learning
DESCRIPTION
Learning. Any relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavior potential) produced by experience. Association. We learn by association Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence Aristotle 2000 years ago John Locke and David Hume 200 years ago Associative Learning - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavior potential) produced by experience
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Association
We learn by association Our minds naturally connect events that
occur in sequence Aristotle 2000 years ago John Locke and David Hume 200 years ago
Associative Learning learning that two events occur together
two stimuli a response and its consequences
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Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
We learn to associate two stimuli
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Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov studies digestion in dogs (1904) Conditions dogs to salivate to a sound (bell
or buzzer) Determines formula for the conditioning
process UCS = UCR NS + UCS = UCR CS = CR
Best case: NS precedes UCS Worst case: NS follows UCS
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Classical ConditioningUCS(passionate kiss) UCR
(sexualarousal)
CS(onionbreath)
CS(onion breath) CR
(sexualarousal)
UCS(passionate Kiss) UCR
(sexualarousal)
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Characteristics of Conditioning Generalization: the tendency of stimuli
similar to the original conditioned stimulus to evoke a similar conditioned response
Discrimination: to be able to differentiate between stimuli
Extinction: a process by which the effects of conditioning are reduced and finally disappear
Spontaneous recovery: the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction
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Characteristics of Conditioning (cont.)
Higher-order conditioning: a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus
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Operant Conditioning
We learn to associate a response and its consequence
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Operant Conditioning
Definition: behavior is shaped by the consequences it produces
We “learn” by doing things that produce positive outcomes and/or allow us to avoid negative outcomes (sometimes negative is better than none at all)
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Operant Conditioning
Reinforcer any event that strengthens the
behavior it follows Shaping
operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal
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Operant Conditioning (cont.)
Primary reinforcers: they satisfy a biological need – food, water, sex (we need to feel a deficit of it for it to be a reinforcer)
Secondary reinforcers: they take on the ability to reinforce – e.g. money, status, praise
Positive reinforcers: the behavior is strengthened to get the reward
Negative reinforcers: the behavior is strengthened to avoid the reinforcer
Punishment: the behavior is weakened to avoid the reinforcer
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Operant Conditioning
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Punishment
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response each time
it occurs Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule reinforces a response only after a
specified number of responses faster you respond the more rewards
you get different ratios very high rate of responding like piecework pay
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an
unpredictable number of responses
average ratios like gambling, fishing very hard to extinguish because
of unpredictability
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after
a specified time has elapsed response occurs more
frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at
unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval
Number of responses
1000
750
500
250
010 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (minutes)
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Steady responding
Rapid respondingnear time forreinforcement
80
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Operant vs Classical Conditioning
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Map mental representation of the layout of
one’s environment Example: after exploring a maze, rats act
as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Latent Learning learning that occurs, but is not apparent
until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Intrinsic Motivation desire to perform a behavior for
its own sake and to be effective Extrinsic Motivation
desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments
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Observational Learning
Observational Learning learning by observing others
Modeling process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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Observational Learning
Alfred Bandura’s Experiments Bobo doll we look and we learn
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Observational Learning
Prosocial Behavior positive, constructive, helpful behavior
opposite of antisocial behavior
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Television and Observational Learning