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7/22/2019 Leadership Philosophy | Vocational Leading as Living Whole via Sharing Creativity in Organizations to Heal During

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Bhaghrslip Ulibfsfply? Tfmatifkab Bhagikj 1

ûkkikj lhag? BHAGH^]LIU ULIBF]FULY? TFMAWIFKAB BHAGIKJ

BHAGH^]LIU ULIBF]FULY? TFMAWIFKAB BHAGIKJ1 A] BITIKJ ZLFBH TIA

]LAÎKJ M^HAWITIWY IK F^JAKI_AWIFK] WF LHAB GXÎKJ BF]]

Ghka @. ^fscf

Jfkzaja Xkivhrsity

Mf`B 855, Frjakizatifkab Bhaghrslip, ]hmtifk A1

Gr. @imlahb Ufutiatikh

14 Fmtfnhr >559


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Bhaghrslip Ulibfsfply? Tfmatifkab Bhagikj >

BHAGH^]LIU ULIBF]FULY? TFMAWIFKAB BHAGIKJ1 A] BITIKJ ZLFBH TIA

]LAÎKJ M^HAWITIWY IK F^JAKI_AWIFK] WF LHAB GXÎKJ BF]]

Iktrfgumtifk

Wlis paphr wibb rhdbhmt fk tlh autlfr's ofurkhy tlrfujl ikkhr bfss (i.h. dhar) as mfktrinutikj tf

ghvhbfpikj a vfmatifkab bhagikj plibfsfply (Uab`hr, 19953 1995553 >5573 Zlhatbhy & Chbbkhr-

^fjhrs, 1999) as bivikj wlfbby mfkkhmthg (Zlhatbhy, >554) via slarikj mrhativh mf`phthkmihs

(Nabgwik, >5583 Nhlar, 19943 Gfwks, 19993 Oamcsfk & Uarry, >55554) ik

frjakizatifks tf lhab gurikj bfss (Nfstimmf & Wlf`psfk, >5583 Jbazhr & @armu`, >55=3 @ihsnaml,

>5513 Uab`hr, 19953 >557). Wlis paphr wibb hxpbaik vfmatifkab bhagikj tlrfujl tlh mfkthxt fd tlis

mfursh as bivikj as ikthrmfkkhmthg ik awarhkhss akg amtifk witl tlh shbd, phfpbh, tlh givikh, akg tlh

mrhathg wfrbg (Canat-_ikk, 19973 Uab`hr, 19953 Zlhatbhy, >554), akg wibb bikc tlh autlfr's

partimipatifk ik tlis amaghìm prfjra` as ak hgumatifkab ighab tlat ghvhbfps vfmatifkab bhagikj

(Nudfrg, 19983 Ohsuit Mfbbhjhs, >5593 @frhbakg, 199:3 Uab`hr, 199=). Wlis paphr wibb hkvisifk tlh

autlfr's duturh rfbhs as hkmfurajikj ftlhrs tf gismfvhr akg tf slarh tlhir vfmatifk sf tlat tlhy ày

lhab tlh`shbvhs akg nrikj wlfbhkhss tf tlhir wfrbg (Catfkjfbh & îmh, >55555) ofurkhy tlrfujl ghprhssifk as bhagikj tfwargs awarhkhss fd lis vfmatifk jivhk `y

ikthksh strujjbh witl bidhstybh dhar adthr ukghrjraguath jraguatifk. Akxihty, oust as ghprhssifk,

phrphtuaths gismfkkhmt (Uab`hr, >555) akg mak sf prhvhkt phrsfks drf` hxphrihkmikj a wlfbh bidh

(Zlhatbhy & Chbbkhr-^fjhrs, 19993 Zitt, >55:). Drhirh (199=) miths Drf`` (1944) akg Fsnfrk

(1948) wlhk lh wriths, tlh gfìkathg mfksmifuskhss is guab, a`nijufus, dubb fd dhar akg ìstrust

(p. 144). I strujjbhg witl a dhar-gfìkathg akg ìstrustdub guab ìkg wlhk I avfighg àcikj bfkj-

thr` ghmisifks (h.j. frjakizatifkab rfbh). Irfkimabby, I àiktaikhg ukmhrtaikty as a ghhr ik lhagbijlts


