsing a scribe

Continuum of Accommodations InvalidReading reading-test questionsEliminating difficult itemsChanging test contentPracticing with exact testCalculator for math factsNon-authored test responses

Range of Test Accommodations

Range of Test Accommodations

Range of Test AccommodationsPosttest Accommodations I

Alternative scores

Predicted scores

Using local norms Using special norms

Content interpretation Revised scoring

Response analysis Modified grading

 

I

Sources for Determining Test Accommodation Needs

Observational/Anecdotal Sources

Classroom teacher Resource teacher

School psychologist Specialists (reading)

Occupational/Physical therapist

Guidance counselor

Administrator

Assistants Parents Student

Test Accommodation Questions Is location easily accessible?Are facilities adequate?Are oral instructions easily heard? Is lighting conducive to testing? Is student able to see/hear examiner? Is student able to function

independently?

Test Accommodation QuestionsDoes student seem motivated?Can student cope with frustration?Does student attend to instructions and

task?Are instructions understood?Reasonable level of energy?Test format clear, easy to follow?

Test Accommodation QuestionsTask required clear/easy to follow?Difficulty level appropriate?Student able to answer without aids?Language mode (reading) suitable?Considers entire item and all choices? Immediate responses after item

presentation?

Test Accommodation QuestionsAble to perform response required?Sufficient time?Can the test norms be used with this

student?

Hierarchy of Test AccommodationsNo accommodationTesting adaptationsTesting modificationsAlternative testingTest exemption

Sources for Determining Test Accommodation NeedsAssessments:Group achievement testsPsychological tests, Specialized tests Standards tests, Classroom tests Diagnostic Tests and InventoriesWide-range assessmentsCBM, Portfolios

Minimal-impact AidsMagnificationHearing amplificationReading aids e.g. adaptive technologyWriting aids

Response AidsExaminer recorded responseExaminer interpreted responseWord processorSynthesized speechAdaptive technology

Problem-solving AidsExaminer helpUsing calculatorsSpellchecker,etc.Speech recognitionManipulatives, tables, number linesReference materials

Response Accommodations Types of Test Accommodation Equipment

Abacus Enlarged keyboard Ruler Adaptive firmware card Expanded keyboard Screen enlarger Adjustable keyboard Felt-tip pens Sensor switches Adjustable workstations Friction pads Sound buffer Alternate computer keyboard Head controlled mouse Special chairs Alternative communication Headphones Special tables device Keyboard overlay Special lamps Batteries (extra) Keyboard guards Special desks Bold-lined paper Kurzweil reader Speech synthesizer Bookstands Language master Stylus Braille Rulers Large print clock Switchboard Braille paper Large display calculator Switches Braille Eraser Letter board Talking calculator Braille slates Letter/language board Talking typewriter Braille 'n Speak Light talker Tape recorder Braille number line ) Mouse adaptations Text-to-speech software Brown Glaze Paper for Number line Touch 'n Talk Calculator Optacon Touch Window Cassette foot/pedal switch Optical scanner Turntable desk Cassette tapes Page marker Trackball devices Closed circuit television Page turner Tread switches . Color transparency Paper holder Type 'n Speak Communication board Pencil holder Typewriter Computer notebook Perkins Brailler Ultravisor screen Computer Placemarkers Unicorn keyboard Computer switch interface Power pad Vaporizer Crammer abacus Raised lined paper Variable intensity lamp Dehumidifier paper Raised print clock Visor cap Echo synthesizer Reading stands Voice activated systems Embossed paper Reading windows