Nicolaus Copernicus

Leaders of the Scientific RevolutionChapter 22.1Essential QuestionsWhat are the causes and consequences of the Scientific Revolution?How is the Scientific Revolution a change in both science and thought?Who were the major contributors to the advancement of scientific knowledge?Who is impacted by the Scientific Revolution? How are those people/groups impacted?Why is it referred to as a Revolution?Prior to the 1500s, Europeans accepted the word of the Catholic Church, which had based its ideas about the natural world on the Bible and the often erroneous teachings of Greek/Roman philosophers like Aristotle and PtolemyReligious doctrine was never questioned!Leaders of the Scientific Revolution would apply ideas gained from the Renaissance, Reformation and Era of ExplorationQuestion!Explore!Challenge!As a result, there was an explosion of scientific (and mathematically proven) knowledge, or a Revolution!MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONRising community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge Rise of universities in the High Middle Ages - Science emerged as a minor but distinct branch of philosophy in leading universities Interest in the idea of human potential and progress (humanism)Recovery of classical texts (mathematics)Navigational problems of long sea voyages in the Age of Exploration were a cause as well.Renaissance pattern of patronage allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigation(Galileo was supported by the Medicis)

The Catholic Church based its doctrine on the Aristotelian View of the UniverseAristotle put forth this view of the universe in the 4th century B.C.This is commonly known as the GEOCENTRIC view where a motionless Earth is at the center of the universe while the moon, sun, planets, and stars revolve around the Earth.Notice also that it was believed that the orbits were circular.Ancient astronomers also believed the Earth was composed of heavy elements while the celestial bodies were composed of completely different substances and thus were weightless, allowing them to orbit the Earth.

Ptolemaic View of the UniverseThe astronomer and mathematician, Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.) had worked out complicated rules to explain the minor irregularities in the movement of the planets in an attempt to mathematically prove the GEOCENTRIC universe.While Ptolemy was wrong, a positive consequence of his work was that it allowed stargazers and astrologers to track the planets with greater precision.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)Polish monk and astronomerquestioned Ptolemys complicated explanation of planetary movementsproposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric)-planets and stars revolved around a fixed sunAuthor-On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres - published in 1543; waited to have his work published until right before his death b/c he feared Church persecution

Nicolaus Copernicus

His ideas areattacked by religiousauthorities; Luther called himthe fool who wantsto turn the wholeart of astronomyupside down.

The Copernican System Tycho Brahe 1546-1601

A Danish nobleman and astronomer who received money from the king of Denmark to build an advanced observatory where he studied the stars and planets; collecting over twenty years of data.Brahes ProblemMade detailed observations of the stars and planetsHe could not make mathematical sense of themUsed the views of Aristotle and CopernicusPlanets revolved around the sunSun and planets revolved around the earth and moon

JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)German astronomer- brilliant student of BraheFormulated the three laws of planetary motion-orbits of the planets are elliptical rather than circular-Planets do NOT move at a uniform speedin their orbits-time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sunKepler provided sound mathematical proofs for Copernicus heliocentric theory

Keplers contributions are HUGE; he had mathematically proved the relations of a sun-centered solarsystem, aka HELIOCENTRICGalileo Galilei (1564-1642)Italian philosopher and astronomerMedici family was a patron Viewed the physical universe as a Book of Naturewritten in mathematical characters.Improved on the telescope allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moonCame to accept Copernicus idea of a heliocentric universe (based on observations)The Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems- Galileos discussion of his ideas regarding heliocentrism

GALILEO Used observations of the moons of Jupiter as evidence for heliocentrism

GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS

Galileo- The HereticGalileos views were challenged by the ChurchChurch feared that helio-centrism would undermine its authority and theologyChurch doctrine was based on the geocentric theory of both Aristotle and Ptolemys models, as well as ScriptureGalileo was brought before the Inquisition His works and teachings were condemned and placed on the Index of Forbidden Books Galileo recanted his views to avoid executionHe was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest until his death

Cristiano Bantis 1857 painting Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition

He was finally absolved by Pope John Paul II in 1992. It only took 500 years!Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1723)

If I have seen further [than others], it is by standing on theshoulders of Giants. (Newton)Isaac NewtonEnglish mathematician Cambridge UniversityBuilt on the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)1686 formulated the mathematics for the universal law of gravitation every physical body in the universe exerts a force on every other bodyProvided evidence that the universe was governed by precise mathematical relationships

Isaac Newton: Can a Scientist believe in God?Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinkingBelieved the physical order can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent. The science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western worldPhilosophi Naturalis Principia MathematicaNewtons most important workDescribed universal gravitation and the three laws of motionNewton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural lawsRemoved any last doubts about heliocentrismSir Isaac Newtons other accomplishments Shares dual credit with Gottfried Leibnitz for developing differential and integral calculusBuilt the first reflecting telescope

Newton developed a theory on color by using a prism to break white light into the many visible colors that form the visible spectrum

SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)INDUCTIVE TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED TO BE EMPIRICIALLY VERIFIED

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)English politician and writer; not a trained scientist

knowledge comes through observation and experimentation -SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Allow the facts to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts Referred to as Inductive Reasoning-EMPIRICISM

RENE DESCARTES I think, therefore, I am.