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Bhaghrslip Ulibfsfply? Tfmatifkab Bhagikj =

tf dhhb sadh (Nragam, >551) ny witlgrawikj `y mf`ìt`hkt tf duturh marhhr akg daìby jfabs. I

jrihvhg tlis bfss3 ikghhg, jrihd dhhbs as dhar (Bhwis, 1941). Bidh dhbt dutibh as I strfvh larghr tf prhgimt

tlh futmf`hs fd `y mlfimhs (fdthk matastrfplizikj tlh duturh, fr nhbihvikj tlh wfrst mash smhkarif

wfubg fmmur Jarkhr, 199:), wliml fkby phrphtuathg tlh ibbusifk tlat I mfubg mfktrfb `y bidh ny

witlgrawikj drf` it (Uab`hr, 1995). As I witlgrhw, I dubdibbhg `y smarmity prfplhmy (Uab`hr, 1995)

rhsubtikj ik 7 yhars fd gishkmlakt`hkt (Mla & Hg`fkgsfk, >554), gishkjajh`hkt, akg gismfkkhmt.

Nhmfìkj Zlfbh? ^hdraìkj Ikkhr Bfss

]uml gismfkkhmt mlabbhkjhs phrsfks tf mfkdrfkt dabsh nhbihds anfut bidh (Jarkhr, 199:). Dfr

ikstakmh, bhaghrs mak rhdra`h tlhir rfbhs ik frjakizatifks (Nfbàk & Ghab, >5555:), ratlhr tlak hxphmtikj

tlh`shbvhs tf nh lhrf-bhaghrs witlfut vubkhranibity (Nhlar, 19943 Nbijl & @hikgb, >558). I bharkhg

tf lhar tlh vfimh fd vfmatifk as I ofurkhyhg tlrfujl tlh wibghrkhss fd ikkhr bfss (Uab`hr, 19953

>555). Xkmf`dfrtanbh h`ftifks (h.j. dhar) abbfw a phrsfk tf dubby hxphrihkmh bidh (Nhkghr, 19983

Uujìrh, 1997). Wlus, vfmatifkab bhagikj rhdra`hs ikkhr bfss as ak fppfrtukity tf bhark a khw bidh-

vihw akg tf nhmf`h wlfbh (Nhkghr, 1998).

Frjakizatifkab Bhagikj Ulibfsfply

Tfmatifkab Bhagikj as Ghvhbfpikj ]fub-^fbhs

Tfmatifks arh sfub-rfbhs tlat arh (Uab`hr, >557) jivhk (Zlhatbhy, >559), gismhrkhg (Uab`hr,

199555) via rhdbhmtifk, fr sthppikj namc tf shh tlh jrakghr stfry (Catfkjfbh

& îmh, >55555553 Oamcsfk & Uarry, >55


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15?153 ^f`. 8?1:) akg ny tlh Lfby ]pirit wlf mfbbanfraths witl `h tf traksdfr` (^f`. 1>?1->).

Wlis anukgakt bidh kurturhs wlfbhkhss as nhikj at phamh witl Jfg, witl tlh shbd, witl phfpbh, akg

witl mrhatifk (^f`. 8?55=) ikdhr it is kft hkfujl tf lavh

jidts3 I ùst gh`fkstrath mapamity mfksisthktby tf ghvhbfp mrhginibity witl mfkstituhkts wlhk I bhag

(Cfuzhs & Ufskhr, >55=). Zitl tlis ik ìkg, I harkhg a Namlhbfr fd Arts ik writikj akg àss `hgia


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stugihs drf` tlh Xkivhrsity fd Zaslikjtfk, starthg a nusikhss prfvigikj sphmiab hvhkt akg hgitfriab

plftfjraply shrvimhs, àrrihg `y mfbbhjh swhhtlhart, akg kfw stugy ik tlis prfjra`.

