learning and memory in the auditory system the university of iowa department of psychology...
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Learning and Memory in the Auditory System
The University of IowaDepartment of Psychology
Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience
Amy Poremba, Ph.D.
1
Introduction
Examples of learning about auditory cues will be used to infer some general learning
principles.
2
Training Rules for Discriminative Active Avoidance Conditioning
Danger/Fear
Safety
CS+Tone 1
CS-Tone 2
USFootshock
CRRun
X
3
UCRRun
4
Behavioral Learning Curve%
Cor
rect
Re
spo
nse
s
Training Sessions
100
75
50
25
0Pretraining First Exposure First Significant
DiscriminationContinuedTraining
Criterion Overtraining
CS+CS-
5
CR – conditioned responseCS – conditioned stimulusUS – unconditioned stimulusACC – anterior cingulate cortexPCC – posterior cingulate cortexMGN – medial geniculate n.MDN – medial dorsal n.AVN – anterior ventral n.MB – mammillary bodiesLDTN – lateral dorsal tegmental n.
USCS
Aud. Ctx
MGN
Amygdala
Neural Circuit for Avoidance Learning
tonefootshock
6
Two Types of Neuronal Plasticity
Excitation
Discrimination
ExcitationDiscrimination
7
8
CR – conditioned responseCS – conditioned stimulusUS – unconditioned stimulusACC – anterior cingulate cortexPCC – posterior cingulate cortexMGN – medial geniculate n.MDN – medial dorsal n.AVN – anterior ventral n.MB – mammillary bodiesLDTN – lateral dorsal tegmental n.
USCS
Aud. Ctx
MGN
Amygdala
Neural Circuit for Avoidance Learning
tonefootshock
9
X
X
X Talk et al., 2004
Poremba and Gabriel, 1999, 2001
Poremba and Gabriel, 1997
10
CR – conditioned responseCS – conditioned stimulusUS – unconditioned stimulusACC – anterior cingulate cortexPCC – posterior cingulate cortexMGN – medial geniculate n.MDN – medial dorsal n.AVN – anterior ventral n.MB – mammillary bodiesLDTN – lateral dorsal tegmental n.
ACC PCC
MDN AVN
MB
LDTN
MGN
Amygdala
Aud. CtxCR
USCS
Neural Circuit for Avoidance Learning
11
Cingulate Cortex
Limbic Thalamus
12
ACC PCC
MDN AVN
Cingulate Cortex
Limbic Thalamus
Acquisition Overtraining
% C
orr
ect
Re
spo
nse
sACC
MDN
13
ACC PCC
MDN AVN
Cingulate Cortex
Limbic Thalamus
Acquisition Overtraining
% C
orr
ect
Re
spo
nse
sPCC
AVN
14
ACC PCC
MDN AVN
Cingulate Cortex
Limbic Thalamus
Acquisition Overtraining
% C
orr
ect
Re
spo
nse
sACC PCC
MDN AVN
CR – conditioned responseCS – conditioned stimulusUS – unconditioned stimulusACC – anterior cingulate cortexPCC – posterior cingulate cortexMGN – medial geniculate n.MDN – medial dorsal n.AVN – anterior ventral n.MB – mammillary bodiesLDTN – lateral dorsal tegmental n.
ACC PCC
MDN AVN
MB
LDTN
MGN
Amygdala
Aud. CtxCR
USCS
Neural Circuit for Avoidance Learning
15
Cingulate Cortex
Limbic Thalamus
EARLY LATE
CR – conditioned responseCS – conditioned stimulusUS – unconditioned stimulusACC – anterior cingulate cortexPCC – posterior cingulate cortexMGN – medial geniculate n.MDN – medial dorsal n.AVN – anterior ventral n.MB – mammillary bodiesLDTN – lateral dorsal tegmental n.
ACC PCC
MDN AVN
MB
LDTN
MGN
Amygdala
Aud. CtxCR
USCS
Neural Circuit for Avoidance Learning
16
EARLY LATE
LAST?
17
CR – conditioned responseCS – conditioned stimulusUS – unconditioned stimulusACC – anterior cingulate cortexPCC – posterior cingulate cortexMGN – medial geniculate n.MDN – medial dorsal n.AVN – anterior ventral n.MB – mammillary bodiesLDTN – lateral dorsal tegmental n.
ACC PCC
MDN AVN
MB
LDTN
MGN
Amygdala
Aud. CtxCR
USCS
18
Neural Circuit for Avoidance Learning and ?
19
20
CR – conditioned responseCS – conditioned stimulusUS – unconditioned stimulusACC – anterior cingulate cortexPCC – posterior cingulate cortexMGN – medial geniculate n.MDN – medial dorsal n.AVN – anterior ventral n.MB – mammillary bodiesLDTN – lateral dorsal tegmental n.
Hippocampus
ACC PCC
MDN AVN
MB
LDTN
MGN
Amygdala
Aud. CtxCR
USCS
Neural Circuit for Avoidance and Approach Learning
21
EARLY LATE
X
CR – conditioned responseCS – conditioned stimulusUS – unconditioned stimulusACC – anterior cingulate cortexPCC – posterior cingulate cortexMGN – medial geniculate n.MDN – medial dorsal n.AVN – anterior ventral n.MB – mammillary bodiesLDTN – lateral dorsal tegmental n.
Hippocampus
ACC PCC
MDN AVN
MB
LDTN
MGN
Amygdala
Aud. CtxCR
USCS
Neural Circuit for Avoidance and Approach Learning
22
INPUT
EARLY LATE
CONTEXT
MemoryFilter
Summary for Simple Auditory Learning
2123
CONTEXT
Hippocampus
ACC PCC
MDN AVN
MB
LDTN
MGN
Amygdala
Aud. CtxCR
USCS
INPUT
EARLY LATE
MemoryFilter
This type of learning is better with trials spread across days rather than massed trials on one or two days. After a certain number of training trials, continued trials are no longer necessary for consolidation, i.e., moving the memory to long term storage.
There are multiple brain circuits for different stages of the learning.
Brain structures that are important for acquisition are not always necessary for long term memory storage.
The context surrounding the important signals to be learned helps attentional processing and the learning of more than one task.
There may be multiple brain circuits even for this simple type of task perhaps creating a filter for which memories will be remembered.
Types of learning may be layered, i.e., the input system in this case is similar to the fear conditioning system. Here the animals learn to avoid the footshock and other brain areas are then involved in the learning.