LeadLead

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Lead NitrateLead Nitrate

LeadLeadLeadLeadThe ElementThe Element

Lead - HistoryLead - History

The ancients discovered the element lead. It is the oldest The ancients discovered the element lead. It is the oldest metal and it is known to be associated with the planet Saturn. metal and it is known to be associated with the planet Saturn. Lead is rarely found in nature and it is obtained from the ores Lead is rarely found in nature and it is obtained from the ores in galena, anglesite, cerussite, and minum. It got its name in galena, anglesite, cerussite, and minum. It got its name from the Greek word from the Greek word protos protos (first). The symbol ‘Pb’ is from the (first). The symbol ‘Pb’ is from the Latin word Latin word plumbumplumbum. The first recorded use of lead was in . The first recorded use of lead was in solder, shielding against radiation, in batteries, and solder, shielding against radiation, in batteries, and ammunition. Lead has been used for at least 7000 years ammunition. Lead has been used for at least 7000 years because ……because ……

1 - widespread 1 - widespread 2 - easy to work extract 2 - easy to work extract 3 - easy to work with 3 - easy to work with 4 - easy to smelt 4 - easy to smelt

Its first recorded use dates back to 6500 BC. In the mid 1980s Its first recorded use dates back to 6500 BC. In the mid 1980s a shift in lead use took place. This was because of the U.S. a shift in lead use took place. This was because of the U.S. lead consumers’ compliance with the environmental lead consumers’ compliance with the environmental regulators. They reduced lead in non-battery products regulators. They reduced lead in non-battery products including gasoline, paints, solders, and water systems. including gasoline, paints, solders, and water systems.

Lead - Properties

Physical• Mass, malleability, low melting point, corrosion resistance,

electrical properties, and long life are the physical properties of lead. Lead is essential to produce many highly technical products, from fetal monitors to fiber optics. Lead is a soft, ductile metal when gently heated and can be forced through annular holes or dies. Lead is a poor conductor of electricity. Lead melts at 328 degrees Celsius and it boils at 1750 degrees Celsius. Leads density is 11.34 and its atomic weight is 207.20. Lead is a shiny, blue-white solid and it is a soft metal that forms poisonous compounds.

Chemical• Lead is soluble in nitric acid but affected little by sulfuric or

hydrochloric acids at room temperature. With air lead slowly reacts with water to form lead hydroxide which is slightly soluble and is toxic internally.

Lead - UseLead - Use

PastPastLead was used in building materials, pigments for glazing Lead was used in building materials, pigments for glazing ceramics, and pipes for transporting water in castles and in ceramics, and pipes for transporting water in castles and in cathedrals in Europe. There was lots of lead used in decorative cathedrals in Europe. There was lots of lead used in decorative fixtures, roofs, pipes, and windows. Windows were stripped fixtures, roofs, pipes, and windows. Windows were stripped together with lead because only small panes could be made. Lead together with lead because only small panes could be made. Lead was the fifth most widely used metal.was the fifth most widely used metal.

PresentPresentLead is in acid batteries, electronic components, cable sheathing, Lead is in acid batteries, electronic components, cable sheathing, ammunition, the glass of CRTs, leaded glass, lead piping, paint, ammunition, the glass of CRTs, leaded glass, lead piping, paint, casting-alloy, pewter, solder, and dentistry filling. Lead is also casting-alloy, pewter, solder, and dentistry filling. Lead is also used roof flashing to protect joints from letting in rain, gas (petrol) used roof flashing to protect joints from letting in rain, gas (petrol) as terra-ethyl lead and terra-methyl lead reduce knocking. as terra-ethyl lead and terra-methyl lead reduce knocking.

Lead - The Element Being ObtainedLead - The Element Being Obtained

The ore is extracted by drilling or blasting and The ore is extracted by drilling or blasting and then crushed and ground. It is then taken through then crushed and ground. It is then taken through a process which was developed in Australia that a process which was developed in Australia that separates the lead and other minerals from the separates the lead and other minerals from the waste rock to form a concentrate by passing the waste rock to form a concentrate by passing the ore, water, and certain chemicals through a series ore, water, and certain chemicals through a series of tanks in which the slurry is constantly mixed. of tanks in which the slurry is constantly mixed. Air is blown through tanks and lead sulphides Air is blown through tanks and lead sulphides attach to bubbles and rise to form foam which attach to bubbles and rise to form foam which can be removed. The foam is then is dried and can be removed. The foam is then is dried and sintered before being smelted. The smelting sintered before being smelted. The smelting produces 97% of lead concentrate. It is then produces 97% of lead concentrate. It is then cooled in stages and lighter impurities rise to the cooled in stages and lighter impurities rise to the top and are removed. Molten lead bullion is top and are removed. Molten lead bullion is refined by additional smelting with air being refined by additional smelting with air being passed over the lead to form a slag layer. This passed over the lead to form a slag layer. This makes 99.9% lead.makes 99.9% lead.