Uartimipatikj witl Jfkzaja Xkivhrsity

Zlibh ik tlis prfjra`, I hkofy mrhativh drhhgf` tf ikmfrpfrath `y hxphrihkmhs, jidts,

rhdbhmtifks, akg spirituab bidh witl rhasfk, rhbatifkslips, akg rijfrfus smlfbarslip ik frghr tf ckfw

bidh wlfbby akg dfr a barjhr purpfsh (Nudfrg, 19983 Uab`hr, 199=3 ]mlubtzh, >555). Hxphrihkmikj

bidhstybh dhar mlabbhkjhg `h tf hvabuath wlat àtthrs akg tf tach rhbhvakt riscs (Nhkghr, >5583 Nbfmc,

>55>). Dfr ikstakmh, @frhbakg (199:) hkmfurajhg h tf hkrfbb ik tlis prfjra` ny iktrfgumikj tlh

mfkmhpt fd vfmatifkab bhagikj (Uab`hr, 1995553 >557). @frhbakg (199:) mabbhg `h tf ach `y

vfmatifk rhbhvakt ny mubtivatikj `y jidts akg ny partimipatikj ik vfmatifkabby bich-ìkghg mfkthxts. I

apprhmiath partimipatikj witl a prfjra` tlat vabuhs ghvhbfpikj vfmatifk via dfrìkj bharkhrs (Ohsuit

Mfbbhjhs, >559) as suml mrhativh drhhgf` i`parts bidh (Zlhatbhy & Chbbkhr-^fjhrs, 1999).

Amaghìm Frjakizatifks? Juigikj Tfmatifkab Bhagikj

Uab`hr (199=) prhsmrinhs mfbbhjh hgumatifk as a spirituab ofurkhy tfwargs vfmatifk. Nudfrg

(1998) warks tlat `fghrk mfbbhjhs risc daibikj tlhir stughkts ny vihwikj bharkhrs ik biìthg dra`hs (as

Marhy, 1999, fnshrvhs) akg rfbh-nashg ighktitihs tlat spbikthr bharkhrs' ighktitihs. Amaghìm

frjakizatifks mak juigh bharkhrs vfmatifks ny ghvhbfpikj riml ighktitihs nashg fk bharkhrs khhgs,

ikthbbhmt, tabhkts, pfthktiab, daitl, `frab fnbijatifks, akg lharg mabbikj (Nudfrg, 19983 Uab`hr, 199=3

>555). Giabfjuh assists bharkhrs tf ghbvh ghhphr ik sadh hkvirfk`hkt (@mJhh-Mffphr, >559)

mlaramthrizhg ny h`patlhtim ukghrstakgikj tlat mubtivaths tlhir autlhktim ighktity (^fjhrs, 1955:), wlf mabb bhaghrs tf vfimh tlhir

htlim tf bhag, fr tlhir wfrc wibb bamc tlh sabt it khhgs tf dbavfr akg tf lhab. Tfmatifkab bhagikj


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rhspfkgs tf ftlhrs suddhrikj rhjargbhss tlh shhìkj dutibity fr mfst (Yfukj, >557). Wlis htlim

mlabbhkjhs `h tf mubtivath punbim shrvimh awarhkhss (Mffphr, 199555) wlibh ik tlis prfjra`. Giabfjuh witl mf-

bharkhrs damibitaths tlis awarhkhss (@mJhh-Mffphr, >559) as wh mf`ùkimath fur bhagikj

plibfsfplihs (h.j. ik gismussifks akg via `y whnsith, ^fscf, >559m). Absf, kavijatikj dhar ikdfr`hg

`y htlim tf slarh vfmatifk witl ftlhrs ny thamlikj `h tf sbfw gfwk akg tf shrvh. Dfr ikstakmh,

katurh wabcs akg iàjikary ja`hs witl `y kihmh si`pbidihg bidh, akg rhsharmlikj `y jrakgàs stfry

(^fscf, >559n) javh `h fmmasifk tf ùtuabby marh (Uab`hr, 1995).

Hkvisifkikj tlh Duturh? Hxprhssikj Lfph

Tfmatifkab bhagikj (@frhbakg, 199:3 Uab`hr, 199555) hkvisifks tlh mfkshquhkmhs fd

fkhs nhbihds akg nhlavifrs ik frjakizatifks. As bfss hxists as a slarhg akg givhrsh luàk

hxphrihkmh (Nfstimmf & Wlf`psfk, >558), bhaghrs mak hkmfurajh mfkstituhkts tf lfph dfr a duturh

tlat rhghh`s bfss (Abbhkghr, 19993 Cfuzhs & Ufskhr, >55:3 ]kyghr, 199?55:). I hkvisifk tlat mubtivatikj

`y vfmatifk wlibh at Jfkzaja wibb nhtthr prhparh `h tf hxprhss akg hkvisifk lfph ik tlh duturh.

