learning about pregnancy and childbirth
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Learning About Pregnancy and Childbirth. Unit 4, Lesson 21 National Health Standards 1.1, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.9, 2.10, 3.3, 3.4, 8.1. Conception and Heredity. Conception Also called fertilization Union of an ovum and a sperm Heredity - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Learning About Pregnancy and Childbirth
Unit 4, Lesson 21National Health Standards 1.1, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.9, 2.10, 3.3, 3.4, 8.1
Conception and Heredity Conception
Also called fertilization Union of an ovum and a sperm
Hereditypassing of characteristics from biological parents to children
Chromosomes Thread-like structures that carry genes
Gene Unit of genetic material
Females 3 pair of identical chromosomes
Males One pair is not made of identical chromosomes
Sex chromosomes One pair in each sex called this Females – XX Males - XY
Sex of child determined by male Inherited characteristics
2 genes for each trait Dominant
Gene that overrides the expression of the other gene
Recessive Gene overridden by the other gene
Genetic counseling Trained professional interprets medical
information concerning genetics to prospective parents
Amniocentesis Needle inserted through the uterus to extract
fluid from the amniotic sac Amniotic sac – pouch of fluid surrounding the
fetus Cells analyzed to detect birth defects; sex can
also be revealed
Ultrasound High-frequency sound waves used to provide
image of developing fetus Physician analyzes image
Confirm pregnancy Confirm pregnancy within the uterus
Ectopic pregnancy – when baby attaches to Fallopian tubes
Assess size and growth of fetus Takes place in 1st trimester Done for safety of mom and baby
Pregnancy Embryo
Name given to developing baby through the end of the 2nd month
Fetus Name given to the developing baby from the 9th
week after conception until birth
Placenta Organ that anchors the embryo to the uterus
Umbilical cord Rope-like structure connecting the embryo to
the placenta Mother’s body carries nutrients and oxygen to
and waste away from embryo
1st Trimester At end of 1st month
Embryo has heartbeat, two-lobed brain and a spinal cord
At end of 2nd month Recognizable as a human and is
called a fetus Began arm, leg, fingers, ears,
and toes formation
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By end of trimester Heart has 4 chambers
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2nd Trimester
By end trimester Fingernails, toenails, eyebrows, and eyelashes
formed Teeth begin to form, lips appear, and head hair
begins to grow Movement can be felt
Can bend its arms and make a fist Can be detected by a stethoscope
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3rd Trimester If baby born at beginning of 7th month, 20%
chance of survival Optimum development occurs at about 40
weeks after conception Premature birth is any baby born before the
37th week of pregnancy
Baby born between 37 and 40 weeks is considered full term
Usually 19 – 21 inches long Weigh between 6 and 9 pounds
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Low-birth weight Birth weight less than 5.5 pounds
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Presence of severe birth defects in babies born
to mothers who drink alcohol while pregnant
Miscarriage Natural ending of a pregnancy before the baby is
developed enough to survive outside the womb
Childbirth Process of childbirth – LABOR 3 stages
Stage 1 – Dilation of cervix Longest stage 2 to many hours Widening of the cervix occurs – 8-10 centimeters
Stage 2 – Delivery of baby Begins with completely dilated cervix and ends with
birth of the baby Crowning – appearance of baby’s head Umbilical cord cut when baby out of canal and
breathing on its own
Stage 3 – Delivery of the placenta Should occur without physician’s help About 20 minutes after delivery of baby
Apgar scale
Rating of baby’s characteristics at 1, 5, and 10 minutes after birth
Heart rate, color, respiratory effort, and reaction to sucking
Score 7-10 – normal 4-7 – may need some resuscitative measures 3 and lower – require immediate resuscitative
measures
Post-partum period Span of time after birth of baby Mother’s body changes Breasts secrete hormone to begin milk
secretion of milk Mom’s milk helps babies have fewer respiratory
illnesses, skin disorders, constipation, and diarrhea
Multiple births Identical twins
Develop from same ovum and sperm One fertilized ovum divides at an
early stage of development and two cells divide and develop separately
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Fraternal Twins Two ova released from an
ovary and are fertilized at the same time by different sperm
May or may not be same sex and may or may not look alike
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3 children at once – triplets 4 children at once – quadruplets 5 children at once – quintuplets 6 children at once – sextuplets More than 3 children at once rare
Complications during pregnancy and childbirth
Rh incompatibility Mom’s Rh is positive and developing baby’s is
negative Toxemia of pregnancy
Rise in mom’s blood pressure, swelling, and leakage of protein into the urine
Can result in death of mom or baby
Cesarean section Surgical incision to remove baby from mother’s
uterus Stillbirth
Fully developed baby is born dead caused by a defect, medical condition of the
baby or the mother