He would only believe those things his mind told him were trueRene Descartes 1596-1650French mathematician Invented analytical geometryAuthor of Discourse on Method- stated that everything in the universe except God and the human soul can be viewed as mechanicalDescartes believed that he could rationally prove the existence of GodUniversal Doubt- start your research from scratch; not based upon the faulty foundations of others

Zacharias Jansen (1580 -1638)Was a Dutch spectacle-maker associated with the invention of the first optical telescope. Jansen is sometimes also credited for inventing the first truly compound microscope

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 1723)Dutch tradesman and scientistOften referred to as the Father of MicrobiologyBest known for improving the microscopeHelped to proved wrong Aristotles theory of spontaneous generation Was the first to observe single-celled organisms- called the animalcules

Other Advancements in ScienceEvangelista Torricelli (Italy)Student of GalileoDeveloped the first mercury barometer which measures atmospheric pressure (aids in weather prediction)Gabriel Fahrenheit (Germany)Created the first thermometer using mercury in glass (1714); measured freezing at 32 degreesAnders Celsius (Sweden)Created another scale for a mercury thermometerHis scale measures freezing at 0 degreesAdvances in MedicineAndreas Vesalius (1514-1564)Flemish anatomist, physician and author Wrote On the Structure of the Human BodyDissected corpses of executed criminalsUsed commissioned artists to build up a wealth of anatomical diagramsOverturned many of Galens research, which had previously been considered unassailableGalen was a Roman physician, surgeon and philosopher who lived in AD 129-199More Advances in MedicineEdward Jenner (1749-1823)English scientistPioneer of the smallpox vaccineFather of Immunology

William Harvey (1578 1657)English physicianWas the first person to describe completely and in detail the systematic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heartImage of veins from Harvey's Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus

Advances in ChemistryRobert Boyle (1627-1691)English chemist Boyles Air PumpPioneered the use of theScientific Method in chemistryAuthor of The Skeptical ChemistMost known for Boyles Law (describes the interaction of volume, pressure, & temperatureof gas)One of the founders of modern chemistry

Advances in Chemistry continuedAntoine Lavoisier (1743-1794)The Father of Modern ChemistryFrench noblemanNamed oxygen and hydrogenHelped construct the metric systemPut together the first extensive list of elementsHe discovered that, although matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same (Law of Conservation of Mass).

Tried, Convicted, and guillotined during the French Revolutions Reign of Terror

It took them only an instant to cut off his head, but France may not produce another such head in a century. -Joseph Louis Lagrange

Consequences of the Scientific RevolutionCreation of an international scientific community; scholars could engage in discourse about theories and ideas, thus expanding knowledge. (Englands Royal Academy and the French Academy of Science)The modern scientific method.Few economic consequences for the masses initially outside of navigation.Few practical and applied consequences of the science to improve the lives of the masses (at least not until the Industrial Revolution).The greatest impact was on how people thought and believed.

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO 18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL REVOLUTIONQuestions to assess your understanding:(the MICRO history)Whose ideas were the basis for Europeans view of the universe?How was science classified before 1500?Which astronomers contributed to the destruction of the geocentric view of the universe?Who postulated the heliocentric view of the universe?What does empiricism emphasize?Who created the modern scientific method?Who put forth the three laws of planetary motion?Who formulated the law of universal gravitation?What was Galileos greatest achievement?Who wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres? What is its significance?Who wrote Principia? What is its significance? Who postulated the theory of inertia? What did it state?What is the significance of Gresham College to the discipline of science?Who is regarded as Europes leading astronomer with his vast amounts of detailed observations?What are the significant causes of the scientific revolution?What are the significant consequences of the scientific revolution?Essential Questions(the MACRO history)How is the Scientific Revolution a change in both science and thought?What are the causes and consequences of the Scientific Revolution?Who were the major contributors to the advancement of scientific knowledge?Who is impacted by the Scientific Revolution? How are those people/groups impacted?