Ufthktiab Frjakizatifkab ^fbhs

I mfktikuh tf shh tlh 7 yhars I bfst tf dhar nhikj rhghh`hg wlibh ik tlis prfjra`. Dfr

ikstakmh, `y mrhativh wfrc gurikj tlfsh dhar-dibbhg yhars mf`prishg `y pfrtdfbif wlhk I appbihg tf

tlis prfjra`, akg kfw ikdfr`s `y frjakizatifkab nhlavifrs dfr tlh duturh (@ihsnaml, >551). I bhag

nhst wlhk I nhbihvh tlat wlat is kfw is kft abways wlat wibb nh akg wlhk I h`patlizh witl ftlhrs

suddhrikj (Catfkjfbh & îmh, >5555=). ]uml a ìkgsht h`pfwhrs `h tf

aggrhss bfss as ak fppfrtukity tf lhab, tlus ikdfrìkj pfthktiab frjakizatifkab rfbhs (h.j. juigakmh

mfukshbfr, writhr, autfhtlkfjraplim rhsharmlhr, mf`ùkity ofurkabist, prfdhssfr).


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Bhaghrslip Ulibfsfply? Tfmatifkab Bhagikj :

]tfrythbbikj as ak Frjakizatifkab Nhlavifr tf Lhab

Tfmatifkab bhaghrs mak ikdbuhkmh mubturh ny hxprhssikj tlhir sfub-rfbhs via tlh mrhativh arts

(Gfwks, 19993 Oamcsfk & Uarry, >55558). I aspirh tf thbb stfrihs

ik thxt akg pixhbs tf nrhatlh lhabikj ik frjakizatifks. Dfr ikstakmh, I rhsharml hkg-fd-bidh marh via

Autfhtlkfjraplim rhdbhmtifks tlat hxprhss bhaghr-mfkstituhkt ikthramtifk ik a barjhr sfmiab dra`hwfrc

(Nhlar, 19943 Nfmlkhr & Hbbis, >55>3 >554)3 tlis quabitativh rhsharml rh`fvhs bhaghr-mfkstituhkt

gismfkkhmt ny assuìkj nftl slarh vubkhranibity (Nhlar, 1994). I ai` tf mf`nikh tlis rhsharml witl

mrhativh kfkdimtifk writikj (^hhs Mlhkhy, >551) akg hgitfriab plftfjraply (^fscf, >559a) tf ikdfr`

`y tlhsis gurikj tlis prfjra` (^fscf, >559n). ]uml stfrythbbikj shrvhs as a pfwhrdub (Cfuzhs &

Ufskhr, >55=3 >55:), vabig (Wihrkhy, >55>), akg lhabikj nhlavifr ik jrihd wfrc (Nfstimmf &

Wlf`psfk, >5583 Jbazhr & @armu`, >55=). Wlus, mf`ùkimatikj ny stfrythbbikj (Uhthrsfk &

Bakjhbbihr, >554) fddhrs a pramtimab way tf vfimh vfmatifk as a lhabikj (Abbhkghr, 1999) akg mf`ùkab

ighab (Catfkjfbh & îmh, >555553 ]mlubtzh, >555).

Mfkmbusifk

Tfmatifkab bhagikj h`pfwhrs mfkstituhkts, bhaghrs, akg frjakizatifks tf lhab akg tf lfph dfr

a duturh (Cfuzhs & Ufskhr, >55=3 >55:) gurikj giddimubt shasfks (Uab`hr, 19953 >557) ny addirìkj

tlat bidh mak nh jffg hvhk ik bfss (Uab`hr, >5553 Zhstnhrj, 199:). Wlis addiràtifk prfvighs a

sijkidimakt paragij` slidt dfr bhaghrs wlf wakt tf slikh a nrijlt bijlt ik garc abbhys ik tlhir bhagikj

mfkthxts (Uab`hr, 199555) via fkhs mlfimh tf bfvh (Bhwis, 1945)

akg tf lhab (Abbhkghr, 19993 Nhkghr, 19983 Uab`hr, 19953 >5553 >557) bidh ny hxprhssikj mrhativity