Lead – Atom DrawingLead – Atom Drawing

Lead - PrecautionsLead - Precautions Lead is a poisonous metal. Lead damages the nervous Lead is a poisonous metal. Lead damages the nervous

connections (especially in young children) and causes connections (especially in young children) and causes blood and brain damage. Long term exposure to lead blood and brain damage. Long term exposure to lead or its salts can cause nephropathy. Lead is used in or its salts can cause nephropathy. Lead is used in piping that is used for water. Lead causes mental piping that is used for water. Lead causes mental retardation in children. There is a widespread retardation in children. There is a widespread reduction in the use of lead. Paint that has lead in it reduction in the use of lead. Paint that has lead in it isn’t sold anymore. The earliest pencils actually used isn’t sold anymore. The earliest pencils actually used lead but for the last couple of centuries pencils are lead but for the last couple of centuries pencils are now made of graphite. Lead is highly toxic. The now made of graphite. Lead is highly toxic. The symptoms of lead poisoning are anemia, weakness, symptoms of lead poisoning are anemia, weakness, constipation, colic, palsy, and often paralysis of the constipation, colic, palsy, and often paralysis of the wrists and ankles. Flaking lead paint is very wrists and ankles. Flaking lead paint is very dangerous. Lead can reduce intelligence, delay minor dangerous. Lead can reduce intelligence, delay minor development, impair memory, causes hearing problems development, impair memory, causes hearing problems and troubles in balance. Lead is removed from the and troubles in balance. Lead is removed from the human body by displacing the calcium in EDTA and human body by displacing the calcium in EDTA and forming a stable complex that is extracted in the urine. forming a stable complex that is extracted in the urine.

Lead NitrateLead NitrateThe CompoundThe Compound

Lead Nitrate

Formula -- Pb(NO³)² (N2O6Pb)

Description -- White crystals or powder and odorless

Uses -- Manufacture of matches and special explosives

Melting Point -- 450 to 470 degrees Celsius

Density -- 4.53 g/cm³

Lead Nitrate - Hazards and Protection

Storage - Don’t store lead nitrate near combustible materials. You should store lead nitrate in a tightly closed container. It should also be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.

Handling - Wash thoroughly after use and wash clothing before wearing them again. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Avoid ingestion and inhalation.

Protection - Wear appropriate gloves to prevent skin exposure. Also, wear appropriate clothing to prevent your skin from exposure.

Hazards – Lead nitrate may explode from heat or contamination.

Lead Nitrate - First AidLead Nitrate - First Aid Ingestion - If ingested, give 2 - 4 cups of milk or Ingestion - If ingested, give 2 - 4 cups of milk or

water. Never give milk or water to a person who is water. Never give milk or water to a person who is unconscious. Get medical help immediately.unconscious. Get medical help immediately.

Inhalation - Remove from exposure of lead nitrate Inhalation - Remove from exposure of lead nitrate to fresh air. If they aren’t breathing, give artificial to fresh air. If they aren’t breathing, give artificial respiration and if they are breathing or breathing respiration and if they are breathing or breathing is difficult give oxygen. Get medical aid.is difficult give oxygen. Get medical aid.

Skin - Get medical aid. Flush skin with water and Skin - Get medical aid. Flush skin with water and lots of soap for at least 15 minutes while taking lots of soap for at least 15 minutes while taking off contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash off contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reused. clothing before reused.

Lead and Lead Nitrate - BibliographyLead and Lead Nitrate - Bibliography

LeadLead www.chemicalelements.comwww.chemicalelements.com www.en.wikipedia.org/style/wibestanard.csswww.en.wikipedia.org/style/wibestanard.css www.leadinfo.com/FACTS/facts.htmlwww.leadinfo.com/FACTS/facts.html www.education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele082. htmlwww.education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele082. html Encarta Encyclopedia (1999)Encarta Encyclopedia (1999) Title – Lead and Tin, Author – Brian Knapp, Publisher – Title – Lead and Tin, Author – Brian Knapp, Publisher –

Atlantic Europe Publishing Company Limited, Date - 1996Atlantic Europe Publishing Company Limited, Date - 1996

Lead NitrateLead Nitrate www.ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/erd/chemicals1/7/6641.htmlwww.ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/erd/chemicals1/7/6641.html

Done By Katie RothDone By Katie Roth