(Nabgwik, >5583 Gfwks, 19993 Oamcsfk & Uarry, >55554) dfr a sfmiab jffg

(Nhlar, 19943 Nfmlkhr & Hbbis, >5543 Catfkjfbh & îmh, >555513 @frhbakg, 199:3

Uab`hr, 19953 1995553 ^fscf, >559n3 ]mlubtzh, >5553 Wibbapaujl & Lurst, 199:).


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Bhaghrslip Ulibfsfply? Tfmatifkab Bhagikj 558). ]tfry matmlhr? @acikj shksh fd fur bivhs tlrfujl tlh pfwhr akg pramtimh fd stfry. Kfvatf,

MA? Khw Zfrbg.

Narry, T., & ]law, Z.L. (>55:). @frab issuhs ik nusikhss. Kfràtivh tlhfry fd htlims. Nhb`fkt, MA?

Wlf`sfk Zagswfrtl.

Nhlar, ^. (1994). Wlh vubkhranbh fnshrvhr? Aktlrfpfbfjy tlat nrhacs yfur lhart. Nfstfk, @A? Nhamfk.

Nhkghr, ]. (1998). Hvhrygay samrhg? A wfàk's ofurkhy lf`h. Khw Yfrc? LarphrMfbbiks.

Nbijl, @.M., akg @hikgb, O.^. (>558). Wlh mubturab hmfbfjy fd bhaghrslip? Ak akabysis fd pfpubar

bhaghrslip nffcs. Ik G.@. @hssimc, akg ^.@. Cra`hr (Hgs.), Wlh psymlfbfjy fd bhaghrslip? Khw

phrsphmtivhs akg rhsharml. @alwal, KO? Bawrhkmh Hrbnau`.

Nbfmc, U. (>55>). Wlh akswhr tf lfw is yhs? Amtikj fk wlat àtthrs. ]ak Drakmismf? Nhrrhtt-Cfhlbhr.

Nfmlkhr, A. & Hbbis, M. (>554). Mf`ùkimatifk as autfhtlkfjraply. Ik ]lhplhrg, J., ]t, Oflk, O.,

& ]triplas, W. (Hgs.), Mf`ùkimatifk as phrsphmtivhs fk tlhfry. Wlfusakg Facs, MA? ]ajh

Nfbàk, B.J., & Ghab, W.H. (>55558). Wlh rfbh fd mf`ùkimatifk akg stfry thbbikj ik tlh daìby

jrihvikj systh`. Wlh Ofurkab fd Daìby Mf`ùkimatifk, 8(7), >88->:551). Wlhfry mf`parisfk? Xkmhrtaikty rhgumtifk, prfnbhàtim ikthjratifk, ukmhrtaikty

àkajh`hkt, akg ftlhr murifus mfkstrumts. Ofurkab fd Mf`ùkimatifk, 81(=), 784-7:4

Nudfrg, W.F. (1998). Ik sharml fd a mabbikj? Wlh mfbbhjh's rfbh ik slapikj ighktity. @amfk, JA? @hrmhr.

Marhy, @.^. (1999). Lhrambithak dirh? Ofurkhyikj fk tlh patl fd bhaghrslip. Gunuquh, IF? Chkgabb/Lukt.


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Mla, A.M., & Hg`fkgsfk, ].H. (>554). Zlhk vabuhs namcdirh? Bhaghrslip, attrinutifk, akg

gishkmlakt`hkt ik a vabuhs-grivhk frjakizatifk. Wlh Bhaghrslip Quarthrby, 1:, 8:-:(1), 1=1-1=555). ]pirituabity ik tlh wfrcpbamh? A juigh dfr agaptikj tf tlh mlaftimabby mlakjikj wfrcpbamh.

]abt Bach Mity? Ikkfvatifk.

Layacawa ].I., & Layacawa, A.^. (1995). Bakjuajh ik tlfujlt akg amtifk(8tl hg.). Frbakgf? Larmfurt

Nramh Ofvakfviml.

Oamcsfk, N., & Uarry, C. (>55559). Ohsuit hgumatifk akg Ijkatiak phgajfjy. ^htrihvhg Dhnruary 19, >559, drf`

lttp?//www.OhsuitAOMXkht.hgu/ikghx.aspx6nig08>4

Bhwis, M.]. (1945). Wlh dfur bfvhs. Khw Yfrc? Larmfurt Nramh Ofvakfviml.

Bhwis, M.]. (1941). A jrihd fnshrvhg. Bfkgfk? Danhr akg Danhr.

Canat-_ikk, O. (1997). Zlhrhvhr yfu jf tlhrh yfu arh? @ikgdubkhss `hgitatifk ik hvhry gay bidh. Khw Yfrc?

Lyphrifk.


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Catfkjfbh, H., & îmh, M. (>5555=). Mrhginibity? Lfw bhaghrs jaik akg bfsh it, wly phfpbh ghàkg it. ]ak

Drakmismf? Ofsshy-Nass.

Cfuzhs, O.@., & Ufskhr, N._. (>55:). Wlh bhaghrslip mlabbhkjh(7tl hg.). ]ak Drakmismf? Ofsshy-Nass.

Baszbf, H. (>551). @amrfslidt? Kavijatikj tlh traksdfràtifk tf a sustaikanbh wfrbg. ]ak Drakmismf? Nhrrhtt-

Cfhlbhr.

@mJhh-Mffphr, A. (>559). Fk rhsistakmh tf ighas. ^htrihvhg Fmtfnhr 14, >559, drf`

lttp?//ohsuitkht.nbamcnfarg.mf`/whnapps/pfrtab/dra`hsht.osp6tanVig0V>V1&urb0%>dwhna

pps%>dnbamcnfarg%>dhxhmuth%>dbaukmlhr%=dtyph%=gMfursh%>4ig%=gV=48=V1%>4urb%

=g. ]pfcakh, ZA? Jfkzaja Xkivhrsity.

@ihsnaml, G. (>551). Dikgikj tlh jidt fd agvhrsity nrikjs. Ik D. Markhss akg ]. Zhkghb (Hgs.), Zish

wf`hk sphac?>5 ways tf turk stu`nbikj nbfmcs iktf sthppikj stfkhs. Bach Fswhjf, F^? Markhss

Lhabtl.

@frhbakg, O. (199:). Bfvh yfur Jfg witl abb yfur ìkg? Wlh rfbh fd rhasfk ik tlh bidh fd tlh sfub. Mfbfragf

]prikjs? KavUrhss.

Kaisnitt, O. (19557).A ligghk wlfbhkhss? Wlh ofurkhy tfwarg ak ukgivighg bidh. ]ak Drakmismf? Ofsshy-Nass.


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Uhthrsfk, H. & Bakjhbbihr, C. (>554). Mf`ùkimatifk as stfrythbbikj. Ik ]lhplhrg, J., ]t, Oflk, O.,

& ]triplas, W. (Hgs.), Mf`ùkimatifk as phrsphmtivhs fk tlhfry. Wlfusakg Facs, MA? ]ajh.

Uujìrh, G. (1997). ^hab h`ftifk. Ulibfsfply akg Ulhkf`hkfbfjimab ^hsharml, 87(1), 158-1>>.

^hhs Mlhkhy, W. (>551). Zritikj mrhativh kfkdimtifk? Dimtifk thmlkiquhs dfr mradtikj jrhat kfkdimtifk. Nhrchbhy?

Whk ]phhg.

^fjhrs, M. (1955559, drf`

lttp?//jragstughktrhdbhmtifks.nbfjspft.mf`/>559/15/frjakizatifkab-dra`hs-akg-

bhaghrslip.lt`b

^fscf, G.@. (>559a). Ghka ^fscf Ulftfjraply. ^htrihvhg Fmtfnhr 559, drf`

lttp?//www.ghkaplftf.mf`

^fscf, G.@. (>559n).Hkvisifkikj lfph ik agvhrsity? Amtuabizikj autfkf`y akg mf`passifk tlrfujl

autfhtlkfjraplim rhsharml. ^htrihvhg Fmtfnhr 1=, >559, drf`

lttp?//jragstughktrhdbhmtifks.nbfjspft.mf`/>559/58/hkvisifkikj-lfph-ik-agvhrsity.lt`b

^fscf, G.@. (>559m). Ghka ^fscf. ^htrihvhg Fmtfnhr 559, drf` lttp?//www.ghkarfscf.mf`

]mlubtzh, Q. (>555). Mf`ùkimatikj dfr bidh? Mlristiak sthwargslip ik mf`ùkity akg `hgia(7tl hg.). Jrakg

âpigs, @I? Nachr.

]kyghr, M. (19955>). Zritikj àtthrs. Quabitativh ]tugihs ik Hgumatifk 18(7), 7>:-7=5.

Wibbapaujl, D., & Lurst, ^. (199:). Mabbikj. Mfbfragf ]prikjs? Grha`ti`h.


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Bhaghrslip Ulibfsfply? Tfmatifkab Bhagikj 1>

Zhbml, H. (199:). Zlhk phfpbh arh nij akg Jfg is sàbb? Fvhrmfìkj phhr prhssurh, mfghphkghkmy, akg tlh dhar fd

àk. Ulibbipsnurj, KO? Urhsnythriak akg ^hdfr`hg.

Zhstnhrj, J.H. (199:). Jffg jrihd? A mfkstrumtivh apprfaml tf tlh prfnbh` fd bfss(=8tl akkivhrsary hg.).

@ikkhapfbis, @K? Aujsnurj Dfrtrhss.

Zlhatbhy, @.O., & Chbbkhr-^fjhrs, @. (1999).A si`pbhr way. ]ak Drakmismf? Nhrrhtt-Cfhlbhr.

Zlhatbhy, @.O. (>554). Bhaghrslip akg tlh khw smihkmh? Gismfvhrikj frghr ik a mlaftim wfrbg. ]ak Drakmismf?

Nhrrhtt-Cfhlbhr.

Zlhatbhy, @.O. (>559). Wurkikjtf fkh akftlhr? ]i`pbh mfkvhrsatifks tf rhstfrh lfph tf tlh duturh. ]ak

Drakmismf? Nhrrhtt-Cfhlbhr.

Zitt, @. (>55:). Lfw tf fvhrmf`h dhar akg bivh yfur bidh tf tlh dubbhst. Khw Yfrc? Atria.

Yfukj, A. (>557). Zlat patihkts taujlt `h? A `hgimab stughkt's ofurkhy. ]hattbh, ZA? ]asquatml.

Yucb, J.A. (>554). Bhaghrslip ik frjakizatifks(4tl hg.). Xpphr ]aggbh îvhr, KO? Uharsfk.


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Bhaghrslip Ulibfsfply? Tfmatifkab Bhagikj 1=

Autlfrs Kfth

Wlakc yfu tf `y vfmatifkab juighs, a bidh-bfkj bist fd drihkgs, daìby, mfbbhajuhs, `hktfrs,

mfukshbfrs, pastfrs, prfdhssfrs, Ninbh stugy mf-bharkhrs, Jrakgà, akg Jfg li`shbd. ]phmiab tlakcs

tf Aukt Baura, Jrakgà, Giaka U., akg `y lusnakg, Oa`hs, dfr hkmfurajikj `h tf bivh ny vfmatifk

ny slarikj yfur stfry akg ny ascikj `h larg quhstifks (Uab`hr, >557) sf I mfubg slarh ìkh.


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Dfftkfth

1Wlh wfrgs fkh shbhmts mak slaph rhabity oust as a plftfjraplhr shbhmts tlh smhkhs tf rhmfrg

fr ijkfrh (Layacawa & Layacawa, 1995). I fpt tf ghsmrinh bhaghrslip as bhagikj (^fscf, >555573 ^fjhrs, 1955:3 @mJhh-Mffphr, >559) iksthag fd ak anstramt akg passivh kfuk.

Wlfujl mfkdusifk fvhr tlh thr` `ay nh a gfwksigh tf tlis rhmf``hkgatifk, tlis sbijlt slidt ik

wfrg usajh mak ikdfr` tlh dihbg's prhshkt khhg dfr a ukivhrsab (Oamcsfk & Uarry, >55554) ghdikitifk fd bhagikj